scholarly journals Chromium (VI) Uptake and Tolerance Potential in Cotton Cultivars: Effect on Their Root Physiology, Ultramorphology, and Oxidative Metabolism

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Daud ◽  
Lei Mei ◽  
M. T. Variath ◽  
Shafaqat Ali ◽  
Cheng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Cotton ◽  
Hybrid Line ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Multiple Biomarkers ◽  
Toxic Pollutant ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Secondary Roots ◽  
Cr Uptake

Chromium (Cr) is present in our environment as a toxic pollutant, which needs to be removed using phytoremediation technology. In present study, two transgenic cotton cultivars (J208, Z905) and their hybrid line (ZD14) were used to explore their Cr uptake and tolerance potential using multiple biomarkers approach. Four different levels of Cr (CK, 10, 50, and 100 μM) were applied. Cr caused a significant reduction in root/shoot length, number of secondary roots, and root fresh and dry biomasses at 100μM. Cr accumulated more in roots and was found higher in hybrid line (ZD14) as compared with its parent lines (J208, Z905) at all Cr stress levels (10, 50, and 100 μM). Cr translocation was less than 1 in all cultivars. Ultrastructural studies at 100 μM Cr showed an increase in number of nuclei and vacuoles and presence of Cr dense granules in dead parts of the cell (vacuoles/cell wall). Malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total soluble proteins, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR) as a whole were upregulated with elevated levels of Cr. Higher Cr uptake by roots, accelerated metabolism, and Cr sequestration in dead parts of the cell indicate that these cotton cultivars can be useful for Cr accumulation and tolerance.

scholarly journals Exogenous AMF with Glycine Betaine Reduces Cr (VI) Uptake and Alleviates Chromium Toxicity by Supressing the Oxidative Stress in Three Genetically Different Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Cultivars

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Praveen Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Cr Toxicity ◽  
Toxic Pollutant ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Chromium Uptake ◽  
Cr Uptake

Abstract Background: Chromium is most toxic pollutant that negatively affects plant’s metabolic activities and yield. It reduces plant growth by influencing the antioxidant defense system’s activities. The aim of the present research was to examine the ameliorative capability of exogenous GB and AMF spiked in soil, either individually or in combination against Cr toxicity. The ameliorative effects were studied in terms of Cr uptake, grain yield, antioxidative defense system parameters (viz. enzymes – SOD, APX, CAT, GR, POX and metabolites – proline, glutathione, ascorbate, β-carotene) and indices of oxidative stress parameters (viz. PPO, H2O2, and MDA). Results:The results delineated that Cr uptake and indices of oxidative stress were increased with increasing concentration of Cr stress in all the varieties (HJ 541, HJ513 & SSG 59-3) at both the growth stages (35 & 95 DAS). At higher concentration (4 ppm), Cr stress decreased the grain yield (45-50%) as compared with controls. PPO activity, MDA and H2O2 content increased at both growth stages in all the varieties. However, antioxidative enzymes and metabolite activities increased due to Cr stress but this increase was not sufficient to counteract with ROS generated under Cr stress which was enhanced on the application of AMF and GB either individually or in combination (spiked in soil). It decreased the indices of oxidative stress and ameliorated the Cr toxicity and increased grain yield (65-70%) in all the varieties. Conclusions:Both GB and AMF, improved the plant growth and stress tolerance capacity of the plant. GB at both 50 and 100 mM level, significantly ameliorated Cr (VI) toxicity. However, AMF concomitantly with GB further boost up the amelioration behavior of the plant against Cr toxicity, at both growth stages in all the varieties. The combination of 100 mM GB with 10 g AMF was observed most effective among all the treatments. Among the varieties SSG 59-3 had the lowest chromium uptake, indices of oxidative stress, and highest antioxidative system’s activity as compared to HJ 513 followed by HJ 541 variety. Thus AMF and GB either individually or in combination may be used to maintain plant yield attributes under Cr toxicity.

An ultrastructural study of the late-blight fungus Phytophthora infestans and its interaction with the foliage of two potato cultivars possessing different levels of general (field) resistance

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 2669-2685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Coffey ◽  
Una E. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Mesophyll Cell ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
General Field ◽  
Wall Appositions ◽  
Palisade Cells ◽  
Extrahaustorial Matrix ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Thin Cell Wall

