scholarly journals Soil and Grassland Effects on Grassland Net Photosynthesis in Gannan, China, from 2000 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Nazieh ◽  
Meiling Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Broad Leaf ◽  
Rate Of Photosynthesis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Grassland Types ◽  
The Ideal

What is the ideal soil-grass combination for maximum photosynthesis? In this study, we investigated how soil and grassland types affect photosynthesis in the grasslands of Gannan, China. We divided the grasslands of Gannan into 166 study sites, each with a unique soil-grass combination by intersecting the soil and ecoregion maps using ArcGIS. We obtained 19 years of data on the Net Photosynthesis (PsnNet) of grasslands in the area from 2000 to 2018 and then divided them into “growing season” (June to September) and “non-growing season” (October top May). Between 2000 and 2018, PsnNet of grasslands showed a gradually increasing trend. The effect of soil type on PsnNet was not significant during the growing season. However, it was highly significant during the non-growing season. Among the soil types, grasses that grew in Mollic, Gelic, and Haplic soils had the highest rate of photosynthesis. The difference in PsnNet among the various grass types was highly significant during both seasons. However, Tropical and Subtropical succulent evergreen broad-leaf shrubs and Temperate meadows had the highest rate of photosynthesis. Additionally, there was a highly significant difference in PsnNet among the various soil-grass interactions. In the growing season, TStEgBLS growing Eutric soils had the highest PsnNet. However, SaDBLS growing in Gelic soils had the the highest.

scholarly journals Metallicity and Binarity in WC and WO Stars

2003 ◽  
Vol 212 ◽  
pp. 566-567
Author(s):  
Laura Norci ◽  
V. Francesco Polcaro ◽  
Roberto F. Viotti
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Equivalent Width ◽  
Emission Lines ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Ionization Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
The Difference

Median values of the fwhm and equivalent width Wλ of the C iv 581 nm, O v 559 nm and 465 nm emission lines were derived from an extended statistical analysis of WC and WO stars (Norci et al. 2002; see Table 1). We find that the C iv equivalent width shows an increasing trend towards earlier WC subtypes, reaching a maximum value of 95 nm (± 32 %) for the Galactic WC4-6 stars, and decreases by about a factor of three in the hotter WO stars (Figure 1, left). The line appears about twice as strong in the LMC than in the Galactic WC4 stars, and the difference is particularly evident in the non-Galactic WO stars. Such an effect is absent in the O v 559 nm line, which smoothly increases towards WCE and WO stars, with no significant difference between Galactic and non-Galactic WC4 and WO stars. Thus this C anomaly is not an ionization effect; it is, therefore, probably due to a cause that selectively operates on C rather than on O. Different physical conditions in the winds of Galactic and non-Galactic stars, possibly related to the different initial metallicity Z, could be responsible for the anomaly.

scholarly journals Influence of Dental Composite Viscosity in Attachment Reproduction: An Experimental in Vitro Study

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 4001
Author(s):  
Vincenzo D’Antò ◽  
Simone Muraglie ◽  
Beatrice Castellano ◽  
Ettore Candida ◽  
Maria Francesca Sfondrini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Dental Composite ◽  
Maximum Deviation ◽  
Force System ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
The Ideal

