Differential Expression of Motilin Receptor in Various Parts of Gastrointestinal Tract in Dogs

Objectives. The presence of motilin receptor in the GI tract of different animal species has been verified. However, the quantitation of motilin receptor expression in different regions of the GI tract remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of motilin receptor in the GI tract and semiquantitatively compare the expression difference in different GI regions in dogs.Methods. Antrum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, proximal colon, middle colon, and distal colon were obtained from various parts of the GI tract of six sacrificed dogs. The distribution of motilin receptor was determined by immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of motilin receptor mRNA in different regions were measured by RT-PCR.Results. Motilin receptor was expressed throughout the GI tract in dogs. Multiple comparisons of the mean motilin receptor mRNA expression among various regions were significant(P<0.05). Motilin receptor mRNA was extensively expressed in duodenum, followed by ileum, jejunum, proximal colon, antrum, middle colon, and distal colon. Immunohistochemistry revealed that motilin receptor immunoreactivity was observed only in the enteric nervous system.Conclusion. Motilin receptor is expressed differentially along the GI tract in dogs. The significantly high expression of motilin receptor mRNA is found in the duodenum.

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The Relationship between Inflammation Markers (CRP, IL-6, sCD40L) and Colorectal Cancer Stage, Grade, Size and Location

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics11081382 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1382

Author(s):

Olga Martyna Koper-Lenkiewicz ◽

Violetta Dymicka-Piekarska ◽

Anna Justyna Milewska ◽

Justyna Zińczuk ◽

Joanna Kamińska

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Tumor Size ◽

Distal Colon ◽

Proximal Colon ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Grade Group ◽

Who Grade ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Concentration

The aim of the study was the evaluation whether in primary colorectal cancer (CRC) patients (n = 55): age, sex, TNM classification results, WHO grade, tumor location (proximal colon, distal colon, rectum), tumor size, platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), mean platelet component (MCP), levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen (CA 19-9), as well as soluble lectin adhesion molecules (L-, E-, and P-selectins) may influence circulating inflammatory biomarkers: IL-6, CRP, and sCD40L. We found that CRP concentration evaluation in routine clinical practice may have an advantage as a prognostic biomarker in CRC patients, as this protein the most comprehensively reflects clinicopathological features of the tumor. Univariate linear regression analysis revealed that in CRC patients: (1) with an increase in PLT by 10 × 103/μL, the mean concentration of CRP increases by 3.4%; (2) with an increase in CA 19-9 of 1 U/mL, the mean concentration of CRP increases by 0.7%; (3) with the WHO 2 grade, the mean CRP concentration increases 3.631 times relative to the WHO 1 grade group; (4) with the WHO 3 grade, the mean CRP concentration increases by 4.916 times relative to the WHO 1 grade group; (5) with metastases (T1-4N+M+) the mean CRP concentration increases 4.183 times compared to non-metastatic patients (T1-4N0M0); (6) with a tumor located in the proximal colon, the mean concentration of CRP increases 2.175 times compared to a tumor located in the distal colon; (7) in patients with tumor size > 3 cm, the CRP concentration is about 2 times higher than in patients with tumor size ≤ 3 cm. In the multivariate linear regression model, the variables that influence the mean CRP value in CRC patients included: WHO grade and tumor localization. R2 for the created model equals 0.50, which indicates that this model explains 50% of the variance in the dependent variable. In CRC subjects: (1) with the WHO 2 grade, the mean CRP concentration rises 3.924 times relative to the WHO 1 grade; (2) with the WHO 3 grade, the mean CRP concentration increases 4.721 times in relation to the WHO 1 grade; (3) with a tumor located in the rectum, the mean CRP concentration rises 2.139 times compared to a tumor located in the distal colon; (4) with a tumor located in the proximal colon, the mean concentration of CRP increases 1.998 times compared to the tumor located in the distal colon; if other model parameters are fixed.

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Comparative analysis of endoscopic and histopathological features of superficial elevated lesions resected by endoscopic mucosal resection in the distal and proximal colon

Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões ◽

10.1590/0100-69912016003010 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 178-184

Author(s):

ARTUR ADOLFO PARADA ◽

CARMEN AUSTRALIA PAREDE MARCONDES RIBAS ◽

FILADELFIO EUCLYDES VENCO ◽

JOSÉ CELSO ARDENGH ◽

MARIANA AMARAL REIS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Distal Colon ◽

Proximal Colon ◽

Low Grade ◽

High Grade ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mucosal Resection ◽

Mucosal Surfaces ◽

Neoplastic Lesions ◽

The Mean ◽

Histopathologic Features

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare endoscopic and histopathologic features of superficial, elevated lesions with one or more centimeters in diameter, diagnosed by videocolonoscopy on the distal and proximal colon, and subjected to mucosal resection. Methods: we conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study involving 8,075 videocolonoscopies. From this total, we evaluated 166 mucosectomies in 145 patients with superficial, elevated lesions with a diameter equal to or greater than 1cm. Results: the lesion prevalence was lower in G1 than in G2 (34.9% vs. 65%). The mean age, gender distribution and size (1.9cm in G1 versus 2.0cm in G2, p=0.921) were similar. There was no difference of mucosal surfaces in relation to the location (p=0.575). Considering Intraepithelial neoplasias, both the low grade, high grade (including carcinomas) and hyperplasic ones showedd no difference (p=0.527), nor did the neoplastic lesions when divided into serrated and non-serrated (p=0.124). Excluding 13 hyperplastic lesions and two carcinomas, 124 (82.1%) were non-serrated and 27 (17.9%), serrated. Conclusion: were found no significant differences between endoscopic and histopathological aspects of superficial, elevated lesions of 1cm or more in diameter in distal colon compared with the proximal, when resected by mucosectomy. Although not significant, there was a tendency of association between the location of the lesion and the presence of serrated features.

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Effect of fluid perfusion and cleansing on canine colonic motor activity

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1992.262.1.g62 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 262 (1) ◽

pp. G62-G68 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. K. Sarna

Keyword(s):

Motor Activity ◽

Motor Pattern ◽

Total Duration ◽

Distal Colon ◽

Proximal Colon ◽

Indwelling Catheter ◽

Colonic Motor ◽

Colonic Motor Activity ◽

The Mean ◽

Giant Migrating Contractions

We investigated the effect of absorbable and nonabsorbable fluid perfusion and cleansing on colonic motor activity in eight intact conscious dogs. Each dog was instrumented with an indwelling catheter in the proximal colon and seven strain gauge transducers on the entire colon. After an overnight fast, a control recording was made for 3 h, followed by 3 h of perfusion and 3 additional h of postperfusion recording. Next day, a 3-h recording was made when the colon was empty. The colon exhibited normal migrating and nonmigrating motor complexes in the control uncleansed state. The perfusion of absorbable electrolyte or nonabsorbable Colyte solution immediately disrupted the migrating motor complexes and replaced them with almost continuous but irregular contractions at all recording sites. Both solutions significantly prolonged the mean and total duration per hour of contractile states in the proximal, middle, and distal colon. The dogs began to leak fluid stools in squirts approximately 40-80 min after the start of perfusion. This type of incontinence was not associated with any specific type of motor activity. Infrequently, giant migrating contractions occurred during perfusion and caused explosive diarrhea. The migrating motor complexes remained disrupted during the 3-h postperfusion period. However, on the next day, the empty colon exhibited normal migrating motor complexes. The frequency of giant migrating contractions during perfusion and in the empty colon was significantly greater than that in the normal uncleansed colon. The total duration per hour of colonic motor activity in the empty colon was also greater than that in the normal uncleansed colon. We conclude that excessive fluid in the colon significantly alters its motor pattern.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Expression of PDGF and PDGF receptor mRNA in glomeruli in IgA nephropathy.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology ◽

10.1681/asn.v85817 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 817-819

Author(s):

Y Terada ◽

T Yamada ◽

O Nakashima ◽

S Sasaki ◽

H Nonoguchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mrna Expression ◽

Iga Nephropathy ◽

Mrna Level ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Receptor Expression ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Receptor Mrna ◽

Beta Receptor ◽

Urinary Protein Level ◽

A Chain

This study investigated the mRNA expression of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A-chain and B-chain and PDGF-beta receptor in glomeruli of 15 immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy kidneys and those with minimal-change lesion (N = 7), membranous nephropathy (N = 3), and focal segmental glomerulonephritis (N = 5), by using competitive RT-PCR methods. The level of PDGF B-chain and beta receptor mRNA expression in IgA nephropathy was significantly higher than in the other forms of glomerulonephritis, but mRNA expressions of PDGF A-chain were not significantly different. Significant correlations were observed between the urinary protein level and the mRNA level of PDGF-beta receptor expression and PDGF B-chain expression, and between the serum creatinine level and the mRNA level of PDGF-beta receptor expression. The PDGF B-chain and beta-receptor may be upregulated and accelerate cell proliferation in a paracrine or autocrine manner and may play a role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy.

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Microbial biogeography of the wombat gastrointestinal tract

10.21203/rs.3.rs-500341/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Raphael Eisenhofer ◽

Erin D’Agnese ◽

David Taggart ◽

Scott Carver ◽

Beth Penrose

Keyword(s):

Microbial Communities ◽

Effective Means ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Distal Colon ◽

Proximal Colon ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Gi Tract ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Microbial Biogeography ◽

Herbivorous Mammals

Abstract Most herbivorous mammals have symbiotic microbes living in their gastrointestinal tracts that help with harvesting energy from recalcitrant plant fibre. The bulk of research into these microorganisms has focused on samples collected from faeces, representing the distal region of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, the GI tract in herbivorous mammals is typically long and complex, containing different regions with distinct physico-chemical properties that can structure resident microbial communities. In this study, we characterised the microbial biogeography of the GI tracts in individuals of two species of wombats.Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, our results show that GI microbial communities of wombats are structured by GI region. For both the bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus) and the southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons), we observed a trend of increasing microbial diversity from stomach to distal colon. The microbial composition in the first proximal colon region was more similar between wombat species than the corresponding distal colon region in the same species. We found several microbial genera that were differentially abundant between the first proximal colon and distal colon regions. Surprisingly, only 99 (10.6%) and 204 (18.7%) amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were shared between the first proximal colon region and the distal colon region for the bare-nosed and southern hairy-nosed wombat, respectively.These results suggest that microbial communities in the first proximal colon region—the putative site of primary plant fermentation in wombats—are distinct from the distal colon, and that faecal samples may have limitations in capturing the diversity of these communities. While faeces are still a valuable and effective means of characterising the distal colon microbiota, future work seeking to better understand how GI microbiota impact the energy economy of wombats (and potentially other hindgut-fermenting mammals) may need to take gut biogeography into account.

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Do faecal samples represent the primary site of microbial plant fermentation in hindgut fermenters?

10.21203/rs.3.rs-500341/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Raphael Eisenhofer ◽

Erin D’Agnese ◽

David Taggart ◽

Scott Carver ◽

Beth Penrose

Keyword(s):

Microbial Communities ◽

Effective Means ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Distal Colon ◽

Proximal Colon ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Gi Tract ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Herbivorous Mammals

Abstract BackgroundMost herbivorous mammals have symbiotic microbes living in their gastrointestinal tracts that help with harvesting energy from recalcitrant plant fibre. The bulk of research into these microorganisms has focused on samples collected from faeces, representing the distal region of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, the GI tract in herbivorous mammals is typically long and complex, containing different regions with distinct physico-chemical properties that can structure resident microbial communities. Therefore, to determine how representative faeces are to other regions of the GI tract in hindgut-fermenting mammals, we characterised the microbial biogeography of the GI tract of two species of wombats.ResultsUsing 16S rRNA gene sequencing, our results show that GI microbial communities of wombats are structured by GI region. For both the bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus) and the southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons), we observed a trend of increasing microbial diversity from stomach to distal colon. The microbial composition in the first proximal colon region was more similar between wombat species than the corresponding distal colon region in the same species. We found several microbial genera that were differentially abundant between the first proximal colon and distal colon regions. Surprisingly, only 99 (10.6%) and 204 (18.7%) amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were shared between the first proximal colon region and the distal colon region for the bare-nosed and southern hairy-nosed wombat, respectively. ConclusionThese results suggest that microbial communities in the first proximal colon region—the putative site of primary plant fermentation in wombats—are distinct from the distal colon, and that faecal samples have limitations in capturing the diversity of these communities. While faeces are still a valuable and effective means of characterising the distal colon microbiota, future work seeking to better understand how GI microbes impact the energy economy of wombats (and potentially other hindgut-fermenting mammals) may need to take gut biogeography into account.

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Estrogen upregulates renal angiotensin II AT2receptors

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.00145.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 283 (5) ◽

pp. F934-F943 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

Ines Armando ◽

Miroslava Jezova ◽

Augusto V. Juorio ◽

José A. Terrón ◽

Alicia Falcón-Neri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Receptor Expression ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Receptor Stimulation ◽

Outer Medulla ◽

Female Mice ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Receptor Mrna ◽

Ovariectomized Mice ◽

Estrogen Administration

AT2 receptors may act in opposition to and in balance with AT1 receptors, their stimulation having beneficial effects. We found renal AT2receptor expression in female mice higher than in male mice. We asked the question of whether such expression might be estrogen dependent. In male, female, ovariectomized, and estrogen-treated ovariectomized mice, we studied renal AT1 and AT2 receptors by immunocytochemistry and autoradiography, AT2 receptor mRNA by RT-PCR, and cAMP, cGMP, and PGE2 by RIA. AT1receptors predominated. AT2 receptors were present in glomeruli, medullary rays, and inner medulla, and in female kidney capsule. AT1 and AT2 receptors colocalized in glomeruli. Female mice expressed fewer glomerular AT1receptors. Ovariectomy decreased AT1 receptors in medullary rays and capsular AT2 receptors. Estrogen administration normalized AT1 receptors in medullary rays and increased AT2 receptors predominantly in capsule and inner medulla, and also in glomeruli, medullary rays, and inner stripe of outer medulla. In medullas of estrogen-treated ovariectomized mice there was higher AT2 receptor mRNA, decreased cGMP, and increased PGE2 content. We propose that the protective effects of estrogen may be partially mediated through enhancement of AT2 receptor stimulation.

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