scholarly journals Improvement in Long-Term Memory following Chronic Administration ofEryngium planumRoot Extract in Scopolamine Model: Behavioral and Molecular Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Ozarowski ◽  
Barbara Thiem ◽  
Przemyslaw L. Mikolajczak ◽  
Anna Piasecka ◽  
Piotr Kachlicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Huperzine A ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Cognitive Responses ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Saponin Content ◽  
Bace 1

Eryngium planumL. (EP) is as a rare medicinal plant with a lot of potentials as pharmaceutical crops. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of subchronic (28-fold) administration of a 70% ethanol extract of EP roots (200 mg/kg, p.o.) on behavioral and cognitive responses in Wistar rats linked with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and beta-secretase (BACE-1) mRNA levels and AChE and BuChE activities in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. On the last day of experiment, 30 min after the last dose of EP or Huperzine A (HU), scopolamine (SC) was given at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg b.w. intraperitoneally. The results of a passive avoidance test showed an improvement in long-term memory produced by the EP extract in both scopolamine-induced rats and control group. EP caused an insignificant inhibition of AChE and BuChE activities in the frontal cortex and the hippocampus. EP decreased mRNA AChE, BuChE, and BACE-1 levels, especially in the cortex. Our results suggest that the EP extract led to the improvement of the long-term memory in rats coupled with total saponin content. The mechanism of EP action is probably complicated, since HPLC-MS analysis showed 64 chemical compounds (phenolics, saponins) in the extract of EP roots.

scholarly journals Influence of theMelissa officinalisLeaf Extract on Long-Term Memory in Scopolamine Animal Model with Assessment of Mechanism of Action

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Ozarowski ◽  
Przemyslaw L. Mikolajczak ◽  
Anna Piasecka ◽  
Piotr Kachlicki ◽  
Radoslaw Kujawski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Huperzine A ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Cognitive Responses ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Beta Secretase

Melissa officinalis(MO, English: lemon balm, Lamiaceae), one of the oldest and still most popular aromatic medicinal plants, is used in phytomedicine for the prevention and treatment of nervous disturbances. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of subchronic (28-fold) administration of a 50% ethanol extract ofMOleaves (200 mg/kg, p.o.) compared with rosmarinic acid (RA, 10 mg/kg, p.o.) and huperzine A (HU, 0.5 mg/kg, p.o.) on behavioral and cognitive responses in scopolamine-induced rats. The results were linked with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and beta-secretase (BACE-1) mRNA levels and AChE and BuChE activities in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of rats. In our study,MOand HU, but not RA, showed an improvement in long-term memory. The results were in line with mRNA levels, sinceMOproduced a decrease of AChE mRNA level by 52% in the cortex and caused a strong significant inhibition of BACE1 mRNA transcription (64% in the frontal cortex; 50% in the hippocampus). However, the extract produced only an insignificant inhibition of AChE activity in the frontal cortex. The mechanisms ofMOaction are probably more complicated, since its role as a modulator of beta-secretase activity should be taken into consideration.

scholarly journals Prenatal Exposure to Cadmium During Organogenesis Impairs Memory in Young Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Gumilar ◽  
Cristina Bras ◽  
Patricia Aggio ◽  
Sergio Domínguez ◽  
Mariana Bartos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Radial Maze ◽  
Inhibitory Avoidance ◽  
Male Offspring ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Step Down

Pregnant rats were treated with 0.3 and 0.6 mg cadmium (CdCl2)/kg injected subcutaneously on a daily basis from gestational day 7 to day 15 (organogenesis period). One control group was not injected and other received saline. The 45-day-old offspring were tested in a step-down inhibitory avoidance to evaluate short-term and long-term memory and in a radial maze for the study of spatial memory. These studies showed that gestational exposure to 0.6 mg Cd/kg produced in the male offspring a significant impairment in the retention of long-term memory evaluated 24 hours after training in the step-down inhibitory avoidance. The radial maze also demonstrated that the male offspring prenatally exposed to 0.6 mg Cd presented a significant deficit in the retention of spatial memory evaluated 42 days after training. These results demonstrate that the exposure to Cd during organogenesis may affect the retention of some types of memory.

