scholarly journals Recent Trends in Therapeutic Approaches for Diabetes Management: A Comprehensive Update

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pragya Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Incretin Mimetics ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4

Diabetes highlights a growing epidemic imposing serious social economic crisis to the countries around the globe. Despite scientific breakthroughs, better healthcare facilities, and improved literacy rate, the disease continues to burden several sections, especially middle and low income countries. The present trends indicate the rise in premature death, posing a major threat to global development. Scientific and technological advances have witnessed the development of newer generation of drugs like sulphonylureas, biguanides, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, and thiazolidinediones with significant efficacy in reducing hyperglycemia. Recent approaches in drug discovery have contributed to the development of new class of therapeutics like Incretin mimetics, Amylin analogues, GIP analogs, Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor as targets for potential drugs in diabetes treatment. Subsequently, the identification and clinical investigation of bioactive substances from plants have revolutionized the research on drug discovery and lead identification for diabetes management. With a focus on the emerging trends, the review article explores the current statistical prevalence of the disease, discussing the benefits and limitations of the commercially available drugs. Additionally, the critical areas in clinical diabetology are discussed, with respect to prospects of statins, nanotechnology, and stem cell technology as next generation therapeutics and why the herbal formulations are consistently popular choice for diabetes medication and management.

Current Trends in the Therapeutic Strategies for Diabetes Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ponnurengam Malliappan Siva Kumar ◽  
V. Prabhawathi ◽  
Ali Zarrabi ◽  
Sohail Akthar ◽  
Pranav Kumar Prabhakar
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cell ◽  
Drug Market ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Antidiabetic Therapy

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is one of the fastest growing noncommunicable disease. Diabetes mellitus is causes due to destruction of pancreatic beta cell or due to insulin resistance and characterised by hyperglycaemia. Diabetes imposes a very serious economic crisis as the diabetic drug market is growing very rapidly. Even after very path breaking scientific discoveries, availability of a better healthcare infrastructure, rise in literacy rates, the diabetes burden is continuously spreading in various sections all over the worlds but more especially in low- and middle-income countries. The recent development in scientific discoveries have given a number of new generations of antidiabetic medicines such as sulphonylurea, biguanides, thiazolidinedione, alpha glucosidease inhibitors. All these drugs have proved significant reduction in blood glucose level. There are some new classes of hypoglycaemic drugs have also been developed and reported such as GLP-1 analogous, DPP-IV inhibitors, amylin inhibitors, Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors. There are some active molecules and bioactive substances have been purified from herbs and plants which adds values to the war against diabetes. These phytoconstituents have overturned the drug development and lead identification for drug against diabetes. The review also focusses on some critical area of diabetes with more focus on statin-based diabetes management approach and stem cell therapy based next generation antidiabetic therapy.

scholarly journals Knowledge Toward Cervical Cancer and Its Determinants Among Women Aged 30-49 in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 107327482098302
Author(s):  
Tadesse Nigussie ◽  
Adane Asefa ◽  
Aderajew Nigusse ◽  
Bitiya Admassu
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Southwest Ethiopia ◽  
Jimma Town

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the common causes of premature death and disability in women worldwide. It is preventable through vaccination, and screening for precancerous lesions and early treatment. However, screening service uptake and treatment for cervical cancer face significant challenges in low-income countries due to poor information systems. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge of cervical cancer and its determinants among women aged 30-49 years living in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was undertaken from March 20 to April 15, 2017. The data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS version 21. Multivariable logistic regression anaysis was done and variables with a p-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Of the interviewed women, only 321(43.6%) had adequate knowledge about cervical cancer and screening. Attending secondary school or above (AOR = 2.42, 95% CI: 1.24-4.74), using modern contraceptives (AOR = 6.31, 95% CI: 2.86-13.89), knowing somebody with cervical cancer (AOR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.35-3.71) and knowing someone screened for cervical cancer (AOR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.30-3.80) were associated with knowledge of cervical cancer. Conclusion: Knowledge of cervical cancer is low in the current study area even if appropriate knowledge regarding the disease is important in decreasing the incidence and prevalence of cervical cancer through screening and human pappiloma virus vaccination. Increasing awereness regarding the disease and prevention strategies are the key issue.

