Conceptual Behaviour Underpinning the Occurrence of Nonfaecal Matter in Faecal Sludge in Some Urban Communities, Ghana

Faecal sludge (FS) management is pertinent to the achievement of sustainable development goal 6.2 around the world; yet it is constrained by urbanisation challenges, waste management complexities, and defective attitudes. These deny communities of the plausible supply of resources from FS. This paper assesses the perception underpinning the occurrence of nonfaecal matter in FS in Ghana. Primary data were obtained from 400 respondents in four communities in Brong Ahafo and Greater Accra Regions of Ghana, using a structured questionnaire. Data were analysed by using STATA software version 15. Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression were conducted on all independent variables and statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05 . The study identified the following as the most perceived frequently disposed nonfaecal matter into FS: sanitary pads and diapers (38.5%), fabrics/rags (23.2%), toilet rolls (20.8%), razor/shaving sticks (10.3%), and others (7.2%). Gender, state of toilet facility (roof or unroofed), presence of container for collecting other types of waste in the toilet room, and state of container in toilet room either covered or uncovered were the factors found to be significantly associated with the disposal of solid waste (SW) into FS at 95% confidence level. The fear of exposing used sanitary materials for rituals, the use of fabric as an alternative to toilet rolls, and the desire to conceal aborted pregnancies from the public were some of the reasons alluded to the disposal acts. Education and awareness campaigns on proper SW disposal practices, appropriate use of toilet facilities, and the resource potentials of FS were found to be the best way forward to discourage indiscriminate disposal of SW into FS.

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The World Health Organisation’s recommendation on breastfeeding: Assessing knowledge and practice among mothers in Abuja, Northern Nigeria

Annals of Clinical and Biomedical Research ◽

10.4081/acbr.2021.119 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nneoma Macphilip-Chikwendu ◽

Onyinye Hope Chime ◽

Chigbo Macphilip Chikwendu ◽

Christian Osaeloka Ekwueme

Keyword(s):

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

World Health ◽

Northern Nigeria ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Middle Income ◽

Awareness Campaigns ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Knowledge And Practice

Despite the fact that breastfeeding remains the healthiest, simplest and least expensive means of meeting the nutritional needs of newborns and infants, the knowledge and practice as recommended by WHO remain low in most low-and middle-income countries. This study aims at exploring the gap in the knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in Northern Nigeria as well as comparing their practises with the WHO recommendations. This was a cross-sectional facility-based study among 343 mothers in Abuja, Northern Nigeria. Data was collected over 8 weeks using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire assessing knowledge and practise of breastfeeding based on the WHO recommendations. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Chi square test of statistical significance was used to measure the degree of bivariate associations at a level of p < 0.05. Only 42.6% of the mothers had good general knowledge of breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months was practised by 232 (75.1%) mothers. Having more than one child was associated with good knowledge of breastfeeding (χ2 = 7.331, p = 0.007) while having poor knowledge of breastfeeding (χ2=5.722, p=0.017) was associated with exclusive breastfeeding practise. Commonest reasons for not practising exclusive breastfeeding were insufficient breast milk (38.7%) and resumption of work (19.8%). In this study, the practise of initiating breastfeeding within an hour after birth and exclusive breastfeeding are both in line with WHO recommendations. Continuous breastfeeding awareness campaigns are needed to improve knowledge and sustain the practise of exclusive breastfeeding.>

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Change in perception of sclerotherapy results after exposure to pre–post intervention photographs

Phlebology The Journal of Venous Disease ◽

10.1177/0268355517736178 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 282-287 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fabricio R Santiago ◽

Mario Piscoya ◽

Yung-Wei Chi

Keyword(s):

Varicose Veins ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Wilcoxon Test ◽

Clinical Severity ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Chi Square ◽

