scholarly journals Optimized Cluster-Based Dynamic Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture Precision

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kashif Naseer Qureshi ◽  
Muhammad Umair Bashir ◽  
Jaime Lloret ◽  
Antonio Leon
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Gateway Node ◽  
Agriculture Sector

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are becoming one of the demanding platforms, where sensor nodes are sensing and monitoring the physical or environmental conditions and transmit the data to the base station via multihop routing. Agriculture sector also adopted these networks to promote innovations for environmental friendly farming methods, lower the management cost, and achieve scientific cultivation. Due to limited capabilities, the sensor nodes have suffered with energy issues and complex routing processes and lead to data transmission failure and delay in the sensor-based agriculture fields. Due to these limitations, the sensor nodes near the base station are always relaying on it and cause extra burden on base station or going into useless state. To address these issues, this study proposes a Gateway Clustering Energy-Efficient Centroid- (GCEEC-) based routing protocol where cluster head is selected from the centroid position and gateway nodes are selected from each cluster. Gateway node reduces the data load from cluster head nodes and forwards the data towards the base station. Simulation has performed to evaluate the proposed protocol with state-of-the-art protocols. The experimental results indicated the better performance of proposed protocol and provide more feasible WSN-based monitoring for temperature, humidity, and illumination in agriculture sector.

scholarly journals Energy Consumption Based Low Energy Aware Gateway (LEAG) Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5S3) ◽  
pp. 128-132 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Secure Routing ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Aware

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of a large amount of nodes connected in a self-directed manner. The most important problems in WSN are Energy, Routing, Security, etc., price of the sensor nodes and renovation of these networks is reasonable. The sensor node tools included a radio transceiver with an antenna and an energy source, usually a battery. WSN compute the environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, pollution levels, etc., WSN built the network with the help of nodes. A sensor community consists of many detection stations known as sensor nodes, every of which is small, light-weight and portable. Nodes are linked separately. Each node is linked into the sensors. In recent years WSN has grow to be an essential function in real world. The data’s are sent from end to end multiple nodes and gateways, the data’s are connected to other networks such as wireless Ethernet. MGEAR is the existing mechanism. It works with the routing and energy consumption. The principal problem of this work is choosing cluster head, and the selection is based on base station, so the manner is consumes energy. In this paper, develop the novel based hybrid protocol Low Energy Aware Gateway (LEAG). We used Zigbee techniques to reduce energy consumption and routing. Gateway is used to minimize the energy consumption and data is send to the base station. Nodes are used to transmit the data into the cluster head, it transmit the data into gateway and gateway compress and aggregate the data then sent to the base station. Simulation result shows our proposed mechanism consumes less energy, increased throughput, packet delivery ration and secure routing when compared to existing mechanism (MGEAR).

scholarly journals Energy Aware Heuristic approach for Cluster Head Selection in Wireless Sensor Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tamizharasi M. E. ◽  
J. Jasmine Selvathai M. E. ◽  
A. Kavi Priya ◽  
Maarlin R. ◽  
Harinetha M.
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Communication Devices

Wireless sensor networks idea is envisioned and defined as self-deployed, error prone, long living inexpensive communication devices that are densely deployed to collect data from physical space. Sensor nodes communicate with each other to detect events depending on the application, to collect and process data, and to transmit the sensed information to the base station by hopping the data from node to node. Major challenge in wireless network is energy consumption, since the sensor devices are deployed on unattended wide areas and replacing their batteries is not very feasible. Therefore, designing energy-aware algorithms becomes a major challenge for extending the lifetime of sensors. The lifetime of the network can be maximized by selecting the most optimal cluster head. In this paper, a heuristic decision making approach is proposed for producing energy-aware clusters with optimal selection of cluster head. This helps to improve the efficiency and accuracy and overcome the drawbacks like getting trapped at a local extreme in the optimization process.

