scholarly journals Oxidative Stress and Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Opportunities for Intervention, and Role of Human Milk

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna Aceti ◽  
Isadora Beghetti ◽  
Silvia Martini ◽  
Giacomo Faldella ◽  
Luigi Corvaglia
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds

This review will examine the role of oxidative stress (OS) in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and explore potential preventive and therapeutic antioxidant strategies. Preterm infants are particularly exposed to OS as a result of several perinatal stimuli and constitutive defective antioxidant defenses. For this reason, OS damage represents a contributing factor to several complications of prematurity, including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Being NEC a multifactorial disease, OS may act as downstream component of the pathogenetic cascade. To counteract OS in preterm infants with NEC, several antioxidant strategies have been proposed and different antioxidant compounds have been experimented. It is well known that human milk (HM) is an important source of antioxidants. At the same time, the role of an exclusive HM diet is well recognized in the prevention of NEC. However, donor HM (DHM) processing may impair antioxidant properties. As DHM is becoming a common nutritional intervention for high risk PI, the antioxidant status of preterm and DHM and potential ways to preserve its antioxidant capacity may merit further investigation.

scholarly journals The Role of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Probiotics on the Neonatal Microbiome and Risk of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3052
Author(s):  
Lila S. Nolan ◽  
Jamie M. Rimer ◽  
Misty Good
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Vulnerable Population ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Intestinal Homeostasis

Preterm infants are a vulnerable population at risk of intestinal dysbiosis. The newborn microbiome is dominated by Bifidobacterium species, though abnormal microbial colonization can occur by exogenous factors such as mode of delivery, formula feeding, and exposure to antibiotics. Therefore, preterm infants are predisposed to sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a fatal gastrointestinal disorder, due to an impaired intestinal barrier, immature immunity, and a dysbiotic gut microbiome. Properties of human milk serve as protection in the prevention of NEC. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and the microbiome of breast milk are immunomodulatory components that provide intestinal homeostasis through regulation of the microbiome and protection of the intestinal barrier. Enteral probiotic supplements have been trialed to evaluate their impact on establishing intestinal homeostasis. Here, we review the protective role of HMOs, probiotics, and synbiotic combinations in protecting a vulnerable population from the pathogenic features associated with necrotizing enterocolitis.

scholarly journals Protective Role of Natural and Semi-Synthetic Tocopherols on TNFα-Induced ROS Production and ICAM-1 and Cl-2 Expression in HT29 Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Vladana Domazetovic ◽  
Irene Falsetti ◽  
Caterina Viglianisi ◽  
Kristian Vasa ◽  
Cinzia Aurilia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Bowel Diseases

Vitamin E, a fat-soluble compound, possesses both antioxidant and non-antioxidant properties. In this study we evaluated, in intestinal HT29 cells, the role of natural tocopherols, α-Toc and δ-Toc, and two semi-synthetic derivatives, namely bis-δ-Toc sulfide (δ-Toc)2S and bis-δ-Toc disulfide (δ-Toc)2S2, on TNFα-induced oxidative stress, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and claudin-2 (Cl-2) expression. The role of tocopherols was compared to that of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant precursor of glutathione synthesis. The results show that all tocopherol containing derivatives used, prevented TNFα-induced oxidative stress and the increase of ICAM-1 and Cl-2 expression, and that (δ-Toc)2S and (δ-Toc)2S2 are more effective than δ-Toc and α-Toc. The beneficial effects demonstrated were due to tocopherol antioxidant properties, but suppression of TNFα-induced Cl-2 expression seems not only to be related with antioxidant ability. Indeed, while ICAM-1 expression is strongly related to the intracellular redox state, Cl-2 expression is TNFα-up-regulated by both redox and non-redox dependent mechanisms. Since ICAM-1 and Cl-2 increase intestinal bowel diseases, and cause excessive recruitment of immune cells and alteration of the intestinal barrier, natural and, above all, semi-synthetic tocopherols may have a potential role as a therapeutic support against intestinal chronic inflammation, in which TNFα represents an important proinflammatory mediator.