In the susceptible reaction of foliage of the cultivar Majestic there was extensive colonization of the host tissue prior to the onset of necrosis. The development of intracellular hyphae was confined to the initially parasitized palisade cells. Thereafter the fungus grew as intercellular hyphae, which penetrated host cells and formed haustoria. Haustorial morphology was highly variable, ranging in type from small spherical to much larger digitlike structures. Haustorial formation was preceded by the laying down of a moderately electron-dense penetration matrix bounded by the host plasmalemma. This material probably constituted the extrahaustorial matrix once haustorial development had taken place. The matrical material stained with silver proteinate reagent, and this reaction was blocked by dimedone, indicating that it was carbohydrate in nature. In the resistant reaction of foliage of the cultivar Shamrock, the epidermal cells rapidly became necrotic. Quantities of exceedingly electron-dense granules appeared in the necrotic host cells. Host organelles were no longer recognizable, but the fungal cytoplasm remained intact. In adjoining host cells, thin cell wall appositions were formed, which had a heterogeneous composition. On occasions when the fungus attempted to invade an underlying mesophyll cell, papillae usually formed in that cell at the site of incipient penetration.

scholarly journals Performances and sensory quality of broilers fed with different levels of extruded rapeseed meal

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 827-834
Author(s):  
D. Milic ◽  
V. Stanacev ◽  
V. Stanacev ◽  
N. Milosevic ◽  
N. Puvaca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Quality ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hybrid Line ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Treated Breast ◽  
Different Levels

In this paper the effect of extruded rapeseed meal on the performance and sensory quality of the breast meat of broilers was investigated. The experiments were performed with hybrid line ROSS 308. The control group was fed soybean meal, and two levels of extruded rapeseed meal were added in experimental groups, 4% and 8% during a period of 42 days. Final body masses of chicken in the experimental groups were lower for 1.79% and 3.05% than the control group. Conversion of feed was satisfactory in all groups, and the best in the control group. Including extruded rapeseed meal in the meal did not show negative effect on the sensory quality, the smell and the colour, of fresh breast meat. Sensory quality (smell, taste and sensitivity) of heat-treated breast meat of the chickens in the control and experimental groups was marked as "very good", or optimal.

Spermiogenesis And the Cycle of The Seminiferous Epithelium in The Platypus, Ornithorhynchus Anatinus.

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 306
Author(s):  
Minjie Lin ◽  
R.C Jones
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
New South ◽  
Seminiferous Epithelium ◽  
Sperm Production ◽  
Fibrous Sheath ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Ornithorhynchus Anatinus ◽  
Principal Piece

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308. Ultrastructural studies of spermiogenesis in platypuses indicate that they display some unique features. The origin and morphology of the perforatorium are different than in sperm from birds and therian mammals, and development of the fibrous sheath of the principal piece starts much later in the platypus. However, some features of spermiogenesis in the platypus are similar to birds, but different from therian mammals. For example, the dense granules in the developing acrosome of therian mammals are absent in platypus spermatids. Other features of spermiogenesis in the platypus are similar to processes described in therian mammals, but not birds. For example, the acrosome of platypus sperm is not confined to the rostral surface of the nucleus as in avian sperm, but extends laterally over the nucleus as in sperm from therian mammals. Further, during spermiation the tubulobulbar complexes were also observed in the platypus. Sixteen steps of spermatid development were identified and used to classify the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium into 12 stages. The area of the wall of a seminiferous tubule, which is occupied by a stage of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the platypus (about 6-8 stages of the cycle per tubular cross-section), is between that of therian mammals (1-4 stages) and birds (up to 12 stages). The cycle ofseminiferous epithelium will provide a basis to determine the rate of sperm production in the platypus.

scholarly journals Histological and Ultrastructural Studies on the Intestine of Guntea Loach, Lepidocephalichthys Guntea (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-172
Author(s):  
S. K. Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Blood Capillaries ◽  
Posterior Intestine ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Mucosal Folds ◽  
Cellular Components

Abstract The cellular organizations of intestine in Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton, 1822) have been described by light as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The intestine is short and straight like, marked into anterior, middle and posterior region based on mucosal folds, number and size of columnar epithelial cells and mucous cells, thickness of submucosa and muscularis layer. The mucosa of anterior intestine forms high folds, which are lined with compactly arranged columnar epithelial cells and mucous cells. In the middle intestine, folds are pointless whereas the posterior intestine is without folds. The submucosa is formed of thin layer of connective tissue, contained collagen bundles and blood capillaries, comparatively well developed in the posterior intestine. By scanning electron microscopy, outlines of the luminal surface of anterior and middle intestine is embossed with oval or rounded columnar epithelial cells contained densely packed stubby microridges. The posterior intestine has closely set longitudinal folds characterized with minute blood capillaries and columnar epithelial cells having inconspicuous microridges. Ultrastructurally, the mucosal surface of the intestine consists of mucous cells with electron dense granules and columnar epithelial cells having numerous microvilli, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and Golgi body. Cellular components of the anterior and middle intestine participate in the absorption whereas the presence of enormous blood vessels and capillary net work of posterior intestine probably responsible for air breathing.

