scholarly journals Cognitive Mechanisms Reciprocally Transmit Vulnerability between Depressive and Somatic Symptoms

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlin A. Harding ◽  
Karly M. Murphy ◽  
Amy Mezulis
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Cognitive Responses ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Cognitive Predictors ◽  
Positive Rumination

Despite high comorbidity between depressive and somatic symptoms, cognitive mechanisms that transmit vulnerability between symptom clusters are largely unknown. Dampening, positive rumination, and brooding are three cognitive predictors of depression, with rumination theoretically indicated as a transdiagnostic vulnerability through amplifying and diminishing affect in response to events. Specifically, the excess negative affect and lack of positive affect characteristic of depressive symptoms and underlying somatic symptoms may cause and be caused by cognitive responses to events. Therefore, the current study examined whether comorbidity between depressive and somatic symptoms may be explained by the cognitive mechanisms of dampening and positive rumination in response to positive events and brooding in response to negative events among adults (N=321) across eight weeks of assessment. We hypothesized that greater dampening and brooding would reciprocally predict greater depressive and somatic symptoms, while greater positive rumination would reciprocally predict fewer depressive and somatic symptoms. Mediation analyses in AMOS 22 indicated that dampening and brooding mediated reciprocal pathways between depressive and somatic symptoms, but positive rumination did not.Findings propose dampening and brooding as mechanisms of the reciprocal relationship between depressive and somatic symptoms through diminishing positive affect and amplifying negative affect in response to positive and negative events.

Relations among Positive Affect, Negative Affect, and Somatic Symptoms in a Medically Ill Patient Sample

2000 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Kvaal ◽  
Shobhana Patodia
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Somatic Complaints ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Medical Patients ◽  
Medically Ill ◽  
Different Populations

The Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), a brief measure of Positive and Negative Affect, may be useful in assessing mood of medical patients because it does not include somatic items frequently confounded with medical conditions. In previous research Positive and Negative Affect have been independent and uncorrelated, and Negative Affect but not Positive Affect has been positively correlated with somatic symptoms. However, relationships between variables may vary in different populations, and there is relatively little information on Positive and Negative Affect in medical patients. In the current study, the PANAS was used to assess the relationships among Positive Affect, Negative Affect, and somatic symptoms and pain in a medically ill hospital population. Positive and Negative Affect scores were positively correlated and for patients reporting pain, Positive Affect scores were positively correlated with pain intensity. Results from this and other studies indicate that Positive and Negative Affect are independent but in some populations may be correlated; positive affects such as hopefulness may co-occur with both somatic complaints and psychological distress.

scholarly journals Fading Affect Bias in Intergroup Relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-214
Author(s):  
Michèle D. Birtel ◽  
Gian Antonio Di Bernardo ◽  
Loris Vezzali
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Intergroup Contact ◽  
Memory Strength ◽  
Buffering Effect ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Opposite Gender ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. Negative affect associated with autobiographical events fades faster over time than positive affect. This Fading Affect Bias (FAB) has been established in the individual and interpersonal domains. Two studies tested the FAB in intergroup relations with Muslims ( N= 76 White British non-Muslim) and opposite gender ( N = 242 women and men) as target outgroups. The results indicated that the FAB exists in an intergroup context, for both ingroup and outgroup memories. Mediation analyses showed that intergroup contact is related to a lower fading of positive affect associated with the outgroup memory, through greater memory strength and a more positive outgroup member evaluation. The findings are important for understanding affect associated with intergroup memories and the buffering effect of positive contact.

scholarly journals Relatively Happy: The Role of the Positive-to-Negative Affect Ratio in Japanese and Belgian Couples

2021 ◽  
pp. 002202212110510
Author(s):  
Alexander Kirchner-Häusler ◽  
Michael Boiger ◽  
Yukiko Uchida ◽  
Yoko Higuchi ◽  
Atsuhiko Uchida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Relationship Satisfaction ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Romantic Couples ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Culturally Different ◽  
Positive Feelings ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
Couple Interactions

