scholarly journals Evaluation of Elemental and Chemical Compositions of Some Fuelwood Species for Energy Value

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
A. M. Dadile ◽  
O. A. Sotannde ◽  
B. D. Zira ◽  
M. Garba ◽  
I. Yakubu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Extractive Content ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Fuelwood species are a crucial part of the ecosystem; they provide energy for cooking, heating, and lightening for both domestic and industrial uses. As a result of their value, there is a need for frequent evaluation of elemental and chemical compositions for management and conservation purposes. Since fuelwood is the most common and cheapest source of energy in both rural and urban areas in northern Nigeria, the study area is facing serious challenges due to indiscriminate felling of trees for energy use, irrespective of species quality for combustion. Therefore, ten fuelwood species were selected for this study. The selected trees were harvested at Dbh level, replicated three times. Four fuel materials were obtained from each tree sample; these include wood without bark (100% wood sample), wood with 5% bark inclusion, wood with 10% bark inclusion, and whole bark samples and they were evaluated for their inherent elemental and chemical compositions by employing ASTM and TAPPI methods. The results showed that there were significant differences in the tree species and fuel material types obtained from all the ten fuelwood species used. The results of carbon content ranges from 49.54% in A. sieberiana to 50.98% in A. leiocarpus. Meanwhile, the addition of 5% and 10% bark reduces carbon content of wood by 1.25% and 2.74%, respectively. Nitrogen content ranged from 0.31% in A. leiocarpus to 1.00% in A. sieberiana. Among the fuel materials used, isolated bark contained approximately 0.45% nitrogen content compared with wood without bark. Among the tree species, hydrogen content ranged from 3.99% in P. reticulatum to 4.66% in C. arereh. The variation in sulphur contents ranged from 0.24% in C. arereh to 0.93% in A. sieberiana. Lignin content ranged from 10.68% in A. sieberiana to 25.39% in A. leiocarpu and extractive content values ranged from 7.31% in A. leiocarpus to 19.33% in P. reticulatum. Meanwhile, the fuelwood species observed in this study with higher percentage of carbon, hydrogen, and lignin and lower nitrogen and sulphur and extractive content possessed quality fuel value and thereby were encouraged to be incorporated in fuelwood plantation establishment programs (A. leiocarpus, C. molle, C. arereh, and B. aegyptiaca). Lower energy fuelwood species should be allowed for environmental amelioration and carbon sequestration. However, bark contents should be removed for better heating and low ash production during combustion.

scholarly journals Urban Household Energy Use: Analyzing Correlates of Charcoal and Firewood Consumption in Kampala City, Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Abel Nzabona ◽  
Richard Tuyiragize ◽  
John Bosco Asiimwe ◽  
Christian Kakuba ◽  
Peter Kisaakye
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Kampala City ◽  
Household Heads

Charcoal and firewood contribute to greenhouse gas emissions in rural and urban areas. Although there is information about energy types used for cooking in Kampala urban environment, less is known about the correlates of charcoal and firewood consumption. This study investigated the predictors of charcoal and firewood use for cooking using the 2014 Uganda Census data set. Analysis was conducted on 41,250 households in Kampala City. Multinomial logistic regression model was fitted to predict charcoal and firewood use. Findings indicate that older household heads were more likely to use firewood than their younger counterparts. Charcoal and firewood were more likely to be used in households whose household heads were females, married and formerly married, and lived in dwelling units with two and more rooms. Conversely, chances of using charcoal and firewood decreased with the level of education, living in detached house and flat, and residing in shelter with cement screed or tile/concrete. The findings have several implications including long-term planning for improving formal education conditions, strengthening female empowerment, and upgrading dwelling conditions of the households in Kampala City.