Background: Attachments are composite auxiliaries that are used during a clear aligner orthodontic therapy to achieve difficult tooth movements. Two important factors are the planned configuration and the actual position of these auxiliary elements to obtain the desired force system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of different composite materials in the correct reproduction of attachment shape and position. Methods: The materials that were considered in the study were a flowable resin, a dental restorative material, and an orthodontic composite. The attachments were created on three models of extracted teeth. Once the impressions were performed, 25 attachments of different shapes were added onto each virtual model to obtain the necessary templates to make the attachments. Each tested material was used to create a set of 25 attachments that were then scanned with an accuracy of 10μm. The resultant STL (stereolithography) files were superimposed onto the ones from the initial virtual plan, through Geomagic software, and the aligned scans were then compared while using a color map. The parameters that were calculated to make a comparison between the created attachments and the ideal ones were the maximum deviation in defect and in excess, the overflow, and the volume’s difference. In addition to these measurements comparing the three above-mentioned groups, the difference in volume between all the ideal and realized samples were analyzed. To test for differences among the three groups, a one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used with a Bonferroni post-hoc test. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: No statistically significant results were found between the three groups regarding the maximum value in defect, the maximum value in excess, and the minimum value as control, while a statistically significant difference was found between the overflow of orthodontic resin when compared to the flowable composite. Conclusions: The three materials that were used in this study were appropriate for attachment fabrication. The fidelity of attachment reproduction was similar when using the three different composites. The orthodontic composite showed more overflow when compared with the flowable one.

scholarly journals Optimizing the acceleration of Cheddar cheese ripening using response surface methodology by microbial protease without altering its quality features

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaal Mohammed Alhelli ◽  
Nameer Khairulla Mohammed ◽  
Eilaf Suliman Khalil ◽  
Anis Shobirin Meor Hussin
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Cheddar Cheese ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
Ripening Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractCheddar cheese proteolysis were accelerated employing Penicillium candidum PCA1/TT031 protease into cheese curd. In the present study, several of the significant factors such as protease purification factor (PF), protease concentration and ripening time were optimized via the response surface methodology (RSM). The ideal accelerated Cheddar cheese environment consisted of 3.12 PF, 0.01% (v/v) protease concentration and 0.6/3 months ripening time at 10 °C. The RSM models was verified to be the most proper methodology for the maintain of chosen Cheddar cheese. Under this experimental environment, the pH, acid degree value (ADV), moisture, water activity (aw), soluble nitrogen (SN)%, fat and overall acceptability were found to be 5.4, 6.6, 35%, 0.9348, 18.8%, 34% and 13.6, respectively of ideal Cheddar cheese. Furthermore, the predicted and experimental results were in significant agreement, which confirmed the validity and reliability of the suggested method. In spite of the difference between the ideal and commercial Cheddar cheese in the concentration of some of amino acids and free fatty acids, the sensory evaluation did not show any significant difference in aroma profile between them.

scholarly journals Optimizing the Acceleration of Cheddar Cheese Ripening Using Response Surface Methodology by Microbial Protease Without Altering Its Quality Features

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaal Alhelli ◽  
Nameer Mohammed ◽  
Anis Meor Hussin
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Cheddar Cheese ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
Ripening Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract Cheddar cheese proteolysis were accelerated employing Penicillium candidum PCA1/TT031 protease into cheese curd. In the present study, several of the significant factors such as protease purification factor (PF), protease concentration and ripening time were optimized via the response surface methodology (RSM). The ideal accelerated Cheddar cheese environment consisted of 3.12 PF, 0.01% (v/v) protease concentration and 0.6/3months ripening time at 10 °C. The RSM models was verified to be the most proper methodology for the maintain of chosen Cheddar cheese. Under this experimental environment, the pH, acid degree value (ADV), moisture, water activity (aw ), soluble nitrogen (SN)%, fat and overall acceptability were found to be 5.4, 6.6, 35%, 0.9348, 18.8%, 34% and 13.6,, respectively of ideal Cheddar cheese. Furthermore, the predicted and experimental results were in significant agreement, which confirmed the validity and reliability of the suggested method. In spite of the difference between the ideal and commercial Cheddar cheese in the concentration of some of amino acids and free fatty acids, the sensory evaluation did not show any significant difference in aroma profile between them.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Facial Beauty Using Anthropometric Proportions

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Milutinovic ◽  
Ksenija Zelic ◽  
Nenad Nedeljkovic
Keyword(s):  
Head Position ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Facial Beauty ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
En Face ◽  
Facial Proportions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The University ◽  
Caucasian Female ◽  
The Ideal

