scholarly journals Contamination Potentials of Household Water Handling and Storage Practices in Kirundo Subcounty, Kisoro District, Uganda

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Agensi ◽  
Julius Tibyangye ◽  
Andrew Tamale ◽  
Ezera Agwu ◽  
Christine Amongi
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Water Handling ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Storage

Introduction. Waterborne diseases constitute a major public health burden in developing and underdeveloped countries. Consumption of contaminated water causes health risk to the public, and the situation is alarming in rural areas. The objective of this study was to assess the contamination potentials of different house water handling and storage practices in the Kirundo subcounty, Kisoro District, Uganda. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional and descriptive study in which 344 water samples were collected randomly and analysed for bacteriological contamination, total coliforms (TCs) and Escherichia coli per 100 ml, using the Most Probable Number (MPN) technique and reported in terms of CFU/100 ml. Results. The 43.2% samples from unprotected water sources had total coliforms and 34.1% had Escherichia coli. In analysed household drinking water, 25% had total coliforms and 8.7% had Escherichia coli. Most drinking water sources were found to have coliform counts above the recommended national and international guidelines. There was a statistically significant difference among water sources with respect to total coliforms and Escherichia coli (p<0.05). Conclusion. The overall results indicated that there is a strong linkage between microbiological water quality and water source sanitation; hence, the protected water source was safer than unprotected water sources. For the unprotected water sources, protection strategies as well as monitoring are recommended for this community.

Evaluation of Colilert-18® as an alternative method for monitoring total coliforms and Escherichia coli in some faecally polluted river waters

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 604-611
Author(s):  
Amanda S. Brand ◽  
Jo M. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
True Value ◽  
Significant Difference

The increase in numbers and contamination levels of faecally polluted water has resulted in shifts worldwide towards methods which enumerate faecal indicator bacteria faster. Rapid methods enable more timely remedial and preventative actions which protect the health of water users. However, especially in the developing world, straightforward methods are also preferred as they reduce the requirement for highly qualified analysts. This study investigates the feasibility of using the rapid, semi-automated enzyme substrate test Colilert-18® instead of multiple-tube fermentation (MTF) in total coliform and Escherichia coli enumeration for South African river water, as one example of a surface water source carrying considerable faecal pollution, which needs monitoring. Spearman rank correlation coefficients (ρ) of 0.83 and 0.86 were obtained for total coliforms and E. coli respectively, indicating Colilert-18® performed acceptably in the pollution ranges encountered. A Bland–Altman plot further revealed that Colilert-18® showed no significant difference (p &gt; 0.05) from MTF values below 100,000 E. coli most probable number/100 mL (estimated true value). Above this level Colilert-18® was found to progressively underestimate E. coli. This inadequacy of Colilert-18® was considered acceptable from a health risk assessment viewpoint as such high counts should have sounded the alarm for preventative and corrective action irrespective of method inaccuracy.

scholarly journals Drinking Water and Diarrheal Characteristic Cases in Darbendikhan City

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabah Shareef Mohammed ◽  
Yadgar Hussien Hama-karim ◽  
Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Pipe System ◽  
Software Application ◽  
Drinking Water Sources

Water pollution in Iraq has been extended disaster edge; this pollution is caused by wastes and sewages into soil and rivers, pollutant water sources influence the outbreak and serious epidemic status among the population.. The aim of this study is to determine the bacteriological quality of drinking water sources and characteristics of water-borne diseases especially diarrheal cases in Darbandikhan city. 166 water samples, collected from the different sources and areas, were tested for the presences of coliform bacteria as an indicator for pathogen contamination. Most probable number index was used for coliform enumeration. 161 diarrheal cases were taken as a sample from the patients were admitted to the general hospital in Darbandikhan district.. The questionnaire form was planned to view characteristics of diarrheal cases and patients were interviewed directly, the data was analyzed by STATA software application. 46% of the diarrheal cases used tap water for drinking. On the other hand, the reminder (54%) used other sources for the same purpose. All the risk factor such as type of water source, sufficiency of the water, duration of water storage and chlorination were associated with diarrhea. Almost half of the cases were children and three quarters were single. The data was analyzed by STATA version 13.1.This study indicated that the majority of drinking water sources in Darbandikhan city are not suitable for drinking, although net pipe system supplied chlorine significantly it has been proven that the tap water from the homes is not suitable for consumption.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli contamination of groundwater in Metro City, Lampung

