scholarly journals Reactive Astrogliosis: Implications in Spinal Cord Injury Progression and Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyu Li ◽  
Meng Li ◽  
Lige Tian ◽  
Jianan Chen ◽  
Ronghan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Cns Disorders ◽  
Reactive Astrogliosis ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Injury Progression ◽  
The Relationship

Astrocytes are the most populous glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). They are essential to CNS physiology and play important roles in the maintenance of homeostasis, development of synaptic plasticity, and neuroprotection. Nevertheless, under the influence of certain factors, astrocytes may also exert detrimental effects through a process of reactive astrogliosis. Previous studies have shown that astrocytes have more than one type of polarization. Two types have been extensively researched. One is a damaging change that occurs under inflammation and has been termed A1 astrocyte, while the other is a restorative change that occurs under ischemic induction and was termed A2 astrocyte. Researchers are now increasingly paying attention to the role of astrocytes in spinal cord injury (SCI), degenerative diseases, chronic pain, neurological tumors, and other CNS disorders. In this review, we discuss (a) the characteristics of polarized astrocytes, (b) the relationship between astrocyte polarization and SCI, and (c) new implications of reactive astrogliosis for future SCI therapies.

scholarly journals Does Theorizing on Reciprocal Altruism Apply to the Relationships of Individuals with a Spinal Cord Injury?

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 147470491201000 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.P. Buunk ◽  
Rosario Zurriaga ◽  
Pilar González
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Reciprocal Altruism ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Partner Relationships ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
The Relationship

From the perspective of reciprocal altruism, we examined the role of reciprocity in the close relationships of people inflicted with a spinal cord injury (SCI) ( n = 70). We focused on the help receiver rather than on the help giver. Participants perceived more reciprocity in relationships with friends than in relationships with the partner and with family members. In these last relationships, perceptions of indebtedness were more prevalent than perceptions of deprivation. However, most negative feelings were evoked by a lack of reciprocity in partner relationships, followed by family relationships, and next by friendships. Moreover, depression was especially associated with a lack of perceived reciprocity in the relationships with family, and somewhat less with a lack of perceived reciprocity in the relationship with the partner. These results underline the importance of reciprocity in relationships, but suggest that reciprocity may be more, rather than less important in partner and family relationships.

scholarly journals Effects of Ginkgo biloba on Early Decompression after Spinal Cord Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Xing Guo ◽  
Xiaotie Wang ◽  
Jin Dong ◽  
Wei Lv ◽  
Shandou Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Pathological Mechanism ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe trauma of the central nervous system characterized by high disability and high mortality. Clinical progress has been achieved in understanding the pathological mechanism of SCI and its early treatment, but the results are unsatisfactory. In China, increasing attention has been paid to the role of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of SCI. In particular, extracts from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba (maidenhair tree), which have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and repair a variety of active cellular damage, have been applied therapeutically for centuries. In this study, we established a rat SCI model to investigate the effects of Ginkgo biloba leaves on decompression at different stages of SCI. The application of Ginkgo biloba leaves during the decompression of SCI at different time points, the neurological recovery of SCI, and the underlying molecular mechanism were explored. The findings provide reliable experimental data that reveal the mechanism of GBI (Ginkgo biloba injection) in the clinical treatment of SCI.

The Role of Core Self-Evaluations in the Relationship Between Stress and Depression in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse B. DeAngelis ◽  
Rana Yaghmaian ◽  
Susan Miller Smedema
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Core Self ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: To investigate the role of core self-evaluations (CSE) in the relationship between perceived stress and depression in persons with spinal cord injury.Method: Two hundred forty-seven adults with spinal cord injury completed an online survey measuring perceived stress, CSE, and depressive symptoms.Results: A multiple regression analysis revealed CSE to significantly mediate the relationship between perceived stress and depression. A hierarchical regression analysis also confirmed that CSE is a significant moderator of the relationship between perceived stress and depression. The association between perceived stress and depression was significantly stronger for low-CSE individuals and weaker for high-CSE individuals.Conclusion: High CSE appears to buffer the effect of perceived stress on depressive symptoms for persons with spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation interventions should aim to enhance CSE as a means to prevent depression among this population.

scholarly journals The role of connexin43 in neuropathic pain induced by spinal cord injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 555-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anhui Wang ◽  
Changshui Xu
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Pain Models ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function

Abstract Neuropathic pain is caused by the damage or dysfunction of the nervous system. In many neuropathic pain models, there is an increase in the number of gap junction (GJ) channels, especially the upregulation of the expression of connexin43 (Cx43), leading to the secretion of various types of cytokines and involvement in the formation of neuropathic pain. GJs are widely distributed in mammalian organs and tissues, and Cx43 is the most abundant connexin (Cx) in mammals. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), which mainly express Cx43. More importantly, GJs play an important role in regulating cell metabolism, signaling, and function. Many existing literatures showed that Cx43 plays an important role in the nervous system, especially in the CNS under normal and pathological conditions. However, many internal mechanisms have not yet been thoroughly explored. In this review, we summarized the current understanding of the role and association of Cx and pannexin channels in neuropathic pain, especially after spinal cord injury, as well as some of our own insights and thoughts which suggest that Cx43 may become an emerging therapeutic target for future neuropathic pain, bringing new hope to patients.

