Prevalence of Newcastle Disease Antibodies in Local Chicken in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria

Newcastle disease is a contagious disease of birds and is the greatest constraint to the development of rural poultry production in Nigeria and most developing countries. The only effective means of control is vaccination which is not properly carried out in Nigeria. Therefore, this project determined the prevalence rate of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in local chicken in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. About 5 mL of blood was collected from each of 200 chickens at the point of sale by exsanguination and sera obtained were analyzed using Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test to determine the prevalence of NDV. Of the 200 samples screened 34 were positive for HI antibody to NDV giving a prevalence rate of 17%. The prevalence rate obtained in this study is significant (P<0.05) and indicates endemicity of the disease. There was no statistically significant (P>0.05) difference in the seroprevalence of NDV antibodies among the four markets studied. Further studies are required to determine the strains circulating for appropriate preventive and control measures.

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Infection prevention and control measures currently applied in South African audiology

South African Journal of Communication Disorders ◽

10.4102/sajcd.v61i1.55 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Katerina Ehlert ◽

Alida M. Naude

Keyword(s):

Infection Control ◽

Hearing Aids ◽

Opportunistic Infections ◽

Effective Means ◽

Further Education ◽

Control Measures ◽

Survey Study ◽

Infection Prevention And Control ◽

Work Settings ◽

And Control

Background: To counter the global increase in infection-related deaths, infection control has recently developed into an active area of research. Many diseases can be prevented by infection control. In the confines of the audiology clinic, cross-contamination by micro-organisms associated with opportunistic infections remains a real concern.Objective: The primary aim of the study was to ascertain the methods that audiologists in South Africa use to prevent and control the spread of infections during and after consultation with clients.Method: A survey study was conducted, using a self-administered questionnaire. Fifty currently practising audiologists participated in the study.Results: The majority (84%; n = 42) of respondents acknowledged the importance of hand hygiene for the purpose of infection control, with 76% (n = 38) making use of no-rinse hand sanitisers. Approximately a third of audiologists wear gloves during procedures such as otoscopy and immittance, and while handling hearing aids. Disinfecting audiological equipment seem to be the preferred choice of infection control, with only 60% (n = 30) of respondents sterilising audiological equipment after each individual patient consultation. Less than half of the respondents disinfected touch surfaces and toys in the reception area.Conclusions: Based on the results, further education and training should focus on measures implemented in infection control, awareness of possible risk factors at work settings, and vaccination as an effective means of infection control.

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A meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies of Newcastle disease in African agro-systems, 1980–2009

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268812002610 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 141 (6) ◽

pp. 1117-1133 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

E. MIGUEL ◽

V. GROSBOIS ◽

C. BERTHOULY-SALAZAR ◽

A. CARON ◽

J. CAPPELLE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease ◽

Production Systems ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Rural Livelihoods ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Backyard Poultry ◽

Wild Strains ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

And Control

SUMMARYNewcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important and widespread avian pests. In Africa, backyard poultry production systems are an important source of protein and cash for poor rural livelihoods. ND mortality in these production systems is important and seriously disrupts benefits derived from it. This study undertook an African continental approach of ND epidemiology in backyard poultry. After a systematic literature review of studies published from 1980 to 2009, a meta-analysis of spatio-temporal patterns of serological prevalence and outbreak occurrence was performed. Average ND serological prevalence was estimated at 0·67 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·58–0·75] in regions characterized by humid ecosystems, high human and poultry densities and low altitudes; 0·36 (95% CI 0·30–0·41) in dry ecosystems at intermediate altitude where human and poultry densities are low and 0·27 (95% CI 0·19–0·38) in mountain ecosystems where human and poultry densities are intermediate. In terms of seasonality, ND outbreaks occur mostly during the dry seasons in Africa, when environmental conditions are likely to be harshest for backyard poultry. In addition, a phylogeographical analysis revealed the regionalization of ND virus strains, their potential to evolve towards a higher pathogenicity from the local viral pool and suggests a risk for vaccine strains to provide new wild strains. These results present for the first time a continent-wide approach to ND epidemiology in Africa. More emphasis is needed for ND management and control in rural African poultry production systems.