Satisfied couples in European-American cultural contexts experience higher ratios of positive to negative affect during interactions than their less satisfied counterparts. The current research tests the possibility that this finding is culture-bound. It compares proportions of positive to negative affect during couple interactions in two different cultural contexts: Belgium and Japan. Whereas Belgian relationship goals (e.g., mutual affirmation and self-esteem) call for the experience of positive affect, Japanese relationship goals (e.g., harmony and self-adjustment) call for the avoidance of negative affect. We propose that these differences result in different affect ratios in close relationships. To test this idea, we tracked positive and negative feelings during couple interactions. Fifty-eight Belgian and 80 Japanese romantic couples took part in a lab interaction study, in which they discussed a topic of disagreement. Using a video-mediated recall, participants rated their positive and negative feelings during the interaction; relationship satisfaction was assessed before the interaction. As expected, Belgian couples’ positive-to-negative affect ratios were more positive than those of Japanese couples. Furthermore, in both cultures relationship satisfaction was positively associated with more positive affect ratios, but this effect was significantly stronger for Belgian than Japanese couples. Finally, mediation analyses showed that higher affect ratios were achieved in culturally different and meaningful ways: satisfied Belgian couples showed higher ratios primarily through higher levels of positive feelings, whereas satisfied Japanese couples showed higher ratios primarily through lower levels of negative feelings.

Appraisal and Coping Link Sexual Victimization History to Emotional Experience: A Multilevel Daily Diary Study*Portions of this study were presented at the 2018 Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association.

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052095769
Author(s):  
Lucy Finkelstein-Fox ◽  
Crystal L. Park ◽  
Tania B. Huedo-Medina
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Sexual Victimization ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
American Psychological Association ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Daily Diary ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Daily Diary Study ◽  
And Coping

Sexual victimization (SV) history is common among college students and has many adverse effects on health, but little is known about whether these effects are explained by everyday stress and coping. Further, most studies conflate between- and within-person effects, limiting our understanding of distinct trait- versus state-level pathways. To address these gaps, we examined the multilevel association of SV history with contemporary positive and negative affect and somatic symptoms via daily control appraisals and coping (problem-focused, meaning-focused, and avoidance) with daily stressors. Online daily diary surveys assessed stress, appraisals, coping, affect, and somatization among 261 undergraduates with and without SV history over 11 consecutive days. Between- and within-person differences in appraisals, coping, affect, and somatic symptoms were examined using multilevel covariance modeling in a causal system, testing daily stressor type as a moderator of within-person effects. Across days, SV history was indirectly linked only to average positive affect via meaning-focused coping, with no other between-person indirect effects. At the within-person level, greater negative affect was experienced in the context of interpersonal stress, driven by greater problem-focused coping, greater positive affect was experienced in the context of academic stress, driven by greater control appraisals, and less positive and negative affect were experienced in the context of intrapersonal stress, driven by lower control appraisals and less problem-focused coping. SV may influence daily stress processes at multiple levels, depending on stressor type. Appraised control and active coping are potentially important but understudied ways in which SV history informs contemporary stress management.

The Relationship between External Events and Affect States in Older People

2000 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laraine Winter ◽  
M. Powell Lawton ◽  
Robin J. Casten ◽  
Robert L. Sando
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Older People ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Conditions Of Stability ◽  
Affect States ◽  
The Relationship

Long-term and moderately short-term effects of bereavement and marriage on psychological well-being (PWB) among older people were investigated. The aspect of PWB that was examined was the prevalence of six affects, rated in terms of their frequency during the past year. Affect frequency of four groups was tested: Recently widowed, recently married, and widowed and married elders unselected for length of time in those marital statuses. As predicted, both length of time in the marital status and congruence between the positive event (marriage) and positive affect and between congruence of the negative event (bereavement and negative affect) were associated with group differences. Depressive affect was greatest among the recently bereaved but the recently-married, long-married, and longer-bereaved groups did not differ in depression. Positive affect was greatest among the recently married and other groups did not differ in this respect. Hostility, anxiety, shyness, and contentment were not predicted to differ among groups; in fact, contentment was least in the bereaved; shyness was least among the recently-married, and hostility was lowest among the long-widowed. Results are discussed in terms of the joint influences of time since a life event and the differential relevance of positive and negative affect states to positive and negative events. Continued research attention to the covariation of these factors in relation to the affective aspects of PWB is needed to understand the conditions of stability and change.

scholarly journals Attachment and the Development of Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: The Role of Regulating Positive and Negative Affect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine W. F. T. Verhees ◽  
Chloë Finet ◽  
Sien Vandesande ◽  
Margot Bastin ◽  
Patricia Bijttebier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Attachment Anxiety ◽  
Insecure Attachment ◽  
Multiple Mediation ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Longitudinal Support ◽  
Regulation Strategies