scholarly journals The Role of Microglia in Modulating Neuroinflammation after Spinal Cord Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 9706
Author(s):  
Sydney Brockie ◽  
James Hong ◽  
Michael G. Fehlings
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Lesion Site ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Numerous Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Temporal Profiles

The pathobiology of traumatic and nontraumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), including degenerative myelopathy, is influenced by neuroinflammation. The neuroinflammatory response is initiated by a multitude of injury signals emanating from necrotic and apoptotic cells at the lesion site, recruiting local and infiltrating immune cells that modulate inflammatory cascades to aid in the protection of the lesion site and encourage regenerative processes. While peripheral immune cells are involved, microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are known to play a central role in modulating this response. Microglia are armed with numerous cell surface receptors that interact with neurons, astrocytes, infiltrating monocytes, and endothelial cells to facilitate a dynamic, multi-faceted injury response. While their origin and essential nature are understood, their mechanisms of action and spatial and temporal profiles warrant extensive additional research. In this review, we describe the role of microglia and the cellular network in SCI, discuss tools for their investigation, outline their spatiotemporal profile, and propose translationally-relevant therapeutic targets to modulate neuroinflammation in the setting of SCI.

scholarly journals Olig2-Induced Semaphorin Expression Drives Corticospinal Axon Retraction After Spinal Cord Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 5702-5716
Author(s):  
Masaki Ueno ◽  
Yuka Nakamura ◽  
Hiroshi Nakagawa ◽  
Jesse K Niehaus ◽  
Mari Maezawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Axon Guidance ◽  
Conditional Deletion ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Axon Retraction ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Genetic Deletion ◽  
Putative Enhancer

Abstract Axon regeneration is limited in the central nervous system, which hinders the reconstruction of functional circuits following spinal cord injury (SCI). Although various extrinsic molecules to repel axons following SCI have been identified, the role of semaphorins, a major class of axon guidance molecules, has not been thoroughly explored. Here we show that expression of semaphorins, including Sema5a and Sema6d, is elevated after SCI, and genetic deletion of either molecule or their receptors (neuropilin1 and plexinA1, respectively) suppresses axon retraction or dieback in injured corticospinal neurons. We further show that Olig2+ cells are essential for SCI-induced semaphorin expression, and that Olig2 binds to putative enhancer regions of the semaphorin genes. Finally, conditional deletion of Olig2 in the spinal cord reduces the expression of semaphorins, alleviating the axon retraction. These results demonstrate that semaphorins function as axon repellents following SCI, and reveal a novel transcriptional mechanism for controlling semaphorin levels around injured neurons to create zones hostile to axon regrowth.

scholarly journals Rho activation patterns after spinal cord injury and the role of activated Rho in apoptosis in the central nervous system

2003 ◽  
Vol 162 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine I. Dubreuil ◽  
Matthew J. Winton ◽  
Lisa McKerracher
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Axon Growth ◽  
Neurotrophin Receptor ◽  
P75 Neurotrophin Receptor ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Growth inhibitory proteins in the central nervous system (CNS) block axon growth and regeneration by signaling to Rho, an intracellular GTPase. It is not known how CNS trauma affects the expression and activation of RhoA. Here we detect GTP-bound RhoA in spinal cord homogenates and report that spinal cord injury (SCI) in both rats and mice activates RhoA over 10-fold in the absence of changes in RhoA expression. In situ Rho-GTP detection revealed that both neurons and glial cells showed Rho activation at SCI lesion sites. Application of a Rho antagonist (C3–05) reversed Rho activation and reduced the number of TUNEL-labeled cells by ∼50% in both injured mouse and rat, showing a role for activated Rho in cell death after CNS injury. Next, we examined the role of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) in Rho signaling. After SCI, an up-regulation of p75NTR was detected by Western blot and observed in both neurons and glia. Treatment with C3–05 blocked the increase in p75NTR expression. Experiments with p75NTR-null mutant mice showed that immediate Rho activation after SCI is p75NTR dependent. Our results indicate that blocking overactivation of Rho after SCI protects cells from p75NTR-dependent apoptosis.

scholarly journals Role of GDNF in Spinal Cord Injury Repair

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa J. Walker ◽  
Xiao-Ming Xu
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Secondary Wave ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Combinational Treatment ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Mechanical Insult

Following an initial mechanical insult, traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) induces a secondary wave of injury, resulting in a toxic lesion environment inhibitory to axonal regeneration. This review focuses on the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its application, also in combination with other factors and cell transplantations, for repairing the injured spinal cord. As recent decades of studies strongly suggest combinational treatment approaches hold the greatest therapeutic potential for the central nervous system (CNS) trauma, future directions of combinational therapies will also be discussed.

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