Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics of Vegetative PUE in China from 2000 to 2015

Vegetative precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) is a key indicator for evaluating the dynamic response of vegetation productivity to the spatiotemporal variation in precipitation. It is also an important indicator for reflecting the relationship between the water and carbon cycles in a vegetation ecosystem. This paper uses data from MODIS Net Primary Production (NPP) and China’s spatial interpolation data for precipitation from 2000 to 2015 to calculate the annual value, multiyear mean value, interannual standard deviation, and interannual linear trend of Chinese terrestrial vegetative PUE over the past 16 years. Based on seven major administrative regions, eleven vegetation types, and four climate zones, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of China’s vegetative PUE. The research results are shown as follows: (1) China’s vegetative PUE shows obvious spatial variation characteristics, and it is relatively stable interannually, with an overall slight increasing trend, especially in Northwest and Southwest China. The vegetative PUE is higher, and its stability is declined in Xinjiang, western Gansu, and the southern Tibetan valley. The vegetative PUE is lower, and its stability is increased in northeastern Tibet and southwestern Qinghai. An increasing trend in vegetative PUE is obvious at the edge of the Tarim Basin, in western Gansu, the southern Tibetan valley, and northwestern Yunnan. (2) There is a significant difference in the PUEs among different vegetation types. The average PUE of Broadleaf Forest is the highest, and the average PUE of Alpine Vegetation is the lowest. The stability of the PUE of Mixed Coniferous and Broadleaf Forest is declined, and the stability of the PUE of Alpine Vegetation is increased. The increasing speed of the PUE of Grass-forb Community is the fastest, and the decreasing speed of the PUE of Swamp is the fastest. (3) There is a significant difference in the PUEs among different vegetation types in the same climate zone, the difference in vegetative PUE in arid and semiarid regions is mainly affected by precipitation, and the difference in vegetative PUE in humid and semihumid regions is mainly affected by soil factors. The PUEs of the same vegetation type are significantly different among climate zones. The average PUE of Cultural Vegetation has the largest difference, the stability of the PUE of Steppe has the largest difference, and the increasing speed of the PUE of Swamp has the largest difference.

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Stability and mutual impact of perception of parental pressure and infants' social support – A study based on the difference between employment status and household income

International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education ◽

10.1177/0020720921997059 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002072092199705

Author(s):

Yong Wang

Keyword(s):

Household Income ◽

Employment Status ◽

Working Mothers ◽

Social Research ◽

Research Report ◽

Parental Pressure ◽

Income Levels ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference ◽

The Stability

The purpose of this study is to explore the stability and interaction between parental pressure and social research report, as well as the role of employment status and family income levels in this process. This study used a special study on Korean children (PSKC) 2–4 waves. Use t-test, correlation and autoregressive cross-delay modeling to analyze the data. The main findings of this study are: First, over time, parental pressure and mother’s social research report are consistent. Secondly, the pressure of motherhood and childcare has an obvious lagging effect on upbringing, and vice versa. Third, there is no significant difference between working mothers and non-working mothers in terms of the stability of working parents' pressure, social research report and social research report for children's pressure channels. However, parental pressure can only predict the social research report of working mothers. Fourth, there is no significant difference between the stability and interaction of these two structures in household income levels. In short, the results show that, over time, parental pressure is consistent with mother’s social research report. The results also show that there is a significant cross-lag effect between the mothers’ perceptions of mutual pressure analysis. In the process from parental pressure to social research report, I found the difference between working and non-working mothers. The advantage of this study is that the expected longitudinal design was adopted during infancy and the priority between the two structures can be considered. The results of this study can be used as a source of intervention plans to help parents withstand severe parenting pressure and lack of social research report.

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Dynamics Analysis of a Mathematical Model for New Product Innovation Diffusion

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society ◽

10.1155/2020/4716064 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Chunru Li ◽

Zujun Ma

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Time Delay ◽

Media Coverage ◽

New Product ◽

Normal Form Theory ◽

Center Manifold Theorem ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Form Theory ◽

The Difference ◽

The Stability

In this paper, a mathematical model with time-delay-related parameters and media coverage to describe the diffusion process of new products is proposed, in which the time-delay-related parameters denote the stage in which potential customers decide whether to adopt a new product. Then, the stability and the Hopf bifurcation of the proposed model are analyzed in detail. The center manifold theorem and the normal form theory are used to investigate the stability of the bifurcating periodic solution. Moreover, a numerical simulation is conducted to investigate the difference between the model with delay-dependent parameters and that with delay-independent parameters. The results show that there is significant difference between the two models.

