A meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies of Newcastle disease in African agro-systems, 1980–2009

SUMMARYNewcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important and widespread avian pests. In Africa, backyard poultry production systems are an important source of protein and cash for poor rural livelihoods. ND mortality in these production systems is important and seriously disrupts benefits derived from it. This study undertook an African continental approach of ND epidemiology in backyard poultry. After a systematic literature review of studies published from 1980 to 2009, a meta-analysis of spatio-temporal patterns of serological prevalence and outbreak occurrence was performed. Average ND serological prevalence was estimated at 0·67 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·58–0·75] in regions characterized by humid ecosystems, high human and poultry densities and low altitudes; 0·36 (95% CI 0·30–0·41) in dry ecosystems at intermediate altitude where human and poultry densities are low and 0·27 (95% CI 0·19–0·38) in mountain ecosystems where human and poultry densities are intermediate. In terms of seasonality, ND outbreaks occur mostly during the dry seasons in Africa, when environmental conditions are likely to be harshest for backyard poultry. In addition, a phylogeographical analysis revealed the regionalization of ND virus strains, their potential to evolve towards a higher pathogenicity from the local viral pool and suggests a risk for vaccine strains to provide new wild strains. These results present for the first time a continent-wide approach to ND epidemiology in Africa. More emphasis is needed for ND management and control in rural African poultry production systems.

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Design and Construction of Thermal Control Solar Heated Poultry House

Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research ◽

10.9734/ajaar/2019/v11i330054 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

T. O. Tehinse ◽

F. R. Falayi ◽

T. O. Aduewa

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Temperature Stability ◽

Thermal Control ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Ambient Conditions ◽

Data Logger ◽

Poultry House ◽

Engineering Research ◽

Animal House ◽

And Control

Introduction: Chickens in extensive and semi-intensive poultry production systems account for more than 75% of all poultry in the Southern Nigeria. Aims: To design, construct and test a thermal control solar heated poultry house. Methodology: Thermally controlled solar heated poultry house was designed and constructed in the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Research Farm, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The poultry house consists of seven sections/rooms of which five rooms were regulated into five different temperature levels while one of the last two serve as control experiment section and the other serve as the observation section. The poultry house was tested and evaluated using developed and calibrated data logger to determine the environmental condition in the thermally controlled animal house with respect to the ambient conditions. The results obtained from the pre-stock test were analyzed graphically using Microsoft excel software version 2016 Results: The dry bulb temperature in the poultry house is 28.91±0.02ºC, 31.75±0.14ºC, 34.93 ±0.06ºC, 37.92±0.07ºC, 40.95±0.06ºC and 26.47±1.72ºC for sections with preconditioned temperature of 29ºC, 32ºC, 35ºC, 38ºC 41ºC and control respectively, dry bulb temperature in the poultry house is 20.39±0.32ºC, 21.64±0.1ºC, 19.13±0.2ºC, 17.57±0.27ºC, 16.26±0.27ºC and 24.77 ±0.1ºC for sections with preconditioned temperature of 29ºC, 32ºC, 35ºC, 38ºC 41ºC and control respectively, the relative humidity in the poultry house is 44.69±2.37%, 41.9±1.21%, 38.43±0.38%, 33.8. Conclusion: There was little or no temperature stability in the non-thermally controlled section of the poultry house, the temperature of the thermally controlled section of the poultry house was found in a close range with low deviation from the preset temperature in the sections.

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Characterization of backyard poultry production systems and disease risk in the central zone of Chile

Research in Veterinary Science ◽

10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.06.015 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 93 (1) ◽

pp. 121-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

C. Hamilton-West ◽

H. Rojas ◽

J. Pinto ◽

J. Orozco ◽

L.P. Hervé-Claude ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Central Zone ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Backyard Poultry

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Detection of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) in Laughing Doves and the Risk of Spread to Backyard Poultry

Folia Veterinaria ◽

10.2478/fv-2020-0021 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

J. U. Okpanachi ◽

J. U. Umoh ◽

G. S. N. Kia ◽

A. A. Dzikwi

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Fusion Gene ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Backyard Poultry ◽

