A Node Authentication Model in Wireless Sensor Networks With Locked Cluster Generation

In wireless sensor networks (WSN), the majority of the inquiries are issued at the base station. WSN applications frequently require collaboration among countless sensor nodes in a network. One precedent is to persistently screen a region and report occasions. A sensor node in a WSN is initially allocated with an energy level, and based on the tasks of that sensor node, energy will be reduced. In this chapter, two proposed methods for secure network cluster formation and authentication are discussed. When a network is established then all the nodes in it must register with cluster head and then authentication is performed. The selection of cluster head is done using a novel selection algorithm and for authenticating the nodes. Also, a novel algorithm for authentication is used in this chapter. The validation and authorization of nodes are carried over by managing the keys in WSN. The results have been analyzed using NS2 simulator with an aid of list of relevant parameters.

Network-on-Chip for Low Power MAP Decoder Using Folded Technique and CORDIC Algorithm for 5G Network

With different constraint length (K), time scale, and code rate, modified MAP (maximum a posteriori) decoder architecture using folding technique, which has a linear life time chart, is developed, and dedicated turbo codes will be placed in a network-on-chip for various wireless applications. Folded techniques mitigated the number of latches used in interleaving and deinterleaving unit by adopting forward and backward resource utilizing method to M-2, where M is the number of rows and end-to-end delay get reduced to 2M. By replacing conventional full adder by high speed adder using 2 x 1 multiplexer to calculate the forward state metrics and reverse state metrics will minimize the power consumption utilization in an effective manner. In s similar way, CORDIC (Coordinated ROtation DIgital Computer) algorithm is used to calculate the LLR value and confer a highly precise value with less computational complexity by means of only shifting and adding methods.

A Review of MIMO

MIMO is the technology that allows equipment to work with both polarizations at the same time, both horizontally and vertically, and the devices make this function as a download-only polarization and another upload-only polarization. Others still do not do either of these controls and connect using both biases at the same time, so the data transfer rate can double. MIMO is an integral part of modern wireless communications technologies, whether you're talking about 802.11ac or 4G LTE Wi-Fi network data. It arose from a need to increase the transmission capacity of an access point and is basically the access point's ability to receive and send simultaneous streams. This technology has a feature that the higher the speed and the more antennas the device has, the more data it can transfer at one time, meaning faster wireless download and upload speeds. This chapter examines the MIMO technology and developments over the recent past as well as the upcoming integration into new mobile technologies, approaching its success, categorizing, and synthesizing the potential of technology.

Improve Performance (QoS) in Wireless Sensor Networks Using TCP/IP Protocol

Unattended devices may provide high resolution information about sensed phenomena at the point where sensors are arranged together. There has been a great surge of interest in WSN in recent years, concentrating on developing the required hardware, software, and networking architectures to enable such applications. A broad variety of heterogeneous remote entities and the current IP-based internet should be merged into one ubiquitous network in the ideal 4G worldview to provide transparent consumer connectivity. As a relative of the remote network, the sensor network should be organized and all IP systems will not be able to manage this new development in this work, given the main difficulties in the auxiliary architecture of IP-based and sensor systems. TCP/IP has been the genuine conventional suite for the organization of wired networks. The easiest and most convenient way to deal with TCP/IP interface systems and sensor systems is to use TCP/IP.

Study on Pipelined Parallel Processing Architectures for Imaging and Computer Vision

In digital image processing, the noise detection and removal are very important tasks, since they have wide applications in all fields. In recent years, the logic fabric and routing FPGAs architecture provides customers with a number of advantages. In this chapter, the performance is analysed with different FPGA processors in terms of slices, LUTs, and BRAM utilization is studied. The implemented hardware architecture with digital images plays an important role in all daily life applications, industrial applications such as image recognition, computer tomography, satellite television, space imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, etc., and also in areas of research and technology of geographical information systems and astronomy.

Analysis and Design of Planner Wide Band Antenna for Wireless Communication Applications

Microstrip patch antennas are widely used for enormous wireless applications as they are very compact in size and easy to fabricate and are highly recommended for multiband applications. The antenna must be designed in such a way that a single antenna can be used for multiple applications and multiple frequency ranges with smooth shifting of operating frequency. The antenna must be a wideband such that it can witness the communication between the devices in wireless environment for various applications. This chapter brings some of the important designs which are proposed by various remarkable authors whose contribution towards the wireless communication is a state of the art. The chapter gives a clear-cut idea about how the patch has changed its directions from a traditional design to an utmost complicated yet easy to fabricate fractal in nature multiband application antenna.

Software-Defined Network (SDN) Architecture and Security Considerations for 5G Communications

The fifth generation (5G) communication technology is a standard for the broadband communication applicable for mobile communications. The entire network for any application is subdivided into many sub-geographical areas termed as cells. All these cells are connected through radio waves using internet or telecommunication network with the deployment of antennas in each cell. The antennas used for the 5G communications are controlled by special hardware implementation that increases the complexity of the network. To reduce the complexity of this hardware implementation, it is necessary to replace the hardware control by a pre-programmed software control.

Macro and Micro Architectures for Network on Chip

Network on chip (NoC) paradigm replaces traditional, dedicated, and proprietary bus architectures of system on chip (SoC), and it is widely accepted by the system-level designers. In this chapter, an overview of the NoC design is presented in two different dimensions called macro-architectures and micro-architectures based on the design perspectives. Macro-architectures adopt the concept of computer network along with new innovations in topologies, protocols, and routing algorithms and so on whereas micro-architectures involve in the development of schedulers, arbiters, routers, and network adapter with existing or new concepts. From the comparison result, most of the NoC prototypes are developed with 2-D mesh architecture with packed switched concept. Apart from mesh architectures, some of the complex and hybrid concepts are also developed and discussed in this chapter.

Efficient Iterative Massive MIMO Detectors Based on Iterative Matrix Inversion Methods

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is a key technology in fifth generation (5G) communication systems. Although the maximum likelihood (ML) obtains an optimal performance, it is prohibited in realization because of its high computational complexity. Linear detectors are an alternative solution, but they contain a matrix inversion which is not hardware friendly. Several methods have been proposed to approximate or to avoid the computation of exact matrix inversion. This chapter garners those methods and study their applicability in massive MIMO system so that a generalist in communication systems can differentiate between different algorithms from a wide range of solutions. This chapter presents the performance-complexity profile of a detector based on the Neuamnn-series (NS), Newton iteration (NI), successive over relaxation (SOR), Gauss-Seidel (GS), Jacobi (JA), Richardson (RI), optimized coordinate descent (OCD), and conjugate-gradient (CG) methods in 8×64, 16×64, and 32×64 MIMO sizes, and modulation scheme is 64QAM.

Image Transmission Analysis Using MIMO-OFDM Systems

This chapter demonstrates various ways for transmitting an image file using MIMO-OFDM systems which have anti-error ability to reduce BER. Furthermore, various diversity combining techniques like maximal ratio combining (MRC), selection combining (SC) are incorporated along with transmitting diversity scheme (i.e., beamforming). Different modulation techniques (viz. QPSK, 16-PSK, and 64-PSK) are used and evaluated in terms of BER vs. SNR considering different combination of transmitters and receivers. Lastly, results showed that in the transmission course, BER is considerably reduced and the image quality is found much better in comparison to other schemes.