The improvement of a patient’s facial appearance is one of the main goals of contemporary orthodontic treatment. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the difference in facial proportions between attractive and anonymous females in order to establish objective facial features which are widely considered as beautiful. The study included two groups: first group consisted of 83 Caucasian female subjects between 22 and 28 years of age who were selected from the population of students at the University of Belgrade, and the second group included 24 attractive celebrity Caucasian females. The en face facial photographs were taken in natural head position (NHP). Numerous parameters were recorded on these photographs, in order to establish facial symmetry and correlation with the ideal set of proportions. This study showed significant difference between anonymous and attractive females. Attractive females showed smaller face in general and uniformity of the facial thirds and fifths, and most of the facial parameters meet the criteria of the ideal proportions.

scholarly journals PRODUTIVIDADE ENERGÉTICA DA MADEIRA DE Tachigali vulgaris POR CLASSE DIAMÉTRICA EM PLANTIOS EXPERIMENTAIS NA AMAZÔNIA

Nativa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna Bárbara Maciel Orellana ◽  
Ailton Teixeira Do Vale ◽  
Joaquim Gonçalez ◽  
Marcelino Carneiro Guedes ◽  
Jorge Breno Palheta Orellana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Axial Position ◽  
Terra Firme ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Volatile Materials ◽  
The Ideal

Este artigo visa analisar a produtividade energética de dois plantios experimentais de Tachigali vulgaris no Amapá, em ecossistemas e idades distintos, a partir da diferença de classes diamétricas. Foram coletadas 21 árvores (por plantio) distribuídas em 7 classes de diâmetro. Coletaram-se amostras de seções transversais do tronco para analisar a umidade máxima e densidade básica em diferentes posições axiais (base, meio e topo). O poder calorífico superior, densidade energética, materiais voláteis, teor de cinzas e biomassa seca foram analisados por classe diamétrica. Os dados foram avaliados por meio de análise de variância, teste de médias e relações lineares. A média da densidade básica nos plantios foi 581 kg/m³ (cerrado) e 562 kg/m³ (terra-firme). Houve efeito significativo na posição axial apenas no plantio de terra-firme. Somente neste ambiente não houve diferença significativa em materiais voláteis e PCS. No cerrado, a produtividade energética foi superior à terra-firme em todas as classes, devido à diferença de idade e ausência de competição. Em ambos os plantios a produtividade energética foi maior no diâmetro de 22 a 25 cm (classe 4), indicando ser esta a classe diamétrica ideal para colheita da madeira quando o objetivo for o manejo para bioenergia.Palavras-chave: florestas energéticas, biomassa, Tachigali vulgaris, madeira. ENERGETIC DENSITY OF Tachigali vulgaris WOOD BY DIAMETRIC CLASS IN TWO EXPERIMENTAL PLANTS IN THE AMAZON ABSTRACT:This paper aims to analyze the energy productivity of two experimental Tachigali vulgaris plantations in Amapá, in distinct ecosystems and ages, from the difference of diametric classes. 21 trees (by planting) were collected in 7 diameter classes. Samples of cross-sections of the trunk were collected to analyze the maximum moisture and basic density in different axial positions (base, middle and top). The higher heating value, energetic density, volatile materials, ash content and dry biomass were analyzed by diameter class. The data were evaluated through analysis of variance, test of means and linear relations. The means basic density of plantations was 581 kg/m³ (cerrado) and 562 kg/m³ (terra firme). There was a significant effect on the axial position only in the terra-firme planting. Only in this environment there was no significant difference in volatile materials and higher heating value. In the cerrado, the energy productivity was superior to the terra-firme in all the classes, due to the difference of age and absence of competition. In both plantations the energy productivity was higher in the diameter of 22 to 25cm (class 4), indicating that this is the ideal diametric class for harvesting the wood when the objective is the management for bioenergy.Keywords: energy forests, biomass, Tachigali vulgaris, wood.