2021 ◽  
Vol 277 ◽  
pp. 04001
Author(s):  
Qanza Nurul Jannah ◽  
Gita Lestari Putri
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Who Standards ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Very High

Groundwater sources are widely used to supply water for drinking and other domestic purposes in Metro City, Indonesia. The presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an indicator of fecal contamination in the water source. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the level of E. coli contamination in groundwater at Metro City. The analysis was conducted on 253 households in 5 sub-districts using groundwater samples from different types of wells such as boreholes, protected wells, and unprotected wells. The E. coli concentrations were determined using the Colilert-18 method with IDEXX Quanti-Tray 2000 and the results showed the highest levels of contamination were in unprotected wells. E. coli was detected in 71% of water sources with 36% classified as very high risk or above 100 MPN (Most Probable Number)/100ml based on WHO standards. The findings, showed that the protection of water sources has the ability to reduce the risk of contamination.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Escherichia coli pollution in drinking water and water sources in Sistan, Iran

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-392
Author(s):  
Kambiz Nazemi ◽  
Saeed Salari ◽  
Majid Alipour Eskandani
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
The West ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Running Water ◽  
E Coli ◽  
West Part

Abstract Water should be free of dangerous agents and able to provide the nutritional needs of humans and animals. Adequate and reliable water supply is essential for healthy animal production. This study was carried out in Sistan region, Sistan and Baluchistan State, Iran, to evaluate the pollution rate of drinking water and water sources with fecal Escherichia coli via the most probable number (MPN) method. A total number of 100 water samples were collected and divided to drinking and non-potable water groups. The non-potable water was categorized according to flow type, irrigation usage, type of accessibility and geographic location. Mean number of MPN of fecal E. coli in non-potable and drinkable water were detected, 6.1 × 102 and 2.4 coliforms per 100 mL, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). Running water was more contaminated than still and pipe water in the study area (p &lt; 0.05). Significantly, the MPN of fecal coliforms, in non-potable water, collected from the east was higher than the west part of the study area (p &lt; 0.05). Among potable water, in the study area, the west part was remarkably more polluted with fecal E. coli than the east part of the study area (p &lt; 0.05). Results indicated the applicability of water for animal consumption and an alarming signal for human consumption and public health.

scholarly journals Analisis Escherichia coli dalam Air Minum Isi Ulang pada Depot Air Minum (DAM) di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kuta Alam Banda Aceh

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Aris Winandar ◽  
Riski Muhammad ◽  
Irmansyah Irmansyah
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Facility Maintenance ◽  
Banda Aceh

Based on preliminary survey results, from 24 refill drinking water depots in the working area of Kuta Alam Health Center in Banda Aceh City that have been examined using the relatively simple H2S method by the Kuta Alam Health Center in 2020 in the May period there was no E. coli found. But in the next period the researchers continued the examination of refill drinking water using a different method, the Most Probable Number (MPN). Changes in weather related to rainfall that have an impact on the flow and concentration of ground water are also some of the factors that allow contamination of raw water used by DAMIU in the work area of the Kuta Alam Health Center in Banda Aceh City. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of drinking water in DAM in the work area of the Kuta Alam Health Center in Banda Aceh. The population in this study were all refill drinking water depots in the working area of Kuta Alam Puskesmas in the city of Banda Aceh, totaling 22 DAMIU. The sample in this study was 50% of the total refill drinking water depots in the work area of the Kuta Alam Health Center in Banda Aceh city of 11 DAMIU. Refillable drinking water that contains positive Escherichia coli from 11 samples studied there are 4 samples that are equal to 36%, and negative ones containing Escherichia coli are as many as 7 samples that are equal to 64%.Keyword: Raw water source, facility maintenance, Eschericia coli in drinking water

scholarly journals Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Drin Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Drink from Different Food Premises in Kota Samarahan Sarawak

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. a13-19
Author(s):  
ELEXSON NILLIAN ◽  
AMIZA NUR ◽  
DIYANA NUR ◽  
AMIRAH ZAKIRAH ◽  
GRACE BEBEY
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Stx1 Gene