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Metallicity and Binarity in WC and WO Stars

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900212886 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 212 ◽

pp. 566-567

Author(s):

Laura Norci ◽

V. Francesco Polcaro ◽

Roberto F. Viotti

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Equivalent Width ◽

Emission Lines ◽

Physical Conditions ◽

Maximum Value ◽

Ionization Effect ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

The Difference

Median values of the fwhm and equivalent width Wλ of the C iv 581 nm, O v 559 nm and 465 nm emission lines were derived from an extended statistical analysis of WC and WO stars (Norci et al. 2002; see Table 1). We find that the C iv equivalent width shows an increasing trend towards earlier WC subtypes, reaching a maximum value of 95 nm (± 32 %) for the Galactic WC4-6 stars, and decreases by about a factor of three in the hotter WO stars (Figure 1, left). The line appears about twice as strong in the LMC than in the Galactic WC4 stars, and the difference is particularly evident in the non-Galactic WO stars. Such an effect is absent in the O v 559 nm line, which smoothly increases towards WCE and WO stars, with no significant difference between Galactic and non-Galactic WC4 and WO stars. Thus this C anomaly is not an ionization effect; it is, therefore, probably due to a cause that selectively operates on C rather than on O. Different physical conditions in the winds of Galactic and non-Galactic stars, possibly related to the different initial metallicity Z, could be responsible for the anomaly.

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Spatial and temporal variations of precipitation during 1979–2015 in Jinan City, China

Journal of Water and Climate Change ◽

10.2166/wcc.2017.029 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 540-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Xiaodong Chang ◽

Zongxue Xu ◽

Gang Zhao ◽

Tao Cheng ◽

Sulin Song

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Spatiotemporal Variation ◽

Trend Test ◽

Mountainous Area ◽

Plain Area ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

Variation Characteristics ◽

Jinan City ◽

Northern Plain

Abstract The spatiotemporal variation of precipitation significantly affects regional hydrological processes and the management of water resources worldwide, indirectly contributing to an aggravation in the frequency and intensity of extreme events, especially in urban areas. To analyze the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of precipitation during 1979–2015 in Jinan City, the China Meteorological Forcing Dataset and 12 precipitation-related indices are adopted and analyzed by using Mann–Kendall trend test, Sen's slope estimator and Pettitt test in this study. The results show that: (1) the annual mean precipitation (AMP) shows a gradual increasing trend from the northern plain area to the southern mountainous area; (2) the heaviest summer precipitation occurs in the southern part of downtown with a high frequency, resulting in the drastic amplification of urban rainstorm flood disasters; (3) the spatial distributions of most indices show a gradual increasing trend from the northern plain area to the southern mountainous area, while consecutive dry days show the opposite tendency; and (4) most indices roughly show similar spatiotemporal variation characteristics with AMP, i.e., decreases in southwestern area, but increases in the eastern mountainous region and the north plain area, exhibiting an overall increasing trend at the 1% significance level.

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Dynamic High-Field MR Imaging in Experimental Porcine Acute Pancreatitis

Acta Radiologica ◽

10.1177/028418519503600215 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 182-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Piironen ◽

R. Kivisaari ◽

P. Pitkäranta ◽

V.-P. Poutanen ◽

P. Laippala ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Pancreatitis ◽

Mr Imaging ◽

High Field ◽

Spin Echo ◽

Flip Angle ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

The Difference ◽

The Stability ◽

Signal Intensities

The effects of acute pancreatitis on MR imaging signal intensities (SIs) were determined in an experimental study at 1.0 T. Oedematous pancreatitis was induced in 9 piglets and haemorrhagic pancreatitis in 11 piglets. Each animal served as its own control for MR imaging before and after induction of pancreatitis. T1-weighted spin echo (450/15 ms) and dynamic turbo FLASH (flip angle 8°) sequences were used without contrast medium in testing the stability of the SI measurements. There was no significant difference in the SI-versus-time curves of the pancreas in piglets with oedematous and haemorrhagic pancreatitis. However, the difference in mean SIs between healthy and diseased piglets was significant. Thus, although non-contrast MR may be useful in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, it does not distinguish between oedematous and haemorrhagic pancreatitis.

