The Gingival Crevicular Fluid as a Source of Biomarkers to Enhance Efficiency of Orthodontic and Functional Treatment of Growing Patients

Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is a biological exudate and quantification of its constituents is a current method to identify specific biomarkers with reasonable sensitivity for several biological events. Studies are being performed to evaluate whether the GCF biomarkers in growing subjects reflect both the stages of individual skeletal maturation and the local tissue remodeling triggered by orthodontic force. Present evidence is still little regarding whether and which GCF biomarkers are correlated with the growth phase (mainly pubertal growth spurt), while huge investigations have been reported on several GCF biomarkers (for inflammation, tissue damage, bone deposition and resorption, and other biological processes) in relation to the orthodontic tooth movement. In spite of these investigations, the clinical applicability of the method is still limited with further data needed to reach a full diagnostic utility of specific GCF biomarkers in orthodontics. Future studies are warranted to elucidate the role of main GCF biomarkers and how they can be used to enhance functional treatment, optimize orthodontic force intensity, or prevent major tissue damage consequent to orthodontic treatment.

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Vibratory stimulation increases interleukin-1 beta secretion during orthodontic tooth movement

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/111914-830.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 74-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Chidchanok Leethanakul ◽

Sumit Suamphan ◽

Suwanna Jitpukdeebodintra ◽

Udom Thongudomporn ◽

Chairat Charoemratrote

Keyword(s):

Tooth Movement ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Interleukin 1 ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Orthodontic Force ◽

Electric Toothbrush ◽

Experimental Canine ◽

Crevicular Fluid ◽

Canine Distalization

ABSTRACT Objectives: To investigate the effects of application of vibratory stimuli on interleukin (IL)–1β secretion during maxillary canine distalization. Materials and Methods: Split-mouth design study in 15 subjects (mean age, 22.9 years; range 19–25 years) whose bilateral maxillary first premolars were extracted with subsequent canine distalization. On the experimental side, light force (60 g) was applied to the canine for 3 months in combination with vibratory stimuli provided using an electric toothbrush 15 minutes a day for 2 months; only orthodontic force was applied to the contralateral control canine. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected from the mesial and distal sides of each canine at each monthly appointment. IL-1β levels were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Canine movement was measured monthly. Results: Overall, enhanced IL-1β secretion was observed at the pressure sites of experimental canines compared to control canines (mean, 0.64 ± 0.33 pg/µL vs 0.10 ± 0.11 pg/µL, respectively, P < .001). The accumulative amount of tooth movement was greater for the experimental canine than for the control canine (mean, 2.85 ± 0.17 mm vs 1.77 ± 0.11 mm, respectively, P < .001). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that, in combination with light orthodontic force, application of vibratory stimuli using an electric toothbrush enhanced the secretion of IL-1β in GCF and accelerated orthodontic tooth movement.

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Effect of orthodontic forces on levels of enzymes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF): A systematic review

Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1590/2177-6709.24.2.40.e1-22.onl ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 40.e1-40.e22 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Priyanka Kapoor ◽

Nitika Monga ◽

Om Prakash Kharbanda ◽

Sunil Kapila ◽

Ragini Miglani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽

Orthodontic Force ◽

Hand Search ◽

Force Application ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Abstract Objective: Orthodontic force application releases multiple enzymes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) for activation, resorption, reversal, deposition of osseous elements and extracellular matrix degradation. The current systematic review critically evaluated all existing evidence on enzymes in orthodontic tooth movement. Methods: Literature was searched with predetermined search strategy on electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase), along with hand search. Results: Initial search identified 652 studies, shortlisted to 52 studies based on PRISMA. Quality assessment further led to final inclusion of 48 studies (13 moderately and 35 highly sensitive studies). Primary outcomes are significant upregulation in GCF levels of enzymes-aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), β-glucuronidase (βG), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and down regulation in cathepsin B (Cb). Site specificity is shown by ALP, TRAP, AST, LDH, MMP9 with levels at compression site increasing earlier and in higher quantities compared with tension site. ALP levels are higher at tension site only in retention. A positive correlation of LDH, ALP and AST is also observed with increasing orthodontic force magnitude. Conclusions: A strong evidence of variation in enzymes (ALP, AST, ACP TRAP, LDH, MMPs, Cb) in GCF is found in association with different magnitude, stages and sites of orthodontic force application.