Management of minor ailments in primary schoolchildren in rural and urban areas

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
J A Cantrill ◽  
B Johannesson ◽  
M Nicholson ◽  
P R Noyce
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren ◽  
Minor Ailments

Classroom Management

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Elida Kurti
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Management ◽  
General Education ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Intellectual Level

This paper aims to reflect an effort to identify the problems associated with the educational learning process, as well as its function to express some inherent considerations to the most effective forms of the classroom management. Mentioned in this discussion are ways of management for various categories of students, not only from an intellectual level, but also by their behavior. Also, in the elaboration of this theme I was considering that in addition to other development directions of the country, an important place is occupied by the education of the younger generation in our school environments and especially in adopting the methods of teaching and learning management with a view to enable this generation to be competitive in the European labor market. This, of course, can be achieved by giving this generation the best values of behavior, cultural level, professional level and ethics one of an European family which we belong to, not just geographically. On such foundations, we have tried to develop this study, always improving the reality of the prolonged transition in the field of children’s education. Likewise, we have considered the factors that have left their mark on the structure, cultural level and general education level of children, such as high demographic turnover associated with migration from rural and urban areas, in the capacity of our educational institutions to cope with new situations etc. In the conclusions of this study is shown that there is required a substantial reform even in the pro-university educational system to ensure a significant improvement in the behavior of children, relations between them and the sound quality of their preparation. Used literature for this purpose has not been lacking, due to the fact that such problems are usually treated by different scholars. Likewise, we found it appropriate to use the ideas and issues discussed by the foreign literature that deals directly with classroom management problems. All the following treatise is intended to reflect the way of an effective classroom management.

Literacy and Education: Fifth Release From the 1961 Census of Pakistan (Review Article)

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-442
Author(s):  
Jamila Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Interim Report ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Review Articles ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Age And Sex

This review of the Literacy and Education Bklletin1 of the 1961 Census is fourth in the series of review articles published in this journal2. The Bulletin under review forms a part of the interim report on the characteristics of the population of Pakistan. It gives information on the number of illiterate and literate persons by age and sex for rural and urban areas on division and district basis; illiterate and literate.population in selected cities and towns; and the educational levels attained by the literate population by age and sex for divisions and districts. Relevant statistical notes and statements precede the tables in the Bulletin. The objective of this review is to describe the meaningfulness and significance of literacy statistics. To this end, a distinction is made between formal and functional levels of literacy. Comparisons of the 1951 and 1961 census figures are undertaken to indicate the progress of literacy and education during the past decade with reference to the effect of intercensal rate of population growth on such progress. Certain questions regarding the reliability of data are raised, which emphasize the need for caution in the interpretation of literacy statistics.

MULTI - DIMENSIONAL ROLE OF A PHARMACIST IN HOSPITAL: A HEALTH CARE PROVIDER

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-7
Author(s):  
Singh S ◽  
Virmani T ◽  
Virmani R ◽  
Geeta . ◽  
Gupta J
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Drug Product ◽  
Hospital Pharmacist ◽  
Therapeutic Monitoring ◽  
Direct Patient Care ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

The objective of this study was to point out multi-dimensional role of a pharmacist with a special emphasis on the hospital pharmacist. Apharmacist is a person who is involved in designing, creating or manufacturing of a drug product, dispensing of a drug, managing and planning ofa pharmaceutical care. They are experts on the action and uses of drugs, including their chemistry, pharmacology and formulation. Theprofessional life of a hospital pharmacist might seem insignificant as compared to that of doctors, but actually they are highly trained healthprofessionals who plays important role in patient safety, patient compliance, therapeutic monitoring and even in direct patient care. With thepassage of time and advancements in health care services and pharmaceuticals, the role of a hospital pharmacist has become more diversified. Toa career, a hospital pharmacist must possess a diploma/degree in pharmacy from an accredited pharmacy college and must be registered with thestate pharmacy council of their respective region. In this study, we have assessed the behavior, communication skills, qualifications of thepharmacist, prescription handling ability and other factors to evaluate the diversified role of hospital pharmacist and their comparison withpharmacists practicing in rural and urban areas. Current surveys show that the pharmacists are not practicing as per the standard due to lack ofproper guidelines and watch over their practicing sense. The rules and guidelines prescribed by the Food and drug administration (FDA) andIndian pharmacopeia commission (IPC) were not followed by the pharmacist.

TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Runcan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

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