Acute Stress Induced Behavioral Deficits In Rats: Relationship With Oxidative Stress, Leptin And HPA Axis

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 859-859
Author(s):  
Erum Shireen Erum Shireen ◽  
Wafa Binte Ali Wafa Binte Ali ◽  
Maria Masroor Maria Masroor ◽  
Saeeda Bano Saeeda Bano ◽  
Samina Iqbal Samina Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
Behavioral Deficits ◽  
Glucose Estimation ◽  
Dark Transition

Acute exposure to stress is connected to many disorders that promote the toxicity of oxygen radical generators leading to increase in the levels of enzymes and also the activation of the HPA axis. The present study uses a preclinical approach to elucidate some prospective stress-induced behavioral and biochemical effects. The aim of current study was to investigate the relationship between stress and behavioral changes after exposing animals to 2h immobilization stress. We also evaluated the concentration of corticosterone, glucose and endogenous leptin levels in unstressed and stressed animals to explore the possible role of HPA axis in the modulation of stressed induced behavioral deficits. Rats were divided into stressed and unstressed groups. Behavioral activities were monitored in open field activity and light dark transition box after the termination of 2h immobilization period. Animals were then decapitated and plasma samples were collected for catalase, SOD, corticosterone, and glucose estimation. Results showed that exposure to acute stress produced a significant decrease in the activity of rats in the novel environment (open field) and light dark transition box. On the other hand, concomitant elevated level of peripheral markers of oxidative stress such as oxidative enzymes, corticosterone and endogenous leptin were also observed. Therefore, current study seems to suggest an important role of compounds having antioxidant properties for the treatment of stress and related disorders.

scholarly journals The Role Of Dietary Zinc Restriction On Antioxidant Status And Oxidative Stress

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S Bruno ◽  
Yang Song ◽  
Scott W Leonard ◽  
Alan W Taylor ◽  
Maret G Traber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Dietary Zinc ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

In Vitro Study of Antioxidant Activity of Serum and Plasma Samples As Well As Glutathione Exposed to Various Exogenous Stress Factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Olszowy-Tomczyk ◽  
Łukasz Paprotny ◽  
Agnieszka Celejewska ◽  
Dorota Szewczak ◽  
Dorota Wianowska
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Exogenous Stress

Abstract The imbalance between the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and their sequestration promotes the formation of so-called oxidative stress conditions which are considered crucial in the aging process and development of many human diseases. Glutathione plays an essential role in the antioxidative barricade against ROS. Its role in the detoxification process of xenobiotics and carcinogen is also known. However, there are no comparative studies on the antioxidant properties of both biological samples and glutathione as well as the change in these properties as a result of exposure to various stress factors. This paper fills this gap comparing the antioxidant activity of serum and plasma samples of the known glutathione content with the activity of glutathione itself assessed by the different methods. In addition, it reveals a significant role of environmental xenobiotics in oxidative stress and differentiates the stress induced by different groups of drugs, among which the greatest one has been demonstrated for antiarrhythmic drugs and cytostatics. More importantly, it proves that human plasma is more resistant to stress factors and N-acetylcysteine clearly promotes the extension of antioxidant properties of both the plasma and serum samples. The latter conclusion is consistent with the implied preventive and/or supportive action of this drug against SARS-CoV-2.

Feeding the feeble

2021 ◽  
pp. 265-272
Author(s):  
Michael Obladen
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Tube Feeding ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Air Inlet ◽  
Nasogastric Tubes ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter describes historic steps in feeding techniques and knowledge about the nutritional needs of premature infants. Devices to overcome weak sucking and swallowing were developed from 1851 to 1920: tube feeding by gavage, medicine droppers and pipettes, feeding bottles with air inlet, and beaked spoons for nasal feeding. Indwelling nasogastric tubes were in use from 1951. For alleged safety concerns, postnatal feeding was postponed until a week of starvation was reached in the 1950s and studies showed an association with neurological handicaps. The premature infant’s elevated need for energy, protein, and minerals has been known since 1919. However, nutritional practice lagged behind theoretical knowledge. Concentrated formula was developed in the 1940s, parenteral supplementation in the 1960s, and human milk fortifiers in the 1970s. In the 1990s, necrotizing enterocolitis was found to be more frequent in infants fed formula than in those fed human milk. Recently, probiotics were shown to reduce the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. Compared to other aspects of neonatal medicine, there is little evidence on how to feed preterm infants.

scholarly journals Curcumin Ameliorates Lead-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, and Modulating Akt/GSK-3β Signaling Pathway

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahlam Alhusaini ◽  
Laila Fadda ◽  
Iman H. Hasan ◽  
Enas Zakaria ◽  
Abeer M. Alenazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Exact Role ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metal ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Gsk 3Β

Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal pollutant with adverse effects on the liver and other body organs. Curcumin (CUR) is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric and possesses strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study explored the protective effect of CUR on Pb hepatotoxicity with an emphasis on oxidative stress, inflammation and Akt/GSK-3β signaling. Rats received lead acetate and CUR and/or ascorbic acid (AA) for seven days and samples were collected for analyses. Pb(II) induced liver injury manifested by elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as histopathological alterations, including massive hepatocyte degeneration and increased collagen deposition. Lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, TNF-α and DNA fragmentation were increased, whereas antioxidant defenses were diminished in the liver of Pb(II)-intoxicated rats. Pb(II) increased hepatic NF-κB and JNK phosphorylation and caspase-3 cleavage, whereas Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation was decreased. CUR and/or AA ameliorated liver function, prevented tissue injury, and suppressed oxidative stress, DNA damage, NF-κB, JNK and caspase-3. In addition, CUR and/or AA activated Akt and inhibited GSK-3β in Pb(II)-induced rats. In conclusion, CUR prevents Pb(II) hepatotoxicity via attenuation of oxidative injury and inflammation, activation of Akt and inhibition of GSK-3β. However, further studies scrutinizing the exact role of Akt/GSK-3β signaling are recommended.

scholarly journals Neurodevelopmental Trajectories of Preterm Infants of Italian Native-Born and Migrant Mothers and Role of Neonatal Feeding

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4588
Author(s):  
Dino Gibertoni ◽  
Alessandra Sansavini ◽  
Silvia Savini ◽  
Chiara Locatelli ◽  
Gina Ancora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Social Abilities ◽  
Adverse Perinatal Outcomes

There is evidence that preterm infants of migrant mothers are at a higher risk of adverse perinatal outcomes than those of native-born mothers, and that human milk feeding is beneficial to infants’ neurodevelopment. Using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) to classify mother’s country of origin, we investigated whether type of neonatal feeding (human milk vs. mixed milk vs. exclusive formula milk) affected preterm newborn neurodevelopment varying across different HDI categories (Italian native-born vs. high HDI migrant vs. low HDI migrant) up to 2 years of age. Neurodevelopment of 530 infants born in Italy at ≤32 weeks of gestational age and/or weighing <1500 g was measured at 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, 18-, and 24-months corrected age (CA) using the revised Griffiths Mental Development Scale 0–2 years. The trajectories of the general developmental quotient and its five subscales were estimated using mixed models. At 24-months CA only preterm infants of low HDI migrant mothers and fed exclusive formula milk showed moderate neurodevelopment impairment, with lower developmental trajectories of eye-hand coordination, performance, and personal-social abilities. Migrant mothers from low HDI countries and their preterm infants should be targeted by specific programs supporting maternal environment, infant development, and human or mixed milk neonatal feeding. Future research should focus on a deeper understanding of the mechanisms through which type of feeding and mother migrant conditions interact in influencing preterm infants’ neurodevelopment.

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