Field Samples

AbstractNewcastle disease (ND) is a highly infectious viral disease of birds caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and doves have been incriminated in previous outbreaks of the disease that have discouraged backyard poultry productions. This survey was done to detect and characterize the NDV from 184 swabs from the cloacae and pharynxes of 67 trapped laughing doves and 25 backyard poultry birds. The study utilized haemagglutination assay (HA) followed by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests on HA positive samples to screen field samples. Conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted on the HI positives to characterize the NDV. This study revealed that of 134 dove samples screened, 88 (65.7 %) were HA positive. Of these HA positives subjected to HI testing, 37 (42.1 %) were HI positive. Interestingly, 21 (56.8 %) of the HI positives were also RT-PCR positive: 8 lentogenic, 12 velogenic, while one had both lentogenic and velogenic NDV. Comparatively, of the 50 chicken samples screened, 23 (46 %) were HA positive; and of these, HA positives subjected to HI testing, 16 (69.6 %) were HI positive. Only 4 (25 %) of the HI positives were RTPCR positive: 3 lentogenic and a velogenic NDV. From this study it was concluded that laughing doves were demonstrated to be infected with either lentogenic or velogenic NDV or both. The use of red blood adsorption-de-adsorption concentration of NDV enhanced the RT-PCR detection using the fusion gene primers NDV-F 4829 and NDV-R 5031. The detection of not only lentogenic but velogenic NDV in laughing doves poses a great risk to backyard poultry production.

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A retrospective study of Newcastle disease in Kenya

Tropical Animal Health and Production ◽

10.1007/s11250-019-02059-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 699-710 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Auleria A. Apopo ◽

Henry M. Kariithi ◽

Leonard O. Ateya ◽

Yatinder S. Binepal ◽

Jane H. Sirya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease ◽

Production Systems ◽

Natural Infection ◽

Diagnostic System ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Ecological Zones ◽

Ambient Temperatures ◽

Free Range ◽

Intensive System ◽

Agro Ecological Zones

Abstract Newcastle disease (ND) is a major constraint to Kenya’s poultry production, which is comprised of approximately 80% indigenous chickens (ICs; caged and free-range system) and 20% exotic chickens (intensive system). This study analyzed cases reported as suspected ND in Kenya between 2005 and 2015. Of the suspected 332 ND reported cases from the three production systems in 27 locations within six Kenyan Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs), 140 diagnosed as infected with avian orthoavulavirus 1 (AOaV-1; formerly Newcastle disease virus) were present in every year in all AEZs. The numbers of AOaV-1-positive cases differed significantly (p < 0.05) between the production systems across the years depending on the season, climate, and location. In the free-range system, both ambient temperatures and season associated significantly (p = 0.001 and 0.02, respectively) with the number of cases, while in the intensive and caged systems, the positive cases correlated significantly with season and relative humidity, respectively (p = 0.05). Regardless of the production systems, the numbers of clinically sick birds positively correlated with the ambient temperatures (r = 0.6; p < 0.05). Failure to detect AOaV-1 in 58% of the ND cases reported, and mortalities exceeding the observed numbers of clinically sick birds suggest deficiencies in the current ND reporting and diagnostic system. Intensive farmers were the slowest in reporting the cases and diagnostic deficiencies were most evident by failure to test the exposure of ICs to natural infection with AOaV-1 and for the AOaV-1-negative cases lack of testing for other pathogens and/or AOaV-1 variants. This study indicates a need for improved surveillance and diagnostics in Kenyan domestic poultry.

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A review of the financial impact of production diseases in poultry production systems

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an18281 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 59 (9) ◽

pp. 1585 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

P. J. Jones ◽

J. Niemi ◽

J.-P. Christensen ◽

R. B. Tranter ◽

R. M. Bennett

Keyword(s):

Information Needs ◽

Production Systems ◽

Financial Impact ◽

Sufficient Information ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Academic Literature ◽