Real and virtual environments, real and virtual memory

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 756-757
Author(s):  
Gary W. Strong
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Virtual Memory ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Motor Information ◽  
Critical Portion

What is encoded in working memory may be a content-addressable pointer, but a critical portion of the information that is addressed includes the motor information to achieve deictic reference in the environment. Additionally, the same strategy that is used to access environment information just in time for its use may also be used to access long-term memory via the pre-frontal cortex.

scholarly journals Neurofeedback Training Improves Long-Term Memory Performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Hsuan Tseng ◽  
Kaori Tamura ◽  
Tsuyoshi Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Theta Rhythm ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Beta Power

Abstract Understanding and improving memory is vital to enhance human life. Theta rhythm is associated with memory consolidation and coding, but the trainability and effects on long-term memory of theta rhythm are unknown. This study investigates the ability to improve long-term memory using a neurofeedback (NFB) technique reflecting the theta/low-beta power ratio on an electroencephalogram (EEG). Our study consisted of three stages: First, the long-term memory of participants was measured. In the second stage, the participants in the NFB group received three days of theta/low-beta NFB training. In the third stage, the long-term memory was measured again. The NFB group had better long-term memory than the control group and significant differences in brain activity between episodic and semantic memory during the recall tests were revealed. These findings suggest that it is possible to improve the long-term memory abilities through theta/low-beta NFB training, which also improves episodic and semantic memory.

Efektivitas Metode Tamyiz terhadap Memori dalam Mempelajari Alquran pada Santri Pondok Pesantren Quran

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-52
Author(s):  
Alfi Fauziyyah ◽  
Ulfiah Ulfiah ◽  
Ila Nurlaila Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Method ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Popular Songs ◽  
Elaborative Rehearsal ◽  
Experimental Group

One way to memorize and understand the Qur'an is to learn Arabic. Learning Arabic is still considered a difficult thing for most people. Also, students who studied the Qur'an are only able to read and memorize the verses of the Qur'an without understand the meaning of these verses. This study aims to determine the effect of Tamyiz Method on memory in learning Qur'an. This research used true-experimental method with before match after design. The subjects were students of Islamic boarding school of Qur'an Al-Lathifah, each consisting of 35 people in the experimental group and the control group. The result shows that Tamyiz Method influences memory in learning Qur'an. This method has repetition process, that is elaborative rehearsal and there is mnemonic learning strategy. Qur’an is memorized using imagination and word made using popular songs, making it easier for students in saving information in long-term memory.

Fractionating Executive Functions of Adults With ADHD

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 944-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane Freire Bueno ◽  
Maria Aparecida da Silva ◽  
Tânia Maria Alves ◽  
Mario Rodrigues Louzã ◽  
Sabine Pompéia
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Healthy Control

Objective: To evaluate the performance of adults with ADHD considering the fractionation of executive functions into six different domains. Method: Participants were adult ADHD patients who were not under the acute effects of medication ( n = 48). Their performance was compared with that of a healthy control group ( n = 20) of comparable age, education, and nonverbal intelligence quotient. The cognitive domains assessed were executive shifting, updating, inhibition of prepotent responses, dual-task performance, planning, and access to long-term memory. We also assessed the symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, anxiety, and depression by validated questionnaires. Results: Compared with controls, patients reported more symptoms related to ADHD, anxiety and depression symptoms and were impaired in the shifting cost measure and phonemic fluency (measure of access to long-term memory). Conclusion: ADHD in adults selectively impaired executive shifting and access to long-term memory, domains that may alter performance in a wide range of daily tasks.

scholarly journals Training enhances fidelity of color representations in visual long-term memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Ovalle-Fresa ◽  
Nicolas Rothen
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Continuous Response ◽  
Before And After