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Detection of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) in Laughing Doves and the Risk of Spread to Backyard Poultry

Folia Veterinaria ◽

10.2478/fv-2020-0021 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

J. U. Okpanachi ◽

J. U. Umoh ◽

G. S. N. Kia ◽

A. A. Dzikwi

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Fusion Gene ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Backyard Poultry ◽

Field Samples

AbstractNewcastle disease (ND) is a highly infectious viral disease of birds caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and doves have been incriminated in previous outbreaks of the disease that have discouraged backyard poultry productions. This survey was done to detect and characterize the NDV from 184 swabs from the cloacae and pharynxes of 67 trapped laughing doves and 25 backyard poultry birds. The study utilized haemagglutination assay (HA) followed by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests on HA positive samples to screen field samples. Conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted on the HI positives to characterize the NDV. This study revealed that of 134 dove samples screened, 88 (65.7 %) were HA positive. Of these HA positives subjected to HI testing, 37 (42.1 %) were HI positive. Interestingly, 21 (56.8 %) of the HI positives were also RT-PCR positive: 8 lentogenic, 12 velogenic, while one had both lentogenic and velogenic NDV. Comparatively, of the 50 chicken samples screened, 23 (46 %) were HA positive; and of these, HA positives subjected to HI testing, 16 (69.6 %) were HI positive. Only 4 (25 %) of the HI positives were RTPCR positive: 3 lentogenic and a velogenic NDV. From this study it was concluded that laughing doves were demonstrated to be infected with either lentogenic or velogenic NDV or both. The use of red blood adsorption-de-adsorption concentration of NDV enhanced the RT-PCR detection using the fusion gene primers NDV-F 4829 and NDV-R 5031. The detection of not only lentogenic but velogenic NDV in laughing doves poses a great risk to backyard poultry production.

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Rubella in the Russian Federation: epidemiological features and control measures to prevent the congenital rubella syndrome

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268899004343 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 125 (2) ◽

pp. 359-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

V. V. SEMERIKOV ◽

I. N. LAVRENTYEVA ◽

V. F. POPOV ◽

M. A. FLETCHER ◽

M. E. KOLOTOV

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽

Control Measures ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Congenital Rubella ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

And Control

A review of the epidemiology of clinical rubella in the Perm region of the Russian Federation from 1979–97 showed that the incidence was about 220 cases per 100000 population. Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) accounted for 15% of birth defects and for about 3·5 cases of CRS per 1000 live births per year. Surveys of the seroepidemiology of rubella infection revealed that the susceptibility rate among pregnant women (i.e. rubella virus antibody haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) assay titres < 10) was 16·5%. As serum rubella antibody HAI titres [ges ] 10 both prevented infection in pregnant women and protected their foetuses, serological testing has been introduced into the routine antenatal services. Pre-existing rubella antibodies were found not to interfere with the immune response to vaccination, so selective immunization was provided to girls approaching puberty and to women of childbearing age. A programme of epidemiological surveillance is being developed to define tactics for the widescale introduction of rubella vaccination.

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Salmonella Minnesota Emergence in Poultry Production: Danger to Public Health?

10.21203/rs.3.rs-23509/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Roberta Torres de Melo ◽

Taciano dos Reis Cardoso ◽

Phelipe Augusto Borba Martins Peres ◽

Raquelline Figueiredo Braz ◽

Fernanda Aparecida Longato Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Classical Method ◽

Control Measures ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Monitoring And Control ◽

Biofilm Inhibition ◽

Real Risk ◽

Potential Contaminant ◽

And Control

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze in S. Minnesota the presence of virulence genes, phylogenetic relationship, biofilm formation index (BFI) and its ultrastructure at temperatures of 4 °C, 25 °C and 36 °C and also the ability of biocidal agents to promote inhibition of the sessile structure formed by 20 strains isolated in the years 2009, 2010 and 2014 in broiler slaughter plants of two Brazilian companies.Methods: The presence of specific genes was evaluated by PCR and the phylogeny between the strains by PFGE, while BFI was performed by the classical method using TSB broth supplemented with 5% of chiken juice and its structure observed by SEM Chlorhexidine 1%, sodium hypochlorite 1% and peracetic acid 0.8% were tested for biofilm inhibition.Results: The presence of specific genes indicates that S. Minnesota has the potential to cause disease in humans and to adapt to adverse conditions. In general, temperatures of 25 °C and 36 °C favored more biofilm formation, although at 4 °C there is still biomass with potential contaminant from the final product. Tolerant strains (12/20–60%) to all biocides pose a real risk for the development of adaptation mechanisms, especially for resistance to sodium hypochlorite. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the existence of cross contamination problems and the spread among companies, probably related to the formation of biofilms.Conclusion: The results show the necessity of attention to this serovar considering its resistance to sodium hypochlorite in addition to the need for rigorous monitoring and control measures based on the adoption of low temperatures in order to prevent the formation of biofilms in the poultry industry.