Severity Scores ◽

Venous Clinical Severity Score ◽

Before And After ◽

Chi Square Test

Objective To evaluate patients’ self-perception of cosmetic improvement before and after they were presented with pre- and postprocedure photographs after sclerotherapy with 75% dextrose. Methods Treatments included sclerotherapy of reticular and varicose veins using 75% dextrose. All treated limbs were photographed and classified according to Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, and Pathology classification and Venous Clinical Severity Score pre- and posttreatment. The patients were queried before and after viewing the photos during these visits and indicated if they were very unsatisfied, dissatisfied, satisfied, or very satisfied. Nonparametric kappa correlation coefficient and a Chi square test were used to measure associations among agreement (p < 0.05 indicated statistical significance). The paired Wilcoxon test was used to compare statistical differences in mean Venous Clinical Severity Scores measured at different times (p < 0.05 indicated statistical significance). Data were analyzed using STATA software (version 12). Results Individuals were more satisfied with the results of sclerotherapy after exposure to images portraying their limbs two months after the procedure (p = 0.0028). This effect was maintained six months after sclerotherapy (p = 0.0027). Conclusion Patient exposure to pre- and postsurgical photographs is a simple intervention with the potential of improving patient satisfaction up to six months after treatment with sclerotherapy.

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Gloves Perforations in Minor Oral Surgical Procedures: A Comparison of Latex and Nitrile Gloves

Journal of The Pakistan Dental Association ◽

10.25301/jpda.302.103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (02) ◽

pp. 103-106

Author(s):

Ajeet Kumar ◽

◽

Naveed Iqbal ◽

Javaria Farooq ◽

Saad Uddin Siddiqui

Keyword(s):

Local Anesthesia ◽

Surgical Procedures ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

P Value ◽

Dominant Hand ◽

Chi Square ◽

Oral Surgical Procedures ◽

Latex Gloves ◽

Chi Square Test

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to compare incidence of perforations in Latex and Nitrile examination gloves during Minor Oral surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia. METHODOLOGY: 100 pairs of latex and 100 pairs of Nitrile examination gloves where used to perform 200 minor oral surgical procedures under local anesthesia. After completion of every minor oral surgical procedure each gloves was examined by Water Inflation method to observe presence or absence of Perforations. A data sheet was used to collect data including type of Gloves used (Latex or Nitrile) presence of perforations, sites of perforations and nature of minor oral surgical procedures. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive analysis was conducted to calculate frequency and percentages of Number and sites of perforations for both Nitrile and latex examination gloves. Chi Square test was used to find out statistical significance of difference of perforations rate between Nitrile and Latex gloves. P value of < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Out of 200 latex gloves 23 (11.5) had 29 perforations whereas out of total 200 Nitrile gloves 28 (14%) had 22 perforations. Nitrile gloves had a statistically significant higher rate of perforations as compared to Latex gloves. (P value 0.043). For both Nitrile and Latex gloves left non dominant hand had highest frequency of perforations Latex 18 (81.81%) perforations and Nitrile 18(62.06%). Index finger and thumb were most frequent sites of perforations in both Latex and Nitrile gloves. CONCLUSION: Gloves perforations were more common in Nitrile examination gloves however total number of perforations was more in Latex examination gloves.

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Relationship of the Self-perception of Lifestyle with Level of Physical Activity in People with and without Type 2 Diabetes

International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health ◽

10.9734/ijtdh/2019/v38i330186 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Briseida Mayel Perez-Avelino ◽

Nicolás Padilla-Raygoza ◽

Verónica Benitez-Guerrero ◽

María Luisa Sánchez Padilla ◽

Vicente Beltrán-Campos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Self Perception ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lifestyle Questionnaire ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Relationship Of

Objective: To determine the relationship of the perception of lifestyle with the level of physical activity in people with type 2 diabetes and without type 2 diabetes. Study Design: Analytical cross-sectional observational study in Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico. Methodology: Sample composed of 100 people with type 2 diabetes and 100 people without type 2 diabetes, the lifestyle questionnaire and IPAQ questionnaire were used. Descriptive statistics were calculated for sociodemographic variables; it was calculated Chi-square test and Odds Ratio. To demonstrate the statistical significance of results, the value of P was set at .05. Statistical analysis was performed in STATA 13.0 ®. Results: In patients with Type 2 Diabetes predominated females, married, who never went school and elementary and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2; among patients without Type 2 Diabetes, predominant males, singles, went school or university, BMI ≥25 kg/m2; no relationship was found between lifestyle perception and level of physical activity in adults with type 2 diabetes (X² = 0.0022 gl 1 P = .96) neither it was found a significant relationship between lifestyle perception and level of physical activity in adults without type 2 diabetes (X² = 5.23 gl 1 P = .02 RM = 2.85 95% CI = 0.80 to 10.4). Conclusion: The results show that self-perception of lifestyle and physical activity is different in people with less age, more schooling, males.