Visual perception can be affected by training mental representations. However, it remains unclear if training procedures can also affect the quality of mental representations. To investigate if training enhances the fidelity of mental representations retrieved from visual long-term memory (VLTM), we used a task including object-color associations with a continuous response-space. We tested 15 participants in a training group, and 15 participants in a control group. Training consisted of six training runs executed on three consecutive days. Before and after training, we assessed accessibility and fidelity of mental representations in VLTM, and of single objects in visual short-term memory (VSTM). Not only accessibility to mental representation but also their fidelity increased across training and transferred to novel object-color associations in VLTM and VSTM after training. At the end of the training, fidelity of VLTM representations were virtually identical to fidelity of VSTM representations. We conclude, that training object-color associations does not only improve the accessibility of VLTM representations, but also their fidelity based on perceptual plasticity of the visual system.

scholarly journals Genes Involved in Long-Term Memory Are Expressed in Testis of Cryptorchid Boys and Respond to GnRHa Treatment

2017 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faruk Hadziselimovic ◽  
Katharina Gegenschatz-Schmid ◽  
Gilvydas Verkauskas ◽  
Philippe Demougin ◽  
Vytautas Bilius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Rna Profiling ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
Neuronal Genes ◽  
Low Iq

It has been known for many years that boys with unilateral or bilateral undescended testis (cryptorchidism) tend to have a low IQ, and those who belong to the high infertility risk (HIR) group perform less well at school than low infertility risk (LIR) patients. However, the molecular biological processes underlying this phenomenon are not understood. In this study, we report the outcome of testicular RNA profiling for genes involved in long-term memory formation. We analyzed the histology and the transcriptome of testicular biopsies from bilateral HIR cryptorchid boys, comparing those who received GnRHa treatment for 6 months after the first surgery with those who did not receive GnRHa before the second surgery. We found that GnRHa treatment alters the testicular mRNA levels of neuronal genes that are involved in long-term memory and testosterone synthesis. These data highlight a possible molecular link between cryptorchidism, impaired mini-puberty, and diminished cognitive functions. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in cryptorchid boys with altered mini-puberty may affect neuronal genes important for memory and learning, which could help explaining the negative correlation between cryptorchidism and intellectual abilities.

scholarly journals Enhancing long-term memory with stimulation tunes visual attention in one trial

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 625-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. G. Reinhart ◽  
Geoffrey F. Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Medial Frontal Cortex ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Attentional Tuning

Scientists have long proposed that memory representations control the mechanisms of attention that focus processing on the task-relevant objects in our visual field. Modern theories specifically propose that we rely on working memory to store the object representations that provide top-down control over attentional selection. Here, we show that the tuning of perceptual attention can be sharply accelerated after 20 min of noninvasive brain stimulation over medial-frontal cortex. Contrary to prevailing theories of attention, these improvements did not appear to be caused by changes in the nature of the working memory representations of the search targets. Instead, improvements in attentional tuning were accompanied by changes in an electrophysiological signal hypothesized to index long-term memory. We found that this pattern of effects was reliably observed when we stimulated medial-frontal cortex, but when we stimulated posterior parietal cortex, we found that stimulation directly affected the perceptual processing of the search array elements, not the memory representations providing top-down control. Our findings appear to challenge dominant theories of attention by demonstrating that changes in the storage of target representations in long-term memory may underlie rapid changes in the efficiency with which humans can find targets in arrays of objects.

scholarly journals Neurofeedback training improves episodic and semantic long-term memory performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Hsuan Tseng ◽  
Kaori Tamura ◽  
Tsuyoshi Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
Theta Rhythm ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Third Stage

AbstractUnderstanding and improving memory are vital to enhance human life. Theta rhythm is associated with memory consolidation and coding, but the trainability and effects on long-term memory of theta rhythm are unknown. This study investigated the ability to improve long-term memory using a neurofeedback (NFB) technique reflecting the theta/low-beta power ratio on an electroencephalogram (EEG). Our study consisted of three stages. First, the long-term memory of participants was measured. In the second stage, the participants in the NFB group received 3 days of theta/low-beta NFB training. In the third stage, the long-term memory was measured again. The NFB group had better episodic and semantic long-term memory than the control group and significant differences in brain activity between episodic and semantic memory during the recall tests were revealed. These findings suggest that it is possible to improve episodic and semantic long-term memory abilities through theta/low-beta NFB training.

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