Slag-Based Nanomaterial in the Removal of Hexavalent Chromium

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 1760013 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Baalamurugan ◽  
V. Ganesh Kumar ◽  
K. Govindaraju ◽  
B. S. Naveen Prasad ◽  
V. K. Bupesh Raja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hexavalent Chromium ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Alkali Activation ◽  
Surface Hydroxyl ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Toxic Pollutant

Slag-based nanomaterial is a by-product obtained during steel production and has wide range of components in the form of oxides. In this study, Induction Furnace (IF) steel slag-based application in adsorption of hexavalent chromium is investigated. IF slag has mixture of oxides mainly Fe2O3 and Chromium (VI) a highly toxic pollutant leads to environmental pollution and causes problem to human health mainly, carcinogenetic diseases. Slag-based nanomaterial is characterized using High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (HR-SEM) in which the size was around 100[Formula: see text]nm and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Further inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used for adsorption studies. Slag activation using NaOH (alkali activation) to the intent of surface hydroxyl ([Formula: see text]OH) group attachment will be a cost-effective process in the removal of hexavalent chromium. Cr(VI) ions are adsorbed on the surface of alkali activated slag material. The core-shell formation of Fe(II)/Fe(III)/Cr(VI) and the adsorption are investigated in detail in the present study.

scholarly journals Electrocoagulation as an Alternative for the Removal of Chromium (VI) in Solution

Tecnura ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (68) ◽  
pp. 28-42
Author(s):  
Candelaria nahir Tejada tovar ◽  
Angel Villabona Ortíz ◽  
Rafael Contreras Amaya
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Removal Of Heavy Metals ◽  
Toxic Pollutant ◽  
The Cost

Context: The contamination of water sources by the discharge of effluents contaminated with chromium (VI) is a current environmental problem because it is a toxic pollutant for humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms; it can be carcinogenic and has a high solubility in an aqueous environment. This research aims to study the electrochemical removal of hexavalent chromium by electrocoagulation using iron and aluminum electrodes with monopolar configuration, evaluating the effect of residence time, voltage, and the number of electrodes on the removal efficiency. Methodology: The experiments were conducted in a 3L batch electrocoagulation cell, using 10 and 6 aluminum and stainless steel plates as electrodes, connected at a distance of 1.5 cm in a monopolar configuration in parallel to the power source. Contaminated solution with Cr (VI) was treated at a concentration of 50 mg/L, evaluating two levels of residence time (20 and 30 min), voltage (20 and 30 V), and the number of electrodes (6 and 10 electrodes). Results: After the electrocoagulation removal tests, it was obtained removal percentages between 60.15 and 92.9%. The most significant positive variable in the process was the increase in the residence time. It can be inferred that electrocoagulation performs better at lower voltages and longer residence times and that the joint effect of the increase of the number of electrodes and the contact time would increase the performance of the process, achieving greater removal. Conclusions: The process of reduction of chromium (VI) by electrocoagulation has the potential to be used for the cost-effective removal of heavy metals from water

Ultrastructure of Cercarial Tails

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 180-181
Author(s):  
Richard S. Demaree ◽  
Donald M. Wootton
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Japonicum ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Suitable Host ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Tail Structure

Cercariae (juvenile trematodes with tails) emerge from mollusk intermediate hosts and swim toward definitive hosts or encystment objects. The locomotor power is furnished by the tail. Upon reaching a suitable host or encystment object, the tail is cast off and the cercariae penetrate and/or encyst. Ultrastructural studies of cercariae are sparse. There is even lessUltrastructural studies of cercariae are sparse. There is even less information about the tail structure; and body-to-tail morphology has been documented only for Acanthatrium oregonense and Schistosoma japonicum.

Dependence of Intergranular Fracture on Boundary Topography and Cohesion

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
J. E. Doherty ◽  
A. F. Giamei ◽  
B. H. Kear ◽  
C. W. Steinke
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Nickel Base Superalloy ◽  
Boundary Shear ◽  
Room Temperature Ductility ◽  
Solid Solution Matrix ◽  
Nickel Base ◽  
Solution Matrix ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Base Superalloy

Recently we have been investigating a class of nickel-base superalloys which possess substantial room temperature ductility. This improvement in ductility is directly related to improvements in grain boundary strength due to increased boundary cohesion through control of detrimental impurities and improved boundary shear strength by controlled grain boundary micros true tures.For these investigations an experimental nickel-base superalloy was doped with different levels of sulphur impurity. The micros tructure after a heat treatment of 1360°C for 2 hr, 1200°C for 16 hr consists of coherent precipitates of γ’ Ni3(Al,X) in a nickel solid solution matrix.

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