An energy-efficient and novel populated cluster aware routing protocol (PCRP) for wireless sensor networks (WSN)

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 8529-8542
Author(s):  
M. Martinaa ◽  
B. Santhi ◽  
A. Raghunathan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Cluster Formation ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is created, stemming from their applications in distinct areas. Huge sensor nodes are deployed in geographically isolated regions in WSN. As a result of uninterrupted transmission, the energy level of the nodes gets rapidly depleted. Sensor node batteries cannot be replaced or recharged often and maintaining the energy level is a crucial issue. Thus energy efficiency is the significant factor to be consider in WSN. This paper focuses to implement an efficient clustering and routing protocols for maximized network lifetime. Clustering has been confirmed as a successful approach in network organization. The fundamental responsibilities of the clustering mechanism include improved energy efficiency and extended network lifespan. In this work, energy efficiency is improved to maximize lifespan of the WSN by proposing a novel method known as the Populated Cluster aware Routing Protocol (PCRP). The proposed method comprises three different steps: cluster formation, cluster head selection, and multi-hop data transmission. All sensor nodes are joined to a Cluster Head in a single hop in the cluster formation phase. Node distance is calculated and from which cluster head is selected. Then, cluster head aggregates the data from sensor nodes and transfer to the Base Station (BS). The shortest pathway is estimated by the Energy Route Request Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (ERRAODV) algorithm. The proposed method considers the residual energy involved to attain high energy efficiency and network stability. The experimental analysis is demonstrated to validate the proposed method with existing, which improves the network lifespan. Vital parameters are validated using Network Simulator (NS2).

scholarly journals An Enhanced Heterogeneous Gateway-Based Energy-Aware Multi-hop Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuseini Jibreel ◽  
Emmanuel Tuyishimire ◽  
I M Daabo
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Routing Scheme

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) continue to provide essential services for various applications such as surveillance, data gathering, and data transmission from the hazardous environments to safer destinations. This has been enhanced by the energy-efficient routing protocols that are mostly designed for such purposes. Gateway-based Energy-Aware Multi-hop Routing protocol (MGEAR) is one of the homogenous routing schemes that was recently designed to more efficiently reduce the energy consumption of distant nodes. However, it has been found that the protocol has a high energy consumption rate, lower stability period, less data transmission to the Base station (BS). In this paper, an enhanced Heterogeneous Gateway-based Energy-Aware multi-hop routing protocol ( HMGEAR) is proposed. The proposed routing scheme is based on the introduction of heterogeneous nodes in the existing scheme, selection of the head based on the residual energy, introduction of multi-hop communication strategy in all the regions of the network, and implementation of energy hole elimination technique. Results show that the proposed routing scheme outperforms two existing ones.

Novel Energy Aware Algorithm to Design Multilayer Architecture for Dense Wireless Sensor Networks

2016 ◽  
pp. 79-114
Author(s):  
Naveen Chilamkurti ◽  
Sohail Jabbar ◽  
Abid Ali Minhas
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Data Dissemination ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Unbalanced Load

Network layer functionalists are of core importance in the communication process and so the routing with energy aware trait is indispensable for improved network performance and increased network lifetime. Designing of protocol at this under discussion layer must consider the aforementioned factors especially for energy aware routing process. In wireless sensor networks there may be hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes communicating with each other and with the base station, which consumes more energy in exchanging data and information with the additive issues of unbalanced load and intolerable faults. Two main types of network architectures for sensed data dissemination from source to destination exist in the literature; Flat network architecture, clustered network architecture. In flat architecture based networks, uniformity can be seen since all the network nodes work in a same mode and generally do not have any distinguished role.

Novel Energy Aware Algorithm to Design Multilayer Architecture for Dense Wireless Sensor Networks

2020 ◽  
pp. 372-399
Author(s):  
Naveen Chilamkurti ◽  
Sohail Jabbar ◽  
Abid Ali Minhas
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Data Dissemination ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Unbalanced Load

Network layer functionalists are of core importance in the communication process and so the routing with energy aware trait is indispensable for improved network performance and increased network lifetime. Designing of protocol at this under discussion layer must consider the aforementioned factors especially for energy aware routing process. In wireless sensor networks there may be hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes communicating with each other and with the base station, which consumes more energy in exchanging data and information with the additive issues of unbalanced load and intolerable faults. Two main types of network architectures for sensed data dissemination from source to destination exist in the literature; Flat network architecture, clustered network architecture. In flat architecture based networks, uniformity can be seen since all the network nodes work in a same mode and generally do not have any distinguished role.