scholarly journals 594 Effect of Water Stress during the Harvest Period on the Carbohydrate Reserves of Mature Almond Trees

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 549C-549
Author(s):  
Gaston Esparza ◽  
Ted M. DeJong ◽  
Steve A. Weinbaum
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserves ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Almond Trees ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Whole Tree

The effect of water stress during the harvest period on carbohydrate reserves at the end of the growing season was studied for mature, field-grown almond trees. The following irrigation treatments were imposed during 1995, 1996, and 1997: a) full irrigation (FI) (irrigation every 3–7 days), b) moderate stress (MS) (18 days of irrigation cut-off), and c) severe stress (SS) (35, 47, and 53 days of irrigation cut-off for 1995, 1996, and 1997, respectively). Midday stem (Yms) and predawn leaf (Ypd) water potentials were monitored during each season's stress. Three trees of contrasting treatments (FI vs. SS) were excavated on 10 Dec. 1997 and divided into tree components for dry weight and TNC concentration determination. Although there was no significant difference in whole-tree biomass between the excavated FI and SS trees, total new stem growth of SS trees was half of FI trees. TNC concentrations in the organs of SS trees were significantly reduced compared to FI trees. Total calculated whole tree TNC content for SS trees was 26.1% less than FI trees. The difference in TNC content between FI and SS trees was larger for roots (34.9%) than for the aerial parts (21.1%) indicating the higher sensitivity of roots for reflecting reserve status. Although roots constituted just 13.4% of the whole tree biomass, they stored 36.4% of TNC. Only roots exhibited a clear association between the minimum values of Yms and Ypd during the season and TNC concentration of 12 non-excavated additional trees that were subsampled at the end of the growing season.

scholarly journals Efficiency production methods of conifers ball-rooted planting stock in Arkhangelsk region

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
S.V. Bobushkina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Increase Production Efficiency ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Arkhangelsk Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Rate Of Photosynthesis ◽  
The Difference

By comparing three nurseries in the Arkhangelsk region, a comparative analysis of some technological operations in the production of ball-rooted coniferous seedlings was carried out, similar problems were noted and solutions were proposed to increase production efficiency and reduce costs. Frame elements and attachments in greenhouses reduce the amount of light entering the seedlings by 40…45 %, which reduces the rate of photosynthesis. Therefore, it is recommended to rotate the cassettes according to their location in the greenhouse. To increase the illumination, the greenhouse covering should be promptly cleaned from residues and dirt. When planning and building greenhouses, it is necessary to exclude their shading by other infrastructure objects. Substrate for growing seedlings in containers should preferably be purchased from specialized companies and its composition should be controlled before sowing by chemical analysis. In order to increase the yield of seedlings per unit area, the scheme of 2 rotations should be used, while a prerequisite in the north is heating greenhouses in spring, as well as in summer during periods of cold snaps and frosts. Spruce seeds must be sown first, while pines follow second. In this case, both breeds will reach standard parameters by the beginning of the next growing season. To reduce the difference in the amount of liquid to the seedlings during irrigation and fertilization, which reaches 270 %, it is necessary to constantly control these processes, timely cleaning of filters, elimination of breakages, regulation of the amount of liquid coming to the seedlings by means of nozzles or rotation of cassettes. It is possible to accelerate the seed germination and the seedling growth by using stimulants — environmentally safe humic preparations. Soaking the spruce seeds in the solution of the «Ekorost» preparation helped to increase germination and germination energy up to 13 %. Irrigation with a solution of this preparation increased the yield of standard seedlings of spruce by 40,6 % and pine by 36,9 % compared with control.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics of Vegetative PUE in China from 2000 to 2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Haitao Xu ◽  
Peng Hou ◽  
Zhengwei He ◽  
A. Duo ◽  
Bing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Spatiotemporal Variation ◽  
Alpine Vegetation ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Broadleaf Forest ◽  
Climate Zones ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Variation Characteristics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability

Vegetative precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) is a key indicator for evaluating the dynamic response of vegetation productivity to the spatiotemporal variation in precipitation. It is also an important indicator for reflecting the relationship between the water and carbon cycles in a vegetation ecosystem. This paper uses data from MODIS Net Primary Production (NPP) and China’s spatial interpolation data for precipitation from 2000 to 2015 to calculate the annual value, multiyear mean value, interannual standard deviation, and interannual linear trend of Chinese terrestrial vegetative PUE over the past 16 years. Based on seven major administrative regions, eleven vegetation types, and four climate zones, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of China’s vegetative PUE. The research results are shown as follows: (1) China’s vegetative PUE shows obvious spatial variation characteristics, and it is relatively stable interannually, with an overall slight increasing trend, especially in Northwest and Southwest China. The vegetative PUE is higher, and its stability is declined in Xinjiang, western Gansu, and the southern Tibetan valley. The vegetative PUE is lower, and its stability is increased in northeastern Tibet and southwestern Qinghai. An increasing trend in vegetative PUE is obvious at the edge of the Tarim Basin, in western Gansu, the southern Tibetan valley, and northwestern Yunnan. (2) There is a significant difference in the PUEs among different vegetation types. The average PUE of Broadleaf Forest is the highest, and the average PUE of Alpine Vegetation is the lowest. The stability of the PUE of Mixed Coniferous and Broadleaf Forest is declined, and the stability of the PUE of Alpine Vegetation is increased. The increasing speed of the PUE of Grass-forb Community is the fastest, and the decreasing speed of the PUE of Swamp is the fastest. (3) There is a significant difference in the PUEs among different vegetation types in the same climate zone, the difference in vegetative PUE in arid and semiarid regions is mainly affected by precipitation, and the difference in vegetative PUE in humid and semihumid regions is mainly affected by soil factors. The PUEs of the same vegetation type are significantly different among climate zones. The average PUE of Cultural Vegetation has the largest difference, the stability of the PUE of Steppe has the largest difference, and the increasing speed of the PUE of Swamp has the largest difference.

Cranial crassicaudiasis in two coastal dolphin species from South Africa is predominantly a disease of immature individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
MF Van Bressem ◽  
P Duignan ◽  
JA Raga ◽  
K Van Waerebeek ◽  
N Fraijia-Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cape Coast ◽  
Osteolytic Lesions ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Crassicauda spp. (Nematoda) infest the cranial sinuses of several odontocetes, causing diagnostic trabecular osteolytic lesions. We examined skulls of 77 Indian Ocean humpback dolphins Sousa plumbea and 69 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins Tursiops aduncus, caught in bather-protecting nets off KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) from 1970-2017, and skulls of 6 S. plumbea stranded along the southern Cape coast in South Africa from 1963-2002. Prevalence of cranial crassicaudiasis was evaluated according to sex and cranial maturity. Overall, prevalence in S. plumbea and T. aduncus taken off KZN was 13 and 31.9%, respectively. Parasitosis variably affected 1 or more cranial bones (frontal, pterygoid, maxillary and sphenoid). No significant difference was found by gender for either species, allowing sexes to be pooled. However, there was a significant difference in lesion prevalence by age, with immature T. aduncus 4.6 times more likely affected than adults, while for S. plumbea, the difference was 6.5-fold. As severe osteolytic lesions are unlikely to heal without trace, we propose that infection is more likely to have a fatal outcome for immature dolphins, possibly because of incomplete bone development, lower immune competence in clearing parasites or an over-exuberant inflammatory response in concert with parasitic enzymatic erosion. Cranial osteolysis was not observed in mature males (18 S. plumbea, 21 T. aduncus), suggesting potential cohort-linked immune-mediated resistance to infestation. Crassicauda spp. may play a role in the natural mortality of S. plumbea and T. aduncus, but the pathogenesis and population level impact remain unknown.

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