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ULTRASOUND PREDICTABILITY OF LOWER UTERINE SEGMENT CESAREAN SECTION SCAR THICKNESS

10.36106/ijsr/3520656 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 9-11

Author(s):

Madhu Kumari ◽

Kumari Bibha ◽

Abha Sinha ◽

Debarshi Jana

Keyword(s):

Cesarean Section ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Medical College ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Uterine Scar ◽

Age Range ◽

The Given

Objective: The objective of this study is to find out association between scar thickness, assessed sonographically, and intraoperative findings (IOF). Study Design: Descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital, Muzaffarpur, Bihar from June 2019 to May 2020. Methodology: A total of 70 pregnant patients were included in this study. Transabdominal ultrasound was done for scarred uteri. Sonographic findings were co-related with introperative findings. All the given data were entered on SPSS version 23. Age was expressed as mean ± SD. Parity, gestational age, and interval between cesarean sections were expressed as frequencies with percentages. Statistical analysis was done by using Chi-square test for categorical data for association between sonographic scar thickness and intraoperative findings. The statistical significance was set at p-value <0.05. Results: The age range of the patients was 20- 36 years with a mean of 27.91 ±3.690 years. Gestational age at the time of cesarean section was between 27-40 weeks of gestation with a mean of 37 ±2.126 weeks. The interval from previous cesarean was 10 months at the minimum, and 6 years at the maximum with a mean of 2.29 ±1.0 months. Mean scar thickness was 2.5 mm. Association between scar thickness (<1-3 mm) and intaoperative findings of dehiscence and rupture showed a p-value of <0.001. Conclusion: Sonographic assessment of a uterine scar has a practical application to determine the thickness of previous scar, and assess its integrity.

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Incidences of Root Microcracks Caused by Hand and Rotary File System at Different Lengths

International Healthcare Research Journal ◽

10.26440/ihrj/0309.12004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (9) ◽

pp. 283-289

Author(s):

Shuchi Sukul ◽

Goldy Rathee ◽

Parimal Anand ◽

Sakshi Kataria ◽

Pratibha Taneja

Keyword(s):

File System ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

File Systems ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Root Surface ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Group B

OBJECTIVES: The present research was conducted to assess incidences of root microcracks caused by hand and rotary file system at different lengths MATERIAL AND METHODS: This in-vitro study was undertaken to assess incidence of root microcracks caused by hand and rotary file system at different lengths In total, 100 the mandibular premolar with straight roots determined with intact, fully formed apices were taken. Samples were randomly distributed into 5 groups based on the file system used: a) Group A: Control, b) Group B: Reciproc, c) Group C: WaveOne, d) Group D: One Shape and e) Group E: ProTaper. Pearson Chi-square test was used to determine the differences between groups. The dentinal defects were expressed as percentage of samples with microcracks in each group. Level of statistical significance was set at p-value less than 0.05. RESULTS: The chi square test was used to compare the Distribution of the number of teeth in which cracks were observed on the horizontal sections. It was found to be significant with group ProTaper showing maximum cracks at 3,6,9 mm level as compared to other file systemCONCLUSION: Nickel-titanium instruments causes cracks on the apical root surface or in the root canal wall. ProTaper causes maximum dentinal cracks as compared to other file systems

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The effectiveness of acetic acid wash protocol and the interpretation patterns of blood contaminated cervical cytology ThinPrep® specimens

CytoJournal ◽

10.4103/1742-6413.168060 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 23 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nora K. Frisch ◽

Yasin Ahmed ◽

Seema Sethi ◽

Daniel Neill ◽

Tatyana Kalinicheva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Cervical Cytology ◽

Low Grade ◽

Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Acid Wash ◽

The Difference ◽

Intraepithelial Lesions

Background: ThinPrep® (TP) cervical