AbstractAlthough widely accepted, attachment theory’s hypothesis that insecure attachment is associated with the development of depressive symptoms through emotion regulation strategies has never been longitudinally tested in adolescence. Additionally, previous research only focused on strategies for regulating negative affect, whereas strategies for regulating positive affect may also serve as a mechanism linking insecure attachment to depressive symptoms. This study aimed to fill these research gaps by testing whether the association between attachment and change in depressive symptoms over time is explained by strategies for regulating negative and positive affect in adolescence. Adolescents (N = 1706; 53% girls; Mage = 12.78 years, SDage = 1.54 at Time 1) were tested three times, with a 1-year interval between measurement times. They reported on their attachment anxiety and avoidance at Time 1, depressive symptoms at Times 1 and 3, and regulation of negative affect (brooding and dampening) and positive affect (focusing and reflection) at Time 2. The results from multiple mediation analyses showed that more anxiously attached adolescents developed more depressive symptoms via increased brooding and dampening. More avoidantly attached adolescents developed more depressive symptoms via decreased focusing. These findings provide longitudinal support for attachment theory’s emotion regulation hypothesis, and show that the regulation of both negative and positive affect is important.

Subjective measures of health and all-cause mortality – the Rotterdam Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1971-1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sajjad ◽  
R. L. Freak-Poli ◽  
A. Hofman ◽  
S. J. Roza ◽  
M. A. Ikram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Activities Of Daily Living ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Rotterdam Study ◽  
All Cause Mortality

BackgroundSubjectively assessed health is related to mortality. Various subjective indicators of health have been studied, but it is unclear whether perceived physical functioning or mental health best accounts for the relation with mortality.MethodWe studied the relation of subjective measures of health with all-cause mortality in 5538 participants of age 55 to 96 years at baseline from the Rotterdam Study. Various instruments of subjectively assessed health were used, that included basic activities of daily living (BADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), quality of life (QoL), positive affect, somatic symptoms and negative affect. All participants completed questionnaires for each subjective measure of health and were followed for mortality for a mean of 12.2 (s.e. = 0.09) years. Cox regression analysis was conducted in the total sample.ResultsIn this cohort, 2021 persons died during 48 534 person-years of follow-up. All measures of subjective health were related to mortality after adjusting for age, gender, education, cognition, prevalent chronic diseases and cardiovascular risk [BADL hazard ratio (HR, calculated per Z-score) = 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29–1.41; IADL HR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.22–1.32; QoL HR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.81–0.89; positive affect HR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.88–0.96; somatic symptoms HR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.06–1.16; and negative affect HR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.01–1.10]. In the mutually adjusted model, only BADL (HR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.16–1.32) and IADL (HR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.04–1.17) remained independently associated with mortality.ConclusionsMeasures of subjectively assessed health are important indicators of mortality. Our study shows that of the different measures of subjective health, perceived physical health predicts mortality over and above mental health. Conversely, the association between mental health and mortality may partly be explained by poor perceived physical health.

A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POSITIVE AFFECT AND BOTH PROBLEM- AND EMOTIONFOCUSED COPING STRATEGIES

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuyuki Yamasaki ◽  
Akiko Sakai ◽  
Kanako Uchida
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Coping Strategy ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
General Coping ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA) and reported use of problem-focused or emotion-focused coping strategies was investigated in a longitudinal study. Japanese undergraduates (200 men and 270 women) completed a version of the PANAS (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) and the situational version of the General Coping Questionnaire (Sasaki & Yamasaki, 2004). These two measures were administered twice, five weeks apart (T1 and T2). The results showed some significant sex differences. Higher PA at T1 was associated with greater reported use of cognitive reinterpretation as a coping strategy at T2 only for men, whereas greater use of cognitive reinterpretation at T1 was associated with higher PA at T2 only for women. These results suggest that there is no mutually reciprocal relationship between PA and use of cognitive reinterpretation as a coping strategy.

Daily Fluctuations in Work Engagement

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold B. Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Work Engagement ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Organizational Outcomes ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Proactive Behavior ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Work Pressure ◽  
Diary Research

This article presents an overview of the literature on daily fluctuations in work engagement. Daily work engagement is a state of vigor, dedication, and absorption that is predictive of important organizational outcomes, including job performance. After briefly discussing enduring work engagement, the advantages of diary research are discussed, as well as the concept and measurement of daily work engagement. The research evidence shows that fluctuations in work engagement are a function of the changes in daily job and personal resources. Particularly on the days that employees have access to many resources, they are able to cope well with their daily job demands (e.g., work pressure, negative events), and likely interpret these demands as challenges. Furthermore, the literature review shows that on the days employees have sufficient levels of job control, they proactively try to optimize their work environment in order to stay engaged. This proactive behavior is called job crafting and predicts momentary and daily work engagement. An important additional finding is that daily engagement has a reciprocal relationship with daily recovery. On the days employees recover well, they feel more engaged; and engagement during the day is predictive of subsequent recovery. Finding the daily balance between engagement while at work and detachment while at home seems the key to enduring work engagement.

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