scholarly journals Biomass Derivative Valorization Using Nano Core-Shell Magnetic Materials Based on Keggin-Heteropolyacids: Levulinic Acid Esterification Kinetic Study with N-Butanol

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angélica M. Escobar ◽  
Mirta N. Blanco ◽  
José J. Martínez ◽  
Jairo A. Cubillos ◽  
Gustavo P. Romanelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Materials ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Diffusion Limitations ◽  
Solvent Free Condition ◽  
Keggin Heteropolyacids

Magnetic materials based on Keggin heteropolyacids immobilized on mesoporous silica-coated magnetite particles with a core-shell structure were synthesized. The activity of the catalyst was studied in the esterification reaction of levulinic acid with n-butanol, and its kinetics was studied by the systematic variation of several reaction parameters, such as stirring speed, catalyst loading, molar ratio of reactants, and temperature. It was also seen that the reaction was free from any external mass transfer as well as intraparticle diffusion limitations and was intrinsically kinetically controlled. A second-order kinetic equation was found to be consistent with the experimental data. Also, an experimental activation energy of 17 kcal/mol was found. A solvent-free condition for this reaction has also added the green chemistry perception to the reaction. In addition, the resulting catalyst can be used repeatedly without significant decrease in activity.

scholarly journals Esterification of palmitic acid with epichlorohydrin on anion exchange resin catalyst

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil Muresan ◽  
Spiridon Oprea ◽  
Theodor Malutan ◽  
Mihai Vata
Keyword(s):  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Catalyst Particle ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Macroporous Resin ◽  
Resin Catalyst ◽  
Catalyst Particle Size ◽  
Rate Of Reaction

AbstractThe esterification reaction of palmitic acid with epichlorohydrin catalyzed by an anionic macroporous resin was studied. Purolite A-500 resin proved to be a very effective catalyst in the synthesis of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl palmitate. The effects of certain parameters such as speed of agitation, catalyst particle size, catalyst loading, temperature, initial molar ratio between reactants on the rate of reaction were studied. It was found that the overall rate is intrinsically kinetically controlled. The structure of synthesized ester was confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR analyses.

Fatty acid methyl ester production from acid oil using silica sulfuric acid: Process optimization and reaction kinetics

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krunal Shah ◽  
Jigisha Parikh ◽  
Bharat Dholakiya ◽  
Kalpana Maheria
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Silica Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Acid Oil ◽  
Acid Methyl

AbstractConversion of high free fatty acids (FFA) containing acid oil (AO) to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) using silica sulfuric acid (SSA) as a solid acid catalyst was investigated. Process parameters such as reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst loading, and methanol to oil molar ratio were optimized using the Taguchi orthogonal array method. Maximum FFA conversion (97.16 %) was achieved under the optimal set of parameter values viz. 70°C, 4 mass % catalyst loading, and 1: 15 oil to methanol molar ratio after 90 min. SSA was reused three times successfully without a significant loss in activity. Biodiesel produced from AO met the international biodiesel standards. Determination of kinetic parameters proved that the experimental results fit the pseudo first order kinetic law.

scholarly journals Sulfonated Hydrothermal Carbon-Based Catalyzed Esterification under Microwave Irradiation: Optimization and Kinetic Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 514-524
Author(s):  
Laddawan Tumkot ◽  
Armando T. Quitain ◽  
Tetsuya Kida ◽  
Navadol Laosiripojana ◽  
Artiwan Shotipruk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Reaction Rate Constant ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Good Prediction ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
A Value ◽  
Carbon Based

In this study, the esterification reaction of oleic acid (OA) with methanol was investigated in the presence of a sulfonated hydrothermal carbon-based catalyst under microwave irradiation. The reaction conditions were optimized using response surface methodology based on a central composite design. Three following variables were studied: methanol to OA molar ratios (2.5:1–7.5:1), reaction time (50–70 min) and catalyst loading (2–5 wt.%) to provide a statistical model with the coefficient of regression (R2) of 0.9407. Based on the model, the optimum OA conversion of 95.6% was predicted at 5.8:1 methanol to OA molar ratio, 60 min and 3.05 wt.% catalyst loading. The experimental validation indicated that the model gave a good prediction of OA conversion (2.8% error). Furthermore, the reaction was found to be reasonably described by the pseudo-first order kinetics. The dependency of the reaction rate constant on temperatures gave a value of the activation energy of 64 kJ/mol. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved 

scholarly journals Silica Coating of Metal-Loaded H-ZSM-22 to Form the Core-Shell Nanostructures: Characterization, Textural Properties, and Catalytic Potency in the Esterification of Oleic Acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Maryam Haghighi ◽  
Mehranoosh Fereidooni
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
The Core

In this study, ZSM-22 was synthesized using N,N-diethylaniline as a template through a hydrothermal method. The proton and various metals such as zirconium, strontium, and iron were immobilized on the surface of obtained zeolites through the ion exchange method. The catalysts were studied by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) adsorption isotherms, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) elemental analysis, and Temperature-Programmed Desorption of ammonia (TPD-NH3) technique for determining the number of acid sites. In the esterification reaction of oleic acid, the operating conditions such as catalyst dosage, temperature, molar ratio of methanol to oil, and reaction time were optimized and adjusted at 11 wt%, 70°C, 10 : 1, and 48 h subsequently. The maximum yield% of 48.07% was achieved in the presence of Zr-H-ZSM-22 at optimum conditions. In order to improve the efficiency of three zeolites Zr-H-ZSM-22, Fe-H-ZSM-22, and Sr-H-ZSM-22, the core-shell structures with SiO2 coating were prepared. Zr-H-ZSM-22@SiO2 was less active than Zr-H-ZSM-22 due to the SiO2 coverage of Lewis active sites.

ESTERIFICATION OF RENEWABLE LEVULINIC ACID TO LEVULINATE ESTERS USING AMBERLYST-15 AS A SOLID ACID CATALYST

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Aainaa Syahirah Ramli ◽  
Nur Hidayah Zaharudin ◽  
Nor Aishah Saidina Amin
Keyword(s):  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Amberlyst 15 ◽  
Methyl Levulinate ◽  
Exchange Resins

Levulinic acid (LA) is a versatile biomass-derived building block as it can be used for the synthesis of organic chemicals as alternative to the depleting fossil fuel resources. Levulinate esters, obtained from catalytic esterification of LA with alcohol, can be used in many applications such as fragrance and fuel additives. In this study, ion-exchange resins Amberlyst-15 was employed as solid acid catalyst for esterification of LA with methanol for methyl levulinate (ML) production. The effect of reaction time, catalyst loading, and molar ratio of LA to methanol, was investigated on LA esterification to ML at the reflux condition. The optimum ML yield of 82% was obtained from reaction conducted at reflux temperature for 5h, using 30% of Amberlyst-15 loading, and 1:20 of LA to methanol molar ratio. The reusability of Amberlyst-15 for ML production was examined for five successive reactions. In addition, Amberlyst-15 catalyst, employed in the esterification of LA with ethanol and 1-butanol for ethyl levulinate (EL) and butyl levulinate (BL), respectively, registered good performance. Yields of 71% and 55% have been obtained for EL and BL, respectively. Amberlyst-15 is a promising solid acid catalyst for production of biomass derived levulinate esters at mild process conditions. 

Development of an Activity Based Kinetic Model for an Esterification Process with Indion 180 Catalyst

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mekala Mallaiah ◽  
Chimmiri Venkateswarlu
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Kinetic Rate ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract The kinetics of esterification reaction between acetic acid and methanol was studied with the Indion 180 catalyst in the temperature range between 323.15 and 353.15K, and the catalyst loading between 0.01 g/cc to0.05 g/cc. The effects of temperature, catalyst loading, size of the catalyst and agitation speed on the reaction rate were investigated. The experimental results have shown the negligible effect of mass transfer resistances on the reaction rate. A second order kinetic rate expression was used to correlate the experimental data. An activity based kinetic model was also developed for the esterification process, which was validated against experimental results. The activity based model is found advantageous as it involves only two reaction rate parameters which were determined based on the kinetic rate parameters of the concentration based model. The comparison of the model predictions with the experimental results for different temperature and catalyst loading conditions has shown the better suitability of the activity based kinetic model for the esterification process with Indion 180 catalyst.

scholarly journals A Theoretical Analysis on a Multi-Bed Pervaporation Membrane Reactor during Levulinic Acid Esterification Using the Computational Fluid Dynamic Method

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 635
Author(s):  
Milad Ghahremani ◽  
Kamran Ghasemzadeh ◽  
Elham Jalilnejad ◽  
Adolfo Iulianelli
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Membrane Reactor ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Water Removal ◽  
Feed Flow Rate ◽  
Pervaporation Membrane ◽  
Feed Molar Ratio

Pervaporation is a peculiar membrane separation process, which is considered for integration with a variety of reactions in promising new applications. Pervaporation membrane reactors have some specific uses in sustainable chemistry, such as the esterification processes. This theoretical study based on the computational fluid dynamics method aims to evaluate the performance of a multi-bed pervaporation membrane reactor (including poly (vinyl alcohol) membrane) to produce ethyl levulinate as a significant fuel additive, coming from the esterification of levulinic acid. For comparison, an equivalent multi-bed traditional reactor is also studied at the same operating conditions of the aforementioned pervaporation membrane reactor. A computational fluid dynamics model was developed and validated by experimental literature data. The effects of reaction temperature, catalyst loading, feed molar ratio, and feed flow rate on the reactor’s performance in terms of levulinic acid conversion and water removal were hence studied. The simulations indicated that the multi-bed pervaporation membrane reactor results to be the best solution over the multi-bed traditional reactor, presenting the best simulation results at 343 K, 2 bar, catalyst loading 8.6 g, feed flow rate 7 mm3/s, and feed molar ratio 3 with levulinic acid conversion equal to 95.3% and 91.1% water removal.