scholarly journals Surviving spinal cord injury in low income countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tone Øderud
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Pressure Sores ◽  
Cord Injury

Background: Mortality rates from injuries are higher for people from poorer economic backgrounds than those with higher incomes (according to the World Health Organization [WHO]), and health care professionals and organisations dealing with people with disabilities experience that individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) in low income countries face serious challenges in their daily lives.Objectives: The aims of this study were to explore life expectancy (life expectancy is the average remaining years of life of an individual) and the situation of persons living with SCI in low income settings.Method: Literature studies and qualitative methods were used. Qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 23 informants from four study sites in Zimbabwe representing persons with SCI, their relatives and rehabilitation professionals.Results: There are few publications available about life expectancy and the daily life of persons with SCI in low income countries. Those few publications identified and the study findings confirm that individuals with SCI are experiencing a high occurrence of pressure sores and urinary tract infections leading to unnecessary suffering, often causing premature death. Pain and depression are frequently reported and stigma and negative attitudes are experienced in society. Lack of appropriate wheelchairs and services, limited knowledge about SCI amongst health care staff, limited access to health care and rehabilitation services, loss of employment and lack of financial resources worsen the daily challenges.Conclusion: The study indicates that life expectancy for individuals with SCI in low income settings is shorter than for the average population and also with respect to individuals with SCI in high income countries. Poverty worsened the situation for individuals with SCI, creating barriers that increase the risk of contracting harmful pressure sores and infections leading to premature death. Further explorations on mortality and how individuals with SCI and their families in low income settings are coping in their daily life are required to provide comprehensive evidences.

Women, men, and health

2021 ◽  
pp. 415-430
Author(s):  
Diane Cooper ◽  
Hanani Tabana
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Gender Influence ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Life Course

This chapter explores the ways in which sex and gender influence health. There are important differences between men and women in their risk of premature death and in the main causes of death. In virtually every country around the world men have a lower life expectancy than women, although the gap in life expectancy is narrower in low-income countries. Similarly, women and men have different patterns of ill health across the life course, and again the gap varies between countries. Both sex and gender play a part in these variations. Sex, or biological factors, influence risks of different diseases and health conditions, and also affects survival following diagnosis. However, socially constructed gender-linked factors are also important and also affect exposure to social and environmental risk factors. In addition, gendered differences in men and women’s use of healthcare, and inequalities in access to services and how appropriate these are, impact on health outcomes.

scholarly journals Recombinant Human Insulin in Global Diabetes Management – Focus on Clinical Efficacy

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Claude Mbanya ◽  
Juergen Sandow ◽  
Wolfgang Landgraf ◽  
David R Owens ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Therapy ◽  
Human Insulin ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Insulin Analogues ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Recombinant Human Insulin ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Additional Clinical Benefit

Biosynthetic human insulin and insulin analogues are the mainstay of insulin therapy for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes although access to human insulin at affordable prices remains a global issue. The world is experiencing an exponential rise in the prevalence of diabetes presenting an urgent need to establish effective diabetes therapy in countries burdened by inadequate health care budgets, malnutrition and infectious diseases. Recombinant human insulin has replaced animal insulins and animal-based semisynthetic human insulin thereby available in sufficient quantities and at affordable prices able to provide global access to insulin therapy. In many patients, analog insulins can offer additional clinical benefit, although at a considerably higher price thus severely restricting availability in low income countries. The approval process for recombinant human insulins (i.e. biosimilars) and analogue insulins is highly variable in the developing countries in contrast to Europe and in North America, where it is well established within a strict regulatory framework. This review aims to discuss the future access to human insulin therapy in a global context with an ever increasing burden of diabetes and significant economic implications.

scholarly journals Prevalence Of Current Tobacco Use Among Secondary Students In Nepal: A Meta-Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja Ram Dhungana ◽  
MK Khanal ◽  
A Baniya
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Students ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Medical College ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Current Tobacco