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Evaluating A Math Instructors Clarity: An Analysis Of Low-To-Moderate Items Versus A High Inference Item

Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC) ◽

10.19030/tlc.v2i8.1855 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 2 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Kelly D. Bradley ◽

James W. Bradley

Keyword(s):

Response Rate ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Student Evaluations ◽

Introductory Statistics ◽

College Level ◽

Finite Mathematics ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference ◽

The Stability

Instructors and students identify communication skills as being essential to successful classroom teaching and student learning. This study investigates the stability of student evaluations with respect to items related to instructor’s clarity. The majority of student evaluations completed at the end of a semester at the college level contain a question directly related to clarity. A pilot study was conducted which utilized four finite mathematics courses being taught by the same instructor. After assessing reliability and validity, a follow-up study was conducted utilizing four sections of introductory statistics employing the same design as the pilot. Ninety-four students completed some component of the researcher-constructed evaluation resulting in an overall 96% response rate. Seventy-one students completed the entire evaluation, allowing for a comparison between the high inference and the low-to-moderate inference items used to measure instructor’s clarity, resulting in a useable response rate of 72%. After a statistical transformation of the high inference item, descriptive statistics were produced for each type of item. Through a t-test, a statistically significant difference was found between the high and low-to-moderate clarity items. The difference between the types of clarity ratings was then analyzed via ANOVA techniques to explore differences by gender and expected course grade. Males tended to rate the instructor inconsistently, assigning lower ratings for the low-to-moderate inference items, while other ratings appear to demonstrate consistency.

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Soil and Grassland Effects on Grassland Net Photosynthesis in Gannan, China, from 2000 to 2018

10.20944/preprints202104.0365.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stephen Nazieh ◽

Meiling Zhang

Keyword(s):

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Growing Season ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

Broad Leaf ◽

Rate Of Photosynthesis ◽

The Difference ◽

Study Sites ◽

Grassland Types ◽

The Ideal

What is the ideal soil-grass combination for maximum photosynthesis? In this study, we investigated how soil and grassland types affect photosynthesis in the grasslands of Gannan, China. We divided the grasslands of Gannan into 166 study sites, each with a unique soil-grass combination by intersecting the soil and ecoregion maps using ArcGIS. We obtained 19 years of data on the Net Photosynthesis (PsnNet) of grasslands in the area from 2000 to 2018 and then divided them into “growing season” (June to September) and “non-growing season” (October top May). Between 2000 and 2018, PsnNet of grasslands showed a gradually increasing trend. The effect of soil type on PsnNet was not significant during the growing season. However, it was highly significant during the non-growing season. Among the soil types, grasses that grew in Mollic, Gelic, and Haplic soils had the highest rate of photosynthesis. The difference in PsnNet among the various grass types was highly significant during both seasons. However, Tropical and Subtropical succulent evergreen broad-leaf shrubs and Temperate meadows had the highest rate of photosynthesis. Additionally, there was a highly significant difference in PsnNet among the various soil-grass interactions. In the growing season, TStEgBLS growing Eutric soils had the highest PsnNet. However, SaDBLS growing in Gelic soils had the the highest.

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The role of OX40L and ICAM-1 in the stability of coronary atherosclerotic plaques and their relationship with sudden coronary death

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12872-019-1251-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yu Wang ◽

Xiaoyu Sun ◽

Bing Xia ◽

Cuiyun Le ◽

Zhu Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atherosclerotic Plaque ◽

Control Group ◽

Coronary Death ◽

Sudden Coronary Death ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque ◽

The Difference ◽

The Stability ◽

Experimental Group

Abstract Background Coronary heart disease is related to sudden death caused by multi-factors and a major threat to human health.This study explores the role of OX40L and ICAM-1 in the stability of coronary plaques and their relationship with sudden coronary death. Methods A total of 118 human coronary arteries with different degrees of atherosclerosis and/or sudden coronary death comprised the experimental group and 28 healthy subjects constituted the control group were isolated from patients. The experimental group was subdivided based on whether the cause of death was sudden coronary death and whether it was accompanied by thrombosis, plaque rupture, plaque outflow and other secondary changes: group I: patients with coronary atherosclerosis but not sudden coronary death, group II: sudden coronary death without any of the secondary changes mentioned above, group III: sudden coronary death with coronary artery atherosclerotic lesions accompanied by either of the above secondary changes. The histological structure of the coronary artery was observed under a light microscope after routine HE staining, and the related indexes of atherosclerotic plaque lesions were assessed by image analysis software. The expressions of OX40L and ICAM-1 were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting, and the correlations between the expressions and the stability of coronary atherosclerotic plaque and sudden coronary death were analyzed. Results (1) The expression of OX40L protein in the control group and the three experimental groups showed an increasing trend, and the difference between groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). (2) The expression of the ICAM-1 protein in the control group and the three experimental groups showed a statistically significant (P < 0.05) increasing trend. (3) The expression of OX40L and ICAM-1 mRNAs increased in the control and the three experimental groups and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion The expression of OX40L and ICAM-1 proteins and mRNAs is positively correlated with the stability of coronary atherosclerotic plaque and sudden coronary death.