scholarly journals Kinetic Study of Catalytic Esterification of Butyric Acid and Ethanol over Amberlyst 15

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Singh ◽  
Raj kumar ◽  
Pravin Kumar Sachan
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Homogeneous Model ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Amberlyst 15 ◽  
Variation Of Parameters

The esterification reaction of butyric acid with ethanol has been studied in the presence of ion exchange resin (Amberlyst 15). Ethyl butyrate was obtained as the only product which is used in flavours and fragrances. Industrially speaking, it is also one of the cheapest chemicals, which only adds to its popularity. The influences of certain parameters such as temperature, catalyst loading, initial concentration of acid and alcohols, initial concentration of water, and molar ratio were studied. Conversions were found to increase with an increase in both molar ratio and temperature. The experiments were carried out in a batch reactor in the temperature range of 328.15–348.15 K. Variation of parameters on rate of reaction demonstrated that the reaction was intrinsically controlled. Experiment kinetic data were correlated by using pseudo-homogeneous model. The activation energy for the esterification of butyric acid with ethanol is found to be 30 k J/mol.

scholarly journals Esterification of Benzyl Alcohol with Acetic Acid over Mesoporous H-ZSM-5

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desy Tri Kusumaningtyas ◽  
Didik Prasetyoko ◽  
Suprapto Suprapto ◽  
Sugeng Triwahyono ◽  
Aishah Abdul Jalil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Benzyl Alcohol ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conversion ◽  
Optimum Reaction

In this study, the performance of mesoporous ZSM-5 has been studied on the esterification of acetic acid (AA) with benzyl alcohol (BA). The mesoporous ZSM-5 catalyst has been synthesized with the variation of aging time i.e. 6, 12, and 24 hours at the same temperature, 70 °C. The cation exchange of Na-ZSM-5 to H-ZSM-5 was performed before the catalytic activity test. The acidity type and amount of solids were determined by FT-IR spectroscopy using pyridine as a probe molecule. The characterization by pyridine adsorption showed that at a higher mesoporous surface area, the number of Lewis acid was increased. The highest mesoporous surface area, Lewis, and Brönsted acid sites were obtained by sample which has the lowest crystallinity, i.e. 255.78 m2/g, 0.2732 mmol/g, and 0.20612 mmol/g, respectively. Influence of mesoporous volume was studied on the catalytic activity of the mesoporous ZSM-5 in the esterification reaction. Conversion of acetic acid in the esterification reaction for samples of    HZ-6, HZ-12, and HZ-24 were obtained by titration methods, i.e. 39.59, 36.39, and 32.90 %, respectively. Hence, the reaction temperature of 393 K, molar ratio 1:4 (AA:BA) and catalyst loading 5 % were selected as an optimum reaction parameters. Copyright © 2017 BCREC Group. All rights reservedReceived: 21st November 2016; Revised: 1st February 2017; Accepted: 18th February 2017How to Cite: Kusumaningtyas, D.T., Prasetyoko, D., Suprapto, Triwahyono, S., Jalil, A.A., Rosidah, A. (2017). Esterification of Benzyl Alcohol with Acetic Acid over Mesoporous H-ZSM-5. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 12 (2): 243-250 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.12.2.806.243-250)Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.12.2.806.243-250 

scholarly journals Catalytic Synthesis of Levulinate Esters over Zirconia and its Modified Forms Coated on Honeycomb Monoliths: Green Synthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 1993-1999
Author(s):  
Reena Saritha Serrao ◽  
S.Z. Mohamed Shamshuddin ◽  
Joyce D'souza
Keyword(s):  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Catalytic Materials ◽  
Ethyl Levulinate ◽  
Catalytic Material ◽  
Reaction Performance ◽  
Modified Forms

A series of solid acid catalysts such as ZrO2, Mo(VI)/ZrO2 and W(VI)/ZrO2 have been coated on honeycomb monoliths as well as synthesized in the powder forms and used as catalytic materials for synthesis of ethyl levulinate from levulinic acid and ethanol. These solid acids were characterized by BET, NH3-TPD/n-butyl amine back titration, FTIR, PXRD and SEM techniques. Effects of various reaction parameters towards the reaction performance were studied. The performance of the catalyst was tested based on nature of the catalyst (honeycomb coated or powder form), reaction time (1 to 5 h), molar ratio (1:1 to 1:12 levulinic acid to ethanol) and reusability of the catalytic material. An excellent yield (86-88 %) of ethyl levulinate was obtained under optimized conditions. An attempt is made to correlate the activity of the catalysts in this esterification reaction with their surface characteristics. The honeycomb monoliths coated with zirconia and its modified forms were found to be ecofriendly, cost-effective and reusable catalytic materials compared to their powder forms.

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