A Node Authentication Model in Wireless Sensor Networks With Locked Cluster Generation

2021 ◽  
pp. 236-250
Author(s):  
C. R. Bharathi ◽  
Alapati Naresh ◽  
Arepalli Peda Gopi ◽  
Lakshman Narayana Vejendla
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Cluster Formation ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Cluster Generation ◽  
Secure Network

In wireless sensor networks (WSN), the majority of the inquiries are issued at the base station. WSN applications frequently require collaboration among countless sensor nodes in a network. One precedent is to persistently screen a region and report occasions. A sensor node in a WSN is initially allocated with an energy level, and based on the tasks of that sensor node, energy will be reduced. In this chapter, two proposed methods for secure network cluster formation and authentication are discussed. When a network is established then all the nodes in it must register with cluster head and then authentication is performed. The selection of cluster head is done using a novel selection algorithm and for authenticating the nodes. Also, a novel algorithm for authentication is used in this chapter. The validation and authorization of nodes are carried over by managing the keys in WSN. The results have been analyzed using NS2 simulator with an aid of list of relevant parameters.

scholarly journals A PSO-Based Uneven Dynamic Clustering Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruan ◽  
Huang
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Dynamic Clustering ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing

Since wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are powered by energy-constrained batteries, many energy-efficient routing protocols have been proposed to extend the network lifetime. However, most of the protocols do not well balance the energy consumption of the WSNs. The hotspot problem caused by unbalanced energy consumption in the WSNs reduces the network lifetime. To solve the problem, this paper proposes a PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization)-based uneven dynamic clustering multi-hop routing protocol (PUDCRP). In the PUDCRP protocol, the distribution of the clusters will change dynamically when some nodes fail. The PSO algorithm is used to determine the area where the candidate CH (cluster head) nodes are located. The adaptive clustering method based on node distribution makes the cluster distribution more reasonable, which balances the energy consumption of the network more effectively. In order to improve the energy efficiency of multi-hop transmission between the BS (Base Station) and CH nodes, we also propose a connecting line aided route construction method to determine the most appropriate next hop. Compared with UCCGRA, multi-hop EEBCDA, EEMRP, CAMP, PSO-ECHS and PSO-SD, PUDCRP prolongs the network lifetime by between 7.36% and 74.21%. The protocol significantly balances the energy consumption of the network and has better scalability for various sizes of network.

Performance Analysis of Multi-Hop Routing Protocol With Optimized Grid-Based Clustering for Wireless Sensor Network

2020 ◽  
pp. 254-282
Author(s):  
Saloni Dhiman ◽  
Deepti Kakkar ◽  
Gurjot Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Grid Based

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of several sensor nodes (SNs) that are powered by battery, so their lifetime is limited, which ultimately affects the lifespan and hence performance of the overall networks. Till now many techniques have been developed to solve this problem of WSN. Clustering is among the effective technique used for increasing the network lifespan. In this chapter, analysis of multi-hop routing protocol based on grid clustering with different selection criteria is presented. For analysis, the network is divided into equal-sized grids where each grid corresponds to a cluster and is assigned with a grid head (GH) responsible for collecting data from each SN belonging to respective grid and transferring it to the base station (BS) using multi-hop routing. The performance of the network has been analyzed for different position of BS, different number of grids, and different number of SNs.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Unequal Chain Length Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Cities

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Baniata ◽  
Jiman Hong
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor

The recent advances in sensing and communication technologies such as wireless sensor networks (WSN) have enabled low-priced distributed monitoring systems that are the foundation of smart cities. These advances are also helping to monitor smart cities and making our living environments workable. However, sensor nodes are constrained in energy supply if they have no constant power supply. Moreover, communication links can be easily failed because of unequal node energy depletion. The energy constraints and link failures affect the performance and quality of the sensor network. Therefore, designing a routing protocol that minimizes energy consumption and maximizes the network lifetime should be considered in the design of the routing protocol for WSN. In this paper, we propose an Energy-Efficient Unequal Chain Length Clustering (EEUCLC) protocol which has a suboptimal multihop routing algorithm to reduce the burden on the cluster head and a probability-based cluster head selection algorithm to prolong the network lifetime. Simulation results show that the EEUCLC mechanism enhanced the energy balance and prolonged the network lifetime compared to other related protocols.

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