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Spatial Distribution and Seroprevalence of Newcastle Disease in Kaduna State, Nigeria

Folia Veterinaria ◽

10.2478/fv-2021-0005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 37-44

Author(s):

W. A. Adanu ◽

J. U. Umoh ◽

J. Kabir ◽

J. K. P. Kwaga ◽

G. R. Otolorin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Disease Prevalence ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Serum Samples ◽

System A ◽

Entry Points

Abstract Newcastle disease is one of the greatest constraints to the development of poultry production in Nigeria. In this study, the spatial distribution of Newcastle disease antibodies was determined using the Geographic Information System. A total of 400 serum samples were collected from chickens in districts around Kaduna Metropolis and screened for Newcastle disease virus antibodies using the haemagglutination inhibition test done according to the procedure of OIE (2002). The spatial distribution demonstrated that the highest antibody titre level for Newcastle disease was closely associated with communities that were at entry points (Zaria— Kaduna road; Nnamdi Azikiwe bypass road; Television garage; Abuja—Kaduna expressway and Kachia road) to the metropolis and houses that are closely situated near live bird markets signifying the importance of bird movements in the spread of the disease. About 31 % (124 of 400) of chickens had antibodies to Newcastle disease virus, with exotics breeds (32.0 %) with more Newcastle disease virus antibodies than local breeds (29.8 %). The Newcastle disease prevalence was 33.9 % (39 out of 115), 31.8 % (41 out of 129) and 28.2 % (44 out of 156) for Kaduna North, Kaduna South and Chikun Local Government Areas (LGA), respectively. A Newcastle disease prevalence of 29.8 % (54 out of 181) was recorded in the local chickens, while 32.0 % (70 out of 219) was obtained from the exotic chickens.

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Newcastle Disease in Local Chickens of Live Bird Markets and Households in Zamfara State, Nigeria

ISRN Epidemiology ◽

10.1155/2014/513961 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

A. H. Jibril ◽

J. U. Umoh ◽

J. Kabir ◽

L. Saidu ◽

A. A. Magaji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Seroprevalence Rate ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Seropositive Rate ◽

Live Bird Markets ◽

Live Bird ◽

Rural Poultry

Newcastle disease constitutes a major constraint to rural poultry production system in Nigeria. This study used serological method to estimate the level of circulating antibodies against ND in nonvaccinated village chickens, raised under traditional management system in Zamfara State, Nigeria. Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay was used to analyze 504 chicken sera for Newcastle disease virus antibodies from randomly selected households and live bird markets. Higher seroprevalence rate of Newcastle disease virus antibodies was detected in both household and live bird markets. Overall, seropositive rate was found to be 32.5% (164/504). About 35.8% (115/321) sero-positive rate was obtained from live bird markets while 26.8% (49/183) seropositive rate was found in households. Comparison was made between the sero prevalence of house hold and live bird markets as well as between sexes. Live bird markets show a statistically significant higher prevalence rate (P<0.05) when compared with chickens sampled from households (OR 1.53; 95% CI, 1.024–2.275). The prevalence of ND indicated the presence of the virus amongst the population, and hence there should be an improvement in the vaccine campaign against ND for rural poultry especially the use of thermostable vaccine to reduce the chances of vaccine failure.

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Prevalência e fatores de risco da Leucose Enzoótica Bovina em rebanhos bovinos da microrregião de Teresina, estado do Piauí, Brasil

Revista Agraria Academica ◽

10.32406/v3n62020/6-15/agrariacad ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 6-15

Author(s):

Pedro Henrique Viana Rebêlo ◽

◽

Flávio de Sousa Oliveira ◽

Rafael Gabino Cavalcante ◽

Francisco das Chagas Cardoso Junior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Prevalence Rate ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

The State ◽

Control Measures ◽

Agar Gel ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Prevention And Control Measures ◽

And Control

The present work aims to estimate the seroprevalence of Bovine Enzootic Leukosis - LEB and to identify the risk factors associated with seroreactivity for infection by the LEB virus, in cattle from herds raised in the Teresina Microregion, in the State of Piaui, Brazil. 420 blood samples were examined in 14 municipalities belonging to the microregion, the technique used for the research was Immunodiffusion in Agar Gel (IDGA). There was a prevalence rate of 19.52% (82/420) of seroreagent animals, with the occurrence of at least one animal positive for LEB in each herd evaluated. The results show that prevention and control measures are necessary for better surveillance of herds.