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Learning process of ultrasound-guided Ilio-fascial compartment block on a simulator: a feasibility study

International Journal of Emergency Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12245-020-00317-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Julien Celi ◽

Christophe A. Fehlmann ◽

Olivier T. Rutschmann ◽

Iris Pelieu-Lamps ◽

Roxane Fournier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

Feasibility Study ◽

Median Number ◽

Emergency Physicians ◽

Ultrasound Guided ◽

Learning Path ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Us ◽

The Difference ◽

The Stability

Abstract Background Ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca compartment block (US-FICB) is not part of the learning curriculum of the emergency physicians (EP) and is usually performed by anesthesiologists. However, several studies promote EP to use this procedure. The goal of this study was to assess the feasibility of a training concept for non-anesthesiologists for the US-FICB on a simulator based on a validating learning path. Method This was a feasibility study. Emergency physicians and medical students received a 1-day training with a learning phase (theoretical and practical skills), followed by an assessment phase. The primary outcome at the assessment phase was the number of attempts before successfully completing the procedure. The secondary outcomes were the success rate at first attempt, the length of procedure (LOP), and the stability of the probe, corresponding to the visualization of the needle tip (and its tracking) throughout the procedure, evaluated on a Likert scale. Results A total of 25 participants were included. The median number of attempts was 2.0 for emergency physicians and 2.5 for medical students, and this difference was not significant (p = 0.140). Seven participants (28%) succeeded at the first attempt of the procedure; the difference between emergency physicians and medical students was not significant (37% versus 21%; p = 0.409). The average LOP was 19.7 min with a significant difference between emergency physicians and medical students (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference regarding the stability of the probe between the two groups. Conclusion Our 1-day training for non-anesthesiologists with or without previous skills in ultrasound seems to be feasible for learning the US-FICB procedure on a simulator.

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Changes in bowel sounds of inpatients undergo general anesthesia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-22296/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Guojing Wang ◽

Mingjun Wang ◽

Hongyun Liu ◽

Suping Zhao ◽

Lu Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Anesthesia ◽

Intestinal Function ◽

Bowel Sounds ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Degree Of Stability ◽

Characteristic Values ◽

The Difference ◽

The Stability ◽

Postoperative Feeding

Abstract Background: General anesthesia can affect intestinal function, but there is no objective and effective indicator to evaluate the inhibition and recovery of intestinal function. The main objective of this study is to assess whether bowel sounds (BSs) change before and after general anesthesia, then it can be explained that the BS can be an effective indicator of intestinal function. Methods: We randomly selected 26 inpatients and collected three sets of 5-minute continuous BSs before operation (Pre-op), after operation (Pro-op) and three hours after operation(3h-Pro-op) separately for each patient. The data were de-noised with adaptive filtering and wavelet threshold denoising, and processed with fractal dimension to identify the effective bowel sounds (EBSs). Then the linear and nonlinear characteristic values (CVs) of each EBS were extracted and paired t -test and rank-sum test were used to evaluate the changes of the BSs after general anesthesia. Results: For the difference between Pre-op and Pro-op, as well as between Pro-op and 3h-Pro-op, there are statistical differences ( p <0.05). Specifically, the linear CVs that can reflect the occurrence frequency, overall energy and overall duration of EBSs and the nonlinear CVs that can reflect the dispersion degree of stability and complexity of EBSs were statistically significant. However, there is no statistical difference in the CVs reflecting the energy and duration, as well as the stability and complexity of locally EBSs ( p >0.05). Also, there is no statistically significant difference between all the characteristic values between Pre-op and 3h-Pro-op ( p >0.05). Conclusion: The BSs change after general anesthesia. Furthermore, the BSs are weakened after general anesthesia and recovered to the state before general anesthesia three hours later. Therefore, the BS can be an indicator of intestinal function under general anesthesia, so as to provide guidance for postoperative feeding , which is of great clinical significance.

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