Tobacco use continues to rise among young people in middle and low income countries, causing high premature death and disability. Most importantly, its initiation starts mainly during adolescence and persists for whole life. We conducted this meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of current tobacco use among lower secondary to higher secondary students in Ne­pal. We searched and identified the studies which were published between 2003 and 2013 using MEDLINE, Google Scholar and NEPJOL. From five selected studies, total 7,832 eligible students were included in analysis. Considering the high degree of variability (Q = 82.6, I2 = 95%) among selected studies, we used random effects model to estimate the weighted prevalence of current tobacco use and found as 13.9 % (10.2-17.5). This result shows that current tobacco use among lower secondary to higher secondary students still remains high, which compels an effective implementation of tobacco control programs and policies. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(4); 1-5 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i4.9544

Three Cases of Joubert Syndrome in a Consanguineous Syrian Family and a Interesting Case of Multinational Collaboration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davor Petrović ◽  
Vida Čulić ◽  
Zofia Swinderek-Alsayed
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Autosomal Recessive Disorder ◽  
Joubert Syndrome ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Ocular Motor ◽  
Quality Health Care ◽  
Quality Health ◽  
Motor Apraxia

AbstractJoubert syndrome (JS) is a rare congenital, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a distinctive brain malformation, developmental delay, ocular motor apraxia, breathing abnormalities, and high clinical and genetic heterogeneity. We are reporting three siblings with JS from consanguineous parents in Syria. Two of them had the same homozygous c.2172delA (p.Trp725Glyfs*) AHI1 mutation and the third was diagnosed prenatally with magnetic resonance imaging. This pathogenic variant is very rare and described in only a few cases in the literature. Multinational collaboration could be of benefit for the patients from undeveloped, low-income countries that have a low-quality health care system, especially for the diagnosis of rare diseases.

Reviewing the Development of Rural Finance in Vietnam

2013 ◽  
pp. 121-136
Author(s):  
Duong Pham Bao
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Rural Finance ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
Rural Organizations ◽  
Doi Moi

The objective of this article is to review the development of the rural financial system in Vietnam in recent years, especially, after Doi moi. There are two opposite schools of thought in the literature on rural credit policies in developing countries. One is the conventional supply-side (government-led) approach while the other is called “a new paradigm” that emphasizes the importance of the viability of financial providers and the well functioning of rural credit markets. Conventional theories of rural finance contend that rural finance in low-income countries is generally accompanied by many failures. Contrary to these theories, rural finance in Vietnam does not encounter the above-mentioned failures so far. Up to the present time, it is progressing well. Using a supply-side approach, methodologically, this study reviews the development of the rural financial system in Vietnam. The significance of this study is to challenge the extreme view of dichotomizing between the old and the new credit paradigms. Analysis in this study contends that a rural financial market that, (1) is initiated and spurred by government; (2) operates principally under market mechanisms; and (3) is strongly supported by rural organizations (semi-formal/informal institutions) can progress stably and well. Therefore, the extremely dichotomizing approach must be avoided.

Abdominal Textiloma Mimicking as Left Colic Tumour: A Postoperative Complication Still Common in Low-Income Countries

EMJ Radiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Fistula Formation ◽  
Emergency Laparotomy ◽  
Intermittent Fever ◽  
Gastrointestinal Complications ◽  
Surgical Safety ◽  
Surgical Teams ◽  
Safety Rules

Retained foreign bodies have become very rare in countries where the safety rules in the operating theatre are very rigorous and follow precise guidelines. There are low-income countries where hospital structures are precarious, in which the implementation of surgical safety rules has only been effective recently. Surgical teams in these countries are not yet well trained in the observance of the guidelines concerning swab count, meaning that textilomas are not uncommon. Abdominal textiloma may be asymptomatic, or present serious gastrointestinal complications such as bowel obstruction, perforation, or fistula formation because of misdiagnosis. It may mimic abscess formation in the early stage or soft tissue masses in the chronic stage. This case report presents a 27-year-old female who underwent an emergency laparotomy in a rural surgical centre for an ectopic pregnancy. Two months later, a swelling had appeared on the left side of her abdomen, gradually increasing in size, which was not very painful but caused digestive discomfort and asthenia. Intermittent fever was described and treated with antibiotics. The patient was referred to a better equipped centre to benefit from a CT scan. A textiloma was strongly suspected on the CT but a left colic mass was not excluded. Laparotomy confirmed the diagnosis of textiloma and the postoperative course was uneventful. Prevention rules must be strengthened in these countries where patients can hardly bear the costs of iterative surgeries for complications that are avoidable.

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