scholarly journals Role of Microbiota and Innate Immunity in RecurrentClostridium difficileInfection

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Bibbò ◽  
Loris Riccardo Lopetuso ◽  
Gianluca Ianiro ◽  
Teresa Di Rienzo ◽  
Antonio Gasbarrini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Recurrent Infection ◽  
Bile Acid Metabolism ◽  
Clinical Issue ◽  
Antimicrobial Substances ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis

RecurrentClostridium difficileinfection represents a burdensome clinical issue whose epidemiology is increasing worldwide. The pathogenesis is not yet completely known. Recent observations suggest that the alteration of the intestinal microbiota and impaired innate immunity may play a leading role in the development of recurrent infection. Various factors can cause dysbiosis. The causes most involved in the process are antibiotics, NSAIDs, acid suppressing therapies, and age. Gut microbiota impairment can favorClostridium difficileinfection through several mechanisms, such as the alteration of fermentative metabolism (especially SCFAs), the alteration of bile acid metabolism, and the imbalance of antimicrobial substances production. These factors alter the intestinal homeostasis promoting the development of an ecological niche forClostridium difficileand of the modulation of immune response. Moreover, the intestinal dysbiosis can promote a proinflammatory environment, whereasClostridium difficileitself modulates the innate immunity through both toxin-dependent and toxin-independent mechanisms. In this narrative review, we discuss how the intestinal microbiota modifications and the modulation of innate immune response can lead to and exacerbateClostridium difficileinfection.

scholarly journals Rotavirus infection and immunity: discussion issues of clinical and immunological studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
S. G. Gorbunov ◽  
L. N. Mazankova ◽  
A. N. Os’kin
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Receptor ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Age Related

The article reflects the literature data on the immune response mechanisms to rotavirus infection. The authors note that innate immunity factors play the leading role in protecting the organism from rotavirus. They demonstrate that both cellular and humoral components of the immune system are important in the pathogenesis of rotavirus infection. The protective effect is based on the activation of interferon and other cytokines, as well as TLR – innate immune receptor for double-stranded rotavirus RNA. The authors also describe the age-related aspects of the immune response, which cause a higher susceptibility to rotavirus in the neonatal period and its reduction with age.

scholarly journals A specific structure and high richness characterize intestinal microbiota of HIV-exposed seronegative individuals

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260729
Author(s):  
Tulio J. Lopera ◽  
Jorge A. Lujan ◽  
Eduardo Zurek ◽  
Wildeman Zapata ◽  
Juan C. Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis ◽  
Immune Alterations ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Mucosal Homeostasis ◽  
Hiv Exposed

Intestinal microbiota facilitates food breakdown for energy metabolism and influences the immune response, maintaining mucosal homeostasis. Overall, HIV infection is associated with intestinal dysbiosis and immune activation, which has been related to seroconversion in HIV-exposed individuals. However, it is unclear whether microbiota dysbiosis is the cause or the effect of immune alterations and disease progression or if it could modulate the risk of acquiring the HIV infection. We characterize the intestinal microbiota and determine its association with immune regulation in HIV-exposed seronegative individuals (HESN), HIV-infected progressors (HIV+), and healthy control (HC) subjects. For this, feces and blood were collected. The microbiota composition of HESN showed a significantly higher alpha (p = 0.040) and beta diversity (p = 0.006) compared to HC, but no differences were found compared to HIV+. A lower Treg percentage was observed in HESN (1.77%) than HC (2.98%) and HIV+ (4.02%), with enrichment of the genus Butyrivibrio (p = 0.029) being characteristic of this profile. Moreover, we found that Megasphaera (p = 0.017) and Victivallis (p = 0.0029) also are enriched in the microbiota composition in HESN compared to HC and HIV+ subjects. Interestingly, an increase in Succinivibrio and Prevotella, and a reduction in Bacteroides genus, which is typical of HIV-infected individuals, were observed in both HESN and HIV+, compared to HC. Thus, HESNs have a microbiota profile, similar to that observed in HIV+, most likely because HESN are cohabiting with their HIV+ partners.

scholarly journals Fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: state of the art and literature review

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
BRUNO AMANTINI MESSIAS ◽  
BÁRBARA FREITAS FRANCHI ◽  
PEDRO HENRIQUE PONTES ◽  
DANIEL ÁTILA DE ANDRADE MEDEIROS BARBOSA ◽  
CÉSAR AUGUSTO SANITA VIANA
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Clostridium Difficile Infection ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Initial Therapy ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACT Clostridium difficile infection is a common complication following intestinal dysbiosis caused by abusive antibiotic use. It presents medical importance due to the high rates of recurrence and morbidity. Fecal microbiota transplantation is an effective alternative for the treatment of recurrent and refractory C. difficile infection and consists of introducing the intestinal microbiota from a healthy donor into a patient with this infection. The exact physiological mechanism by which fecal microbiota transplantation alters the intestinal microbiota is not well established, but it is clear that it restores the diversity and structure of the microbiota by promoting increased resistance to colonization by C. difficile. Several routes of transplant administration are being studied and used according to the advantages presented. All forms of application had a high cure rate, and the colonoscopic route was the most used. No relevant complications and adverse events have been documented, and the cost-effectiveness over conventional treatment has proven advantageous. Despite its efficacy, it is not commonly used as initial therapy, and more studies are needed to establish this therapy as the first option in case of refractory and recurrent Clostridium difficileinfection.

scholarly journals Injury-Induced Innate Immune Response During Segment Regeneration of the Earthworm, Eisenia andrei

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2363
Author(s):  
Kornélia Bodó ◽  
Zoltán Kellermayer ◽  
Zoltán László ◽  
Ákos Boros ◽  
Bohdana Kokhanyuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Scavenger Receptor ◽  
Cell Renewal ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Eisenia Andrei ◽  
Blastema Formation ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Renewal Period

Regeneration of body parts and their interaction with the immune response is a poorly understood aspect of earthworm biology. Consequently, we aimed to study the mechanisms of innate immunity during regeneration in Eisenia andrei earthworms. In the course of anterior and posterior regeneration, we documented the kinetical aspects of segment restoration by histochemistry. Cell proliferation peaked at two weeks and remitted by four weeks in regenerating earthworms. Apoptotic cells were present throughout the cell renewal period. Distinct immune cell (e.g., coelomocyte) subsets were accumulated in the newly-formed blastema in the close proximity of the apoptotic area. Regenerating earthworms have decreased pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (e.g., TLR, except for scavenger receptor) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (e.g., lysenin) mRNA patterns compared to intact earthworms. In contrast, at the protein level, mirroring regulation of lysenins became evident. Experimental coelomocyte depletion caused significantly impaired cell divisions and blastema formation during anterior and posterior regeneration. These obtained novel data allow us to gain insight into the intricate interactions of regeneration and invertebrate innate immunity.

scholarly journals Adaptive Evolution of Relish, a Drosophila NF-κB/IκB Protein

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 1231-1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J Begun ◽  
Penn Whitley
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Population Genetic Analysis ◽  
Evolutionary Conflict ◽  
A Site

Abstract NF-κB and IκB proteins have central roles in regulation of inflammation and innate immunity in mammals. Homologues of these proteins also play an important role in regulation of the Drosophila immune response. Here we present a molecular population genetic analysis of Relish, a Drosophila NF-κB/IκB protein, in Drosophila simulans and D. melanogaster. We find strong evidence for adaptive protein evolution in D. simulans, but not in D. melanogaster. The adaptive evolution appears to be restricted to the IκB domain. A possible explanation for these results is that Relish is a site of evolutionary conflict between flies and their microbial pathogens.

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