Treatment Measures ◽

Production Diseases ◽

And Control ◽

Financial Impacts

While the academic literature widely asserts that production diseases have a significant financial impact on poultry production, these claims are rarely supported by empirical evidence. There is a risk, therefore, that the information needs of poultry producers regarding the costs associated with particular diseases are not being adequately met. A systematic literature review of poultry production diseases was undertaken, first, to scope the availability of studies that estimate the financial impacts of production diseases on poultry systems and, second, on the basis of these studies, estimates were generated of the magnitude of these impacts. Nine production diseases, selected by a panel of stakeholders as being economically important in the EU, were examined. The review found that the poultry disease literature has primarily an epidemiological focus, with very few publications providing estimates of the financial impacts of diseases. However, some publications have quantified the physical impacts of production diseases and control interventions, for example, using measures such as output volumes, mortality rates and bacterial counts. Using these data in standard financial models, partial financial analyses were possible for some poultry production diseases. Coccidiosis and clostridiosis were found to be the most common production diseases in broiler flocks, with salpingoperitonitis being the most common in layers. While the financial impact of untreated diseases varied, most uncontrolled diseases were estimated to make flocks loss-making. However, in all cases, interventions were available that signficantly reduced these losses. The review reinforces the concern that the available academic literature is not providing sufficient information for poultry producers to decide on financially optimal disease-prevention and treatment measures.

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Newcastle disease and its different applicable control options in poultry in Ethiopia

International Journal of Agricultural Extension ◽

10.33687/ijae.008.01.3010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 43-56

Author(s):

Dereje Tulu

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease ◽

Production System ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Vaccination Strategy ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Vaccine Virus ◽

Effective Control ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Vaccination Programs ◽

Backyard Poultry

Backyard poultry production has been a long-established husbandry practice in Ethiopia. It is estimated that Ethiopia’s backyard poultry population is about 53.31 million. The productivity of backyard poultry is constrained by disease outbreak especially Newcastle disease. Newcastle disease is an endemic, highly contiguous, viral disease that affects birds in both intensive and extensive production system. Vaccination against Newcastle disease has been established as one of the many interventions’ strategies, geared towards the control of Newcastle disease outbreaks in these flock. Currently, in Ethiopia, four types of Newcastle disease vaccines (HB1, Lasota, IOENDV, and Thermo-stable–12 vaccine) are used for the control of Newcastle disease. The application of conventional vaccination strategy for the control of Newcastle disease has been effectively utilized in intensive poultry production system. However, these conventional vaccination strategies against Newcastle disease outbreaks have not been fully optimized in backyard poultry production. Consequently, the application of thermo-stable vaccine in the form of feed baits seems to be the most appropriate method for effective control of Newcastle disease in village backyard poultry. Many kinds of feed stuff have been tested as a carrier of the vaccine virus; some have been proved unsuitable, while others are relatively suitable. The proper application of vaccine and vaccination programs together with other measures like sanitation, good nutrition, high level of management in most of the commercial poultry farms in Ethiopia and avoiding of concurrent infections, the occurrence of Newcastle disease outbreaks is rarely reported.

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Heritability Estimate for Antibody Response to Vaccination and Survival to a Newcastle Disease Infection of Native chicken in a Low-Input Production System

Frontiers in Genetics ◽

10.3389/fgene.2021.666947 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Blaise Arnaud Hako Touko ◽

Anold Tatah Kong Mbiydzenyuy ◽

Tebug Thomas Tumasang ◽

Julius Awah-Ndukum

Keyword(s):

Disease Resistance ◽

Antibody Response ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Production Systems ◽

Pedigree Information ◽

Initial Population ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Low Input ◽

