Analyzing the Relationship between Cohort and Case-Control Study Results Based on Model for Multiple Pathogenic Factors

Objective. Although the relative risk from a prospective cohort study is numerically approximate to the odds ratio from a case-control study for a low-probability event, a definite relationship between case-control and cohort studies cannot be confirmed. In this study, we established a different model to determine the relationship between case-control and cohort studies. Methods. Two analysis models (the cross-sectional model and multiple pathogenic factor model) were established. Incidences in both the exposure group and the nonexposure group in a cohort study were compared with the frequency of the observed factor in each group (diseased and nondiseased) in a case-control study. Results. The relationship between the results of a case-control study and a cohort study is as follows: Pe=Pd∗m/Pc∗1−m+Pd∗m; Pn=m∗1−Pd/1−Pc∗1−m−Pd∗m, where Pe and Pn represent the incidence in the exposed group and nonexposed group, respectively, from the cohort study, while Pd and Pc represent the observed frequencies in the disease group and the control group, respectively, for the case-control study; finally, m represents the incidence in the total population. Conclusions. There is a definite relationship between the results of case-control and cohort studies assessing the same exposure. The outcomes of case-control studies can be translated into cohort study data.

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Quantitative Epidemiology

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1017/s0195941700003842 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 249-255

Author(s):

Jonathan Freeman

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Cohort Studies ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Case Control ◽

Case Control Studies ◽

Hospital Epidemiology ◽

Quantitative Epidemiology ◽

Control Study

AbstractWe provide guidance for new practitioners in the vocabulary of modern epidemiology and the application of quantitative methods. Most hospital epidemiology involves surveillance (observational) data that were not part of a planned experiment, so the rubric and logic of controlled experimental studies cannot be applied. Forms of incidence and prevalence often are confused. The names “cohort study” and “case-control study” are unfortunate, as cohort studies rarely involve cohorts and case-control studies allow no active control by the investigator. Either type of study can be prospective or retrospective. Results of studies with discrete outcomes (infected or not, lived or died) often are represented best by a form of the risk ratio with 95% confidence intervals. The potential distorting effects of selection bias, misclassification, and confounding need to be considered.

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Case-Control Studies

Epidemiology by Design ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190665760.003.0008 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 169-186

Author(s):

Daniel Westreich

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Case Control Studies ◽

Observational Cohort ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Control Study

In contrast to an observational cohort study in which participants are identified, exposures are measured, and then outcomes status is measured after follow-up, a case-control study is an observational study in which researchers sample participants based on their outcome status, often only after all outcomes have already occurred. This chapter echoes the structure of the previous two chapters in the discussion of case-control studies. In this chapter, the author’s focus is on understanding the relationship between cohort studies and case-control studies and on how the interpretation of the odds ratio estimated from the case-control study depends on the relationship of the case-control study to a cohort study.

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Toxoplasma gondii Infection by Serological and Molecular Methods in Schizophrenia Patients with and without Suicide Attempts: An Age-Sex-Matched Case-Control Study

10.22541/au.161372589.90819192/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Özer Akgül ◽

Ömer Faruk Demirel ◽

Cana Poyraz Aksoy ◽

Ezgi Tanrıöver Aydın ◽

Nuray Uysal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Control Study ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Results ◽

Healthy Control ◽

History Of ◽

Matched Case ◽

Toxoplasma Gondii Infection ◽

Control Study

Introduction: The opinion that latent T. gondii infection is having a broadly asymptomatic projection has now been interrogated, in specific due to the echoed association between the latent infection and an elevated incidence of schizophrenia or even suicide attempts. Notwithstanding conducted studies aimed to understand this feasible link are restricted. Methods: In the present case-control study, we focused to illuminate the relationship between the serological and molecular presence of T. gondii and schizophrenia with or without the suicide attempts by comparing it with healthy individuals. A total of 237 participants (117 in schizophrenia; 120 in healthy control) were included in this study. Results: Overall, latent T. gondii infections were found statistically higher in 63 (53.8%) of the 117 patients with schizophrenia and in 33 (27.5%) of the 120 controls (p < 0.001). In schizophrenia patients, seroprevalence T. gondii was again found to be statistically higher in suicide attempters (59.6%), compared to no history of suicide attempts (48.3%) (p < 0.05). The molecular positivity rate of T. gondii DNA was higher in the schizophrenia group, compared to the healthy control group (p < 0.05), whereas the history of suicide attempts was not statistically associated (p = 0.831) with T. gondii DNA positivity by PCR. Conclusion: This case-control study enlightens additional demonstration to the belief that T. gondii infection would be an underlying component for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Regardless of the clarity results of this study, this supposition warrants further endorsement.

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Determining the incidence and risk factors of congenital hypothyroidism based on the specifications of infants in Shadegan city in the period of 2006-2014: a case-control study

10.53350/pjmhs211551641 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 1641-1646

Author(s):

Ehsan Keshavarzian ◽

Yousef Khalifpour ◽

Narges Biranvand

Keyword(s):

Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Case Control ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Consanguineous Marriage ◽

Control Group ◽

Khuzestan Province ◽

The Relationship ◽

Control Study

Introduction: Congenital Hypothyroidism (CHT) is a condition in which the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is equal to or more than 10 MU/L and the thyroxine hormone (T4) is less than 6.5 M/L. CHT is one of the most important preventable causes of mental retardation in infants. The present study aimed to determine the incidence of CHT and the associated factors. Method: At first, a descriptive research was done to examine the incidence of CHT in the period of 2006-2014 in Shadegan city, Khuzestan province. Then, a case-reference and a case-control study was done to investigate the relationship between CHT and demographic characteristics, environmental factors and medical factors. The cases in this study were neonates with CHT (transient and permanent). The results showed that the venous TSH score for these neonates was equal to or higher than 10 MU/L and their T4 level was lower than 6.5 MU/L. The subjects in the control group were infants that did not suffer from CHT whose venous TSH and T4 scores were lower than 10 MU/L and higher than 6.5 MU/L, respectively. The relationship between the aforementioned factors with the illness was determined using multiple logistic regression statistical model. The SPSS 18 software was used to analyze the findings of this research. Findings: In this study, the incidences of neonatal CHT in Shadegan were 17, 21.5 and 12.59 per thousand newborn infants in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively. Conclusion: The parents' record of consanguineous marriage increases the likelihood of developing CHT; therefore, couples that wish to marry have to be educated and made aware in marriage counseling centers, both in the field of consanguineous marriage and CHT. Keywords: incidence, screening, transient, permanent, congenital hypothyroidism

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Case–control studies

10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0029 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 75-84

Author(s):

Noel S. Weiss

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Case Control Studies ◽

Population At Risk ◽

Control Study

Case–control studies compare ill or injured individuals (cases) with those at risk of the illness or injury (controls) with regard to prior exposures or characteristics, and so appear to proceed backwards, from consequence to potential cause. They have the potential to identify associations that are not causal, either because of chance, or because of the influence of some other factor associated with both the exposure and outcome. However, if a case–control study is able to enrol cases and controls from the same underlying population at risk of the outcome, and can measure exposure status of these persons in a valid manner, the results obtained will closely resemble those of a properly performed cohort study.

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Genetic analysis of DNA methylation in dyslipidemia: a case-control study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-113737/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yi-Tong Ma ◽

Shuai Liu ◽

Yang Li ◽

Xian Wei ◽

Dilare Adi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dna Methylation ◽

Methylation Level ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Cpg Sites ◽

Heart Center ◽

Medical University ◽

The Relationship ◽

Control Study

Abstract In our previous study, we explored the relationship between TBL2 gene DNA methylation and high-low-density lipoproteinemia (Hyper-LDL). However, Hyper-LDL is only one type of dyslipidemia. In order to expand the scope of clinical application, we explored the correlation between DNA methylation of genes related to lipid metabolism and dyslipidemia in this study. This study is a case-control study. A total of 180 samples were included in this study from the Heart Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. The BSAS method was used to detect the DNA methylation levels and haplotypes of AMFR, FBXW7, INSIG1, INSIG2, MBTPS1 and GRINA genes. A total of 259 CpG sites and 14 regions were detected. The study found that a total of 24 CpG sites DNA methylation and 20 haplotypes were statistically different. The GRINA gene DNA methylation level in the dyslipidemia group was higher than that in the control group (2.68 vs 2.36, p = 0.04). ttttttttttttcttttttttttt is significant methylation haplotype of GRINA (p=0.017). Through logistics analysis, it is found that GRINA gene DNA methylation is an independent risk factor for dyslipidemia, and the increase of GRINA gene DNA methylation level will increase the prevalence of dyslipidemia.

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The Relationship between Stress and Severe Obesity: A Case-Control Study

Biomedicine Hub ◽

10.1159/000458771 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marja Koski ◽

Hannu Naukkarinen

Keyword(s):

Severe Obesity ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Valuable Insight ◽

Control Subjects ◽

The Relationship ◽

Control Study

Background: Several etiological factors for obesity have been identified, whereas other factors related to obesity, such as stress, remain poorly understood. This study used psychiatric methods to examine the relationship between stress and obesity. Methods: Matched study and control groups were established, and the female and male control subjects were selected separately by random sampling. The control subjects were matched with the case subjects with respect to place of residence, sex, age, date that a pension was granted, and occupation. Psychiatric and psychological methods were assessed using a questionnaire and statistical analyses. Results: Psychiatric interviews indicated that stress was more prevalent in the study group than in the control group. Separation from parents was nearly significantly more frequently in the study group than in the control group. The questionnaire on coping mechanisms revealed that case subjects tended to resolve their problems in an active manner. Conclusions: The aim of this case-control study was to examine the relationship between stress and obesity in individuals receiving a disability pension. We identified stress factors that affect the development of obesity. We believe our study is both necessary and important, as these findings provide valuable insight into the relationship between severe obesity and stress.

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Correlation of FGFR2 rs2981582 polymorphisms with susceptibility to breast cancer: a case-control study in a Chinese population

Journal of International Medical Research ◽

10.1177/0300060519869058 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (10) ◽

pp. 4753-4763

Author(s):

Jin Shu ◽

Xuelian Hui ◽

Xin Zheng ◽

Juan Zhao ◽

Zhaochen Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Estrogen Receptor Status ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Case Control ◽

Plasma Dna ◽

Study Results ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Relationship ◽

Control Study

Objective Breast cancer (BC) is a common malignancy among women worldwide. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) rs2981582 is reported to play a vital role in BC development. However, the relationship between them remains unclear. Methods Ninety-five patients and 140 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Plasma DNA was genotyped by the MassARRAY method. A meta-analysis was conducted to clarify the effect of FGFR2 polymorphism on BC risk. Results Our case-control study results revealed a significant difference in CC, TC, and TT genotypes between patients and controls. Logistic regression analysis showed that TT and TC genotype and the dominant mode were significantly correlated with BC development [odds ratio (OR) = 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.050–2.27; OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.24–2.73; OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.25–5.31, respectively], even after adjusting for age, body weight, drinking, smoking, and estrogen receptor status. A meta-analysis of 15 studies showed significant differences among the dominant, recessive, heterozygote, and homozygote models between patients and controls. Conclusions Our results showed an association of FGFR2 rs2981582 polymorphism with BC in an Asian population. However, a more comprehensive study of the relationship between the polymorphism and BC is still needed.

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Association of Genetic Polymorphisms in TNFRSF11 with the Progression of Genetic Susceptibility to Gastric Cancer

Journal of Oncology ◽

10.1155/2020/4103264 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Yu Fan ◽

Xuyu Gu ◽

Huiwen Pan ◽

Zhe Dai ◽

Chen Zou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Cancer ◽

Frequency Distribution ◽

Tumor Size ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship ◽

Control Study

Objective. To investigate the relationship between polymorphism of TNFRSF11 gene rs9533156 and rs2277438 and susceptibility to gastric cancer. Methods. A case-control study was conducted to select 577 cases of primary gastric cancer and 678 cases of normal control. We extracted whole blood genomic DNA and amplified the target gene fragment by PCR. The genotyping and allele were tested through the snapshot method. Results. In this case-control study, we observed that there was a difference in the genotype distribution of TNFRSF11 gene rs9533156 between the case group and the control group. The frequency distribution of TC heterozygous mutation in the case group was higher than that in the control group. The smoking rate in the case group (34.49%) was higher than that in the control group (27.29%), and the difference in frequency distribution between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.006). Our findings suggest that TNFRSF11 rs9533156 is associated with susceptibility to GC, which is more evident among elderly patients (>62 years), nonsmokers, and patients who do not consume alcohol. The analysis of the relationship between the TNFSF11 gene rs9533156 site variant and clinical factors of gastric cancer showed that, compared with the tumor size <2 cm group, patients with tumor size ≥2 cm and whom carrying rs9533156 site mutations had a higher frequency distribution, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.022). Compared with the nonhyperglycemic group, the frequency distribution of patients with rs9533156 site mutations in the diabetes group was higher, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion. This study shows that there is a correlation between smoking and the occurrence of gastric cancer. Based on our research, the functional SNP TNFRSF11 TC genotype may be an indicator of individual susceptibility to GC. The mutation at rs9533156 may be related to the size of gastric cancer. The mutation rate of rs9533156 of TNFSF11 gene is higher in diabetic gastric cancer patients.

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The association of food consumption and nutrient intake‎ with endometriosis risk in Iranian women: A case-control study

International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine ◽

10.18502/ijrm.v17i9.5102 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Samaneh Youseflu ◽

Shahideh Jahanian Sadatmahalleh ◽

Azadeh Mottaghi ◽

Anoshirvan Kazemnejad

Keyword(s):

Food Consumption ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Group ◽

And Control ◽

Fried Potatoes ◽

The Relationship ◽

Control Study

Background: Endometriosis, defined as the attendance of endometrial-like lesions in extra uterine locations, causes pain, infertility, and reduced quality of life. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between food consumption and nutrient intake with risk of endometriosis. Materials and Methods: Of the 156 women approached for the study, 78 women had endometriosis and 78 healthy women were included in the control group. Dietary data were collected using a validated 147-item semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) with the standard serving size. A logistic regression model was used to determine the association of macronutrients and energy intake with the risk of endometriosis. Results: In women with higher intake of protein, especially animal protein, monounsaturated fatty acids, soluble and insoluble fiber, oleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid endometriosis is less common (p < 0.05). High consumption of vegetables, fruits, red meat, yellow vegetables, potatoes, legumes, dairy products, liquid oil, and low intake of fried potatoes was associated with a lower risk of endometriosis (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the association of dietary intake on endometriosis risk, counseling about improving the dietary structure can contribute toward the prevention and control of endometriosis. Key words: Endometriosis, Macronutrient, Diet, Case-control study.

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