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Evaluation of the Efficacy of Baby Chick Ranikhet Disease Vaccine and Bangla Baby Chick Ranikhet Disease Vaccine in Fayoumi Chicks

Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.3329/bjm.v23i2.876 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 125-129

Author(s):

Zafar Ahmed Bhuiyan ◽

Paritosh Kumar Biswas ◽

M Nural Anwar ◽

Abdul Ahad ◽

Nitish Chandra Debnath

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Live Vaccines ◽

Body Weights ◽

Similar Survival ◽

And Control ◽

Better Than

A study was undertaken for testing the comparative efficacy of two live vaccines produced in Bangladesh to control Newcastle disease (ND) in chickens. One of these vaccines named ‘baby chicks Ranikhet disease vaccine (BCRDV), a government vaccine produced by the Livestock Research Institute, Mohakhali, Dhaka, and the other named ‘Bangla-BCRDV®', a commercial vaccine produced recently by a pharmaceutical company. Both the vaccines are prepared using the ‘F' strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Three hundred Fayoumi chicks distributed in 3 groups were used in this study. The results of this study revealed that, at the age of 49 days the survival rates of chicks belonged to BCRDV, Bangla-BCRDV® and control groups were 69, 11 and 18%, respectively. The survival rate of Fayoumi chicks in the BCRDV group was significantly higher than that of the two other groups (p <0.05). Conversely, almost similar survival rates of chicks were recorded in the control and Bangla-BCRDV® groups (p >0.05). At day-1, the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titre to NDV of the chicks was log2 5.8 ± 0.79 (SEM). At day 35 the same HI titre was observed in the chicks of the BCRDV group, which was, 1 and 1.5 log (base 2) higher than the chicks of the control and Bangla-BCRDV® group, respectively. At day-49, HI titres to NDV ≥ log212 were recorded in the chicks of all the three groups that survived having challenged with velogenic NDV. There were no significant differences in weekly mean body-weights of the chicks in all the three groups until the week 8 when the mean bodyweight of the chicks was higher in the BCRDV group compared with the two others. These results indicted that the efficacy of BCRDV in Fayoumi chicks against ND was better than the Bangla-BCRDV®.Keywords: Baby chick ranikhet disease vaccine, Bangla baby chick ranikhet disease vaccine, Newcastle disease (ND), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Newcastle disease vaccine (NDC), Fayoumi chicksDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v23i2.876 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 23, Number 2, December 2006, pp 125-129

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Therapeutic management of Argulosis in Carp ponds, Andhra Pradesh, India

International Journal of Medicine ◽

10.14419/ijm.v3i2.5006 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 66

Author(s):

Kurva Raghu Ramudu ◽

B Chamundeswari Devi ◽

B Pavan Kumar

Keyword(s):

Prevalence Rate ◽

Andhra Pradesh ◽

Labeo Rohita ◽

Control Measures ◽

Head Region ◽

Pectoral Fins ◽

Indian Major Carps ◽

Fish Louse ◽

And Control ◽

Major Carps

Background: The genus Argulus sp. belongs to class Crustacea (Branchiura), which is commonly called as fish louse. These are common parasites on freshwater fish like carps (Both Indian Major Carps and Exotic Carps).Objectives:The aim of present study is to determine the prevalence, severity of infestation and control measures of Argulosis in Carp ponds.Results: In the present work about 233 fishes were examined, 53 were found infected (22.74%) and severity of infestation varied from 0.5 to 2. Argulus sp. were found and infected various organs such as dorsal fins, anal fin, pectoral fins, pelvic fins and head region of carps.Conclusion: The present study also, brings about the conclusion that the prevalence rate of Argulus sp. is high in Labeo rohita followed by Cirrhinus mrigala and Catla catla respectively.

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