Nested Design ◽

Selection Of

The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is the deadliest chicken pathogen in low-input village poultry, and selecting for NDV resistance has been recommended as a sustainable strategy in backyard poultry production systems. However, selecting for disease resistance needs precision data from either a big population sample size or on many generations with good pedigree records for effective prediction of heritability (h2) and breeding values of the foundation stock. Such conditions are almost impossible to meet in low-input backyard production systems. This study aimed at proposing a realistic method for estimating the heritability of the immune response to vaccination and survival of NDV infection in village poultry production to inform a breeding strategy for ND resistance in Cameroon. A 1 and 3% selection intensity of cocks and hens for higher antibody (ab) response (ABR) to vaccination followed by progeny selection of chickens who survived an experimental NDV infection was conducted from an initial population of 1,702 chickens. The selection induced an increase of 1012.47units/ml (p<0.01) of the NDV antibody of the progeny as well as an effective survival rate (ESR) increase of 11.75%. Three methods were used to estimate the heritability (h2) of NDV antibody response to vaccination. h2 was low irrespective of the method with estimates of 0.2227, 0.2442, and 0.2839 for the breeder’s equation method, the graphical method, and the full-sib/half-sib nested design, respectively. The mortality rate of infected chickens was high (86%). The antibody response to selection was not influenced by sex and genetic type even though the opposite was observed (p<0.05) for the ESR to NDV infection with naked neck chickens recording an ESR of 14% against 2.25% for the normal feather type. A very low heritability (0.0891) was observed for the survival against NDV infection. We confirm the evidence of disease resistance and the effect of selection for antibody response to vaccination on the improvement of the survival against NDV disease. Although the full sib/half sib nested design is more appropriate in case of availability of pedigree information, the direct methods are still useful in case of unavailability of full pedigree information. It is recommended that gene expression analysis should be prioritized for disease-resistance assessment and selection of native breeds of poultry.

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Prevalence of Newcastle Disease Antibodies in Local Chicken in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria

International Scholarly Research Notices ◽

10.1155/2014/796148 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-3 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Joseph Abraham-Oyiguh ◽

L. K. Sulaiman ◽

C. A. Meseko ◽

S. Ismail ◽

I. Suleiman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease ◽

Prevalence Rate ◽

Effective Means ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Control Measures ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Point Of Sale ◽

Local Chicken ◽

And Control ◽

Rural Poultry

Newcastle disease is a contagious disease of birds and is the greatest constraint to the development of rural poultry production in Nigeria and most developing countries. The only effective means of control is vaccination which is not properly carried out in Nigeria. Therefore, this project determined the prevalence rate of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in local chicken in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. About 5 mL of blood was collected from each of 200 chickens at the point of sale by exsanguination and sera obtained were analyzed using Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test to determine the prevalence of NDV. Of the 200 samples screened 34 were positive for HI antibody to NDV giving a prevalence rate of 17%. The prevalence rate obtained in this study is significant (P<0.05) and indicates endemicity of the disease. There was no statistically significant (P>0.05) difference in the seroprevalence of NDV antibodies among the four markets studied. Further studies are required to determine the strains circulating for appropriate preventive and control measures.

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Indicated preventive interventions for anxiety in children and adolescents: a review and meta-analysis of school based programs

10.31234/osf.io/jadxq ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Siobhan Hugh-Jones ◽

Sophie Beckett ◽

Pavan Mallikarjun

Keyword(s):

Meta Analysis ◽

Child And Adolescent ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Control Groups ◽

Adolescent Anxiety ◽

School Based ◽

Intervention Intensity ◽

Randomised Controlled ◽

And Control

Schools are promising sites for the delivery of prevention and early intervention programs to reduce child and adolescent anxiety. It is unclear whether universal or targeted approaches are most effective. This review and meta-analysis examines the effectiveness of school-based indicated interventions and was registered with PROSPERO [CRD42018087628].MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library were searched for randomised controlled trials comparing indicated school programs for child and adolescent anxiety to active or inactive control groups. Twenty original studies, with 2076 participants, met the inclusion criteria and 18 were suitable for meta-analysis. Sub-group and sensitivity analyses explored intervention intensity, delivery agent and control type. A small beneficial effect was found for indicated programs compared to controls on self-reported anxiety symptoms at post-test (g = -0.28, CI = -0.50, -0.05, k= 18). The small effect was maintained at 6 (g = -0.35, CI= -0.58, -0.13, k = 9) and 12 months (g = -0.24, CI = -0.48, 0.00, k = 4). Based on two studies, >12 month effects were very small (g = -0.01, CI= -0.38, 0.36). No differences were found based on intervention intensity, delivery agent and control type. There was evidence of publication bias and a relatively high risk of contamination in studies. Findings support the value of school based indicated programs for child and adolescent anxiety. Effects at 12 months outperform many universal programs. High quality, randomised controlled and pragmatic trials are needed, with attention control groups and beyond 12 month diagnostic assessments are needed.

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