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The in vivo Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 and -8 in Gingival Crevicular Fluid during Initial Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/154405910308201216 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 82 (12) ◽

pp. 1018-1022 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

S. Apajalahti ◽

T. Sorsa ◽

S. Railavo ◽

T. Ingman

Keyword(s):

Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Molecular Forms ◽

Orthodontic Force ◽

Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Orthodontic force induces biochemical responses in the periodontal ligament (PDL), but the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-dependent molecular mechanisms in orthodontically induced periodontal remodeling have remained unclear. Previous studies indicate that mechanical stress induces MMP-1 production in human PDL cells in vitro. We tested the hypothesis whether the in vivo levels, molecular forms, and degree of activation of MMP-1 and MMP-8 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) reflect an early stage of orthodontic tooth movement. Molecular forms of MMP-1 and MMP-8 were analyzed by Western blot, and MMP-8 levels by quantitative immunofluoro-metric assay (IFMA). The results showed that GCF MMP-8 levels for orthodontically treated teeth were significantly higher at 4-8 hrs after force application than before activation, and when compared with the control teeth (p < 0.05). Analysis of our data indicates that the cells within the periodontium are up-regulated to produce MMP-8, and the increased expression and activation of GCF MMP-8 reflect enhanced periodontal remodeling induced by orthodontic force.

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Evaluation of IL1β and IL6 Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels during the Early Phase of Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Adolescents and Young Adults

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11020521 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 521

Author(s):

Simina Chelărescu ◽

Petra Șurlin ◽

Mioara Decusară ◽

Mădălina Oprică ◽

Eugen Bud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Early Stage ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Adolescents And Young Adults ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Background: The crevicular fluid analysis represents a useful diagnosis tool, with the help of which noninvasive cellular metabolic activity can be analyzed. The aim of the study is to investigate comparatively IL1β and IL6 in the gingival crevicular fluid of clinically healthy adolescents and young adults during the acute phase of orthodontic treatment. Methods: Gingival crevicular fluid was collected from 20 patients (aged between 11 and 28) undergoing orthodontic treatment. Measurements were taken before (T0) and after 24 h after distalization forces were activated (T1). IL1β and IL 6 were analyzed using Elisa tests. The statistical tests used were two-sided t tests. Results: Between the two time periods there was a significant raise both in the crevicular fluid rate (0.57 µL at T0 vs. 0.95 µL at T1, p = 0.001) and in IL1β levels (15.67 pg/µL at T0 vs. 27.94 pg/µL at T1, p = 0.009). We were able to identify IL6 only in a third of the sites. There is a significantly increased level of ILβ at T1 in adolescents, more than in young adults (42.96 pg/µL vs. 17.93 pg/µL, p = 0.006). Conclusions: In the early stage of orthodontic treatment, the periodontal tissues of adolescents are more responsive to orthodontic forces than those of young adults.

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Application of Vibrational Spectroscopies in the Qualitative Analysis of Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Periodontal Ligament during Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10071405 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1405

Author(s):

Fabrizia d’Apuzzo ◽

Ludovica Nucci ◽

Ines Delfino ◽

Marianna Portaccio ◽

Giuseppe Minervini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Ligament ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Data Analysis Procedure ◽

Vibrational Spectroscopies ◽

Composition Structure ◽

The Individual ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Optical vibrational techniques show a high potentiality in many biomedical fields for their characteristics of high sensitivity in revealing detailed information on composition, structure, and molecular interaction with reduced analysis time. In the last years, we have used these techniques for investigating gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and periodontal ligament (PDL) during orthodontic tooth treatment. The analysis with Raman and infrared signals of GCF and PDL samples highlighted that different days of orthodontic force application causes modifications in the molecular secondary structure at specific wavenumbers related to the Amide I, Amide III, CH deformation, and CH3/CH2. In the present review, we report the most relevant results and a brief description of the experimental techniques and data analysis procedure in order to evidence that the vibrational spectroscopies could be a potential useful tool for an immediate monitoring of the individual patient’s response to the orthodontic tooth movement, aiming to more personalized treatment reducing any side effects.

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