Contamination of drinks with E. coli O157:H7 served in food premises such as restaurants can cause haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uremic syndrome to humans. The presence or absence of faecal pathogen was demonstrated using coliform group as indicator microorganisms. Therefore, this study was conducted to detect the presence of E. coli O157:H7 in drinking water from food restaurant premise in Kota Samarahan and Kuching to ensure safe and potable drinking water is served to the consumer. A total of thirty (n=30) drink samples including six types of each of the samples are cold plain water, iced tea, iced milo, syrup and iced milk tea. Most Probable Number (MPN) procedure was used in this study to enumerate the MPN values of coliform bacteria in each drink collected. A total of 53.33% (16/30) of the drink samples showed positive E. coli detection. Then, the PCR assay showed 6.25% (one out of 16 isolates) samples were positive and carried stx1 gene produced by E. coli O157:H7 in iced milo sample types. This study showed the drinks collected from food premises was contaminated with faecal contamination, which was not safe to drink by the consumer. Therefore, preventive actions should be taken to prevent foodborne illness outbreak in future

scholarly journals Is Drinking Water Sources Safe for Drink? A Multicenter Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water Sources in Tigray Region, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goyitom Gebremedhn ◽  
Abera Aregawi Berhe ◽  
Abraham Aregay Desta ◽  
Lemlem Legesse
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Tigray Region ◽  
Drinking Water Sources

Abstract Background Fecal contamination of drinking water sources is the main cause of diarrhea with estimated incidence of 4.6 billion episodes and 2.2 million deaths every year. Methods A total of 145 water samples of different source type were collected from different areas in Tigray region from August 2018 to January 2019. The water samples from each site were selected purposively which involved sampling of water sources with the highest number of users and functionality status during the study period. Most Probable Number (MPN) protocol was used for the bacteriological analysis of the samples. Results A total of 145 water samples were collected from six zones in Tigray region, Ethiopia from August 2018 to January 2019. The study indicated that 63(43.5%) of the water samples were detected to have fecal coliform which is E.coli. In Mekelle city, which is the capital city of Tigray region, three in five 34(60.7%) of the collected samples were confirmed to have fecal coliform. Water samples from health facilities were 9.48 times [AOR=9.48, 95%CI: (1.59, 56.18)] more likely to have fecal coliform. Water samples from wells were 10.23 times [AOR=10.23, 95%CI: (2.74, 38.26)] more likely to have fecal coliform than water samples from Tap/Pipe. Similarly, water samples from hand pumps were 22.28 times [AOR=22.28, 95%CI: (1.26, 393.7)] more likely to have fecal coliform than water samples from Tap/Pipe. Water samples reported to be not chlorinated were 3.51 times [AOR=3.51, 95%CI: (1.35, 9.13)] more likely to have fecal coliform than water samples from chlorinated sources. Conclusion In this study all water source, including the chlorinated drinking water sources, were found highly contaminated with fecal origin bacteria. This may be mainly due to constructional defects, poor sanitation inspection, poor maintenance, intermittent water supply and irregular chlorination.

scholarly journals Assessment of Watercare Efficacy on Treatment of Water for Human Consumption in Makurdi Metropolis Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
E M Mbaawuaga ◽  
W C Agber ◽  
M W Kar
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Significant Difference

Assessment of the efficacy of Water-Care in the treatment of water to safe health level was carried out on water samples from different water sources within six populated communities of Makurdi Metropolis. Thirty six (36) water samples were collected and treated with WaterCare based on the product manufacturer’s instructions. Treated water stored for 30 minutes and 24 hours were tested for coliforms using Multiple Tube Fermentation technique. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used with the Tukey Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) for multiple comparisons of the data variables. Most probable Number (MPN) of coliforms /100mL of sampled water ranged from 43 to >1,100cfu/100ml. Mean MPN of treated water for30 minutes and 24 hours interval was 37.7±33.0cfu/100ml and 16.17±14.8cfu/100ml respectively. Improved/deep sources such as boreholes show 3cfu/100ml and 0cfu/100ml respectively for 30 minutes and 24 hours treatment while unimproved/shallow sources such as wells show ≤120 cfu/100ml and ≤53 cfu/100ml respectively for 30 minutes and 24 hour interval. A significant difference between treated samples and the untreated was observed (F = 6.321, P = 0.005). Tukey multiple comparison test revealed that MPN index/100ml in the water samples was significantly lower (P =0.015, P =0.009) after treating for 30 minutes and 24 hour time interval respectively as compared to untreated water. But there was no significant difference between the 30 minute and 24 hour time interval (P =0.970). The study found that, drinking water sources in Makurdi Township were heavily contaminated, and that 30 minutes and 24 hours’ time interval was not a sufficient time for total elimination of bacteria contaminants after treatment with WaterCare. Future research should ascertain the actual treatment time for inactivation of all bacteria in water treated with WaterCare.

Recovery of Escherichia coli Biotype I and Enterococcus spp. during Refrigerated Storage of Beef Carcasses Inoculated with a Fecal Slurry

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 944-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. CALICIOGLU ◽  
D. R. BUEGE ◽  
S. C. INGHAM ◽  
J. B. LUCHANSKY
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
Appreciable Reduction

Three beef front quarters/carcasses were inoculated with a slurry of cattle manure. During storage at 4°C, two sponge samples from each of three sites (i.e., 100 cm2 from each of two fat surfaces and 100 cm2 from a lean surface) were taken from each of the three carcasses on days 0, 1, 3, 7, and 10 after inoculation. The initial numbers of Escherichia coli averaged 2.0 log10 CFU/cm2 (1.21 to 2.47 log10 CFU/cm2) using the Petrifilm method and 2.09 log10 most probable number (MPN)/cm2 (0.88 to 2.96 log10 MPN/cm2) using the MPN method. The initial numbers of enterococci averaged 3.34 log10 CFU/cm2 (3.07 to 3.79 log10 CFU/cm2) using kanamycin esculin azide agar. In general, an appreciable reduction in the numbers of E. coli occurred during the first 24 h of storage; for the Petrifilm method an average reduction of 1.37 log10 CFU/cm2 (0.69 to 1.71 log10 CFU/cm2) was observed, and for the MPN method an average reduction of 1.52 log10 MPN/cm2 (0.47 to 2.08 log10 MPN/cm2) was observed. E. coli were not detected (&lt;−0.12 log10 CFU/cm2) using Petrifilm on day 7 of the storage period on two (initial counts of 1.21 and 2.29 log10 CFU/cm2) of the three carcasses. However, viable E. coli cells were recovered from these two carcasses after a 24-h enrichment at 37°C in EC broth. Viable E. coli cells were detected at levels of −0.10 log10 CFU/cm2 on the third carcass (initial count of 2.47 log10 CFU/cm2) after 7 days at 4°C. No significant difference in recovery of viable cells was observed between the MPN and Petrifilm methods on days 0, 1, and 3 (P &gt; 0.05). However, viable E. coli cells were recovered from all three carcasses by the MPN method on day 7 at an average of −0.29 log10 MPN/cm2 (−0.6 to −0.1 log10 MPN/cm2). On day 10, viable cells were recovered by the MPN method from two of the three carcasses at −0.63 and −0.48 log10 MPN/cm2 but were not recovered from the remaining carcass (&lt;−0.8 log10 MPN/cm2). Similar to E. coli, the greatest reduction (average of 1.26 log10 CFU/cm2, range = 1.06 to 1.45 log10 CFU/cm2) in the numbers of enterococci occurred during the first 24 h of storage. Because of higher initial numbers and a slightly slower rate of decrease, the numbers of Enterococcus spp. were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.017) than the numbers of E. coli Biotype I after 3, 7, and 10 days of storage. These results suggest that enterococci may be useful as an indicator of fecal contamination of beef carcasses.

Dry Rehydratable Film for Enumeration of Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli in Foods: Collaborative Study

1991 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S Curiale ◽  
Therese Sons ◽  
Dawn Mclver ◽  
J Sue McAllister ◽  
Barbara Halsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Repeatability And Reproducibility ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Dry Film

Abstract Rehydratable dry-film plating methods for total coliforms and Escherichia coll In foods have been compared to the AOAC most probable number methods. Fourteen laboratories participated In the collaborative study. Three coliform and £. coll levels In 6 samples of 4 product types (flour, nuts, cheese, and beef with gravy) and in 3 samples of 2 product types (mushrooms and raw turkey) were tested In duplicate by the participants. The mean log counts for the 3 methods were comparable. In general, the repeatability and reproducibility variances of the plating methods were as good as or better than that of the MPN method. The method has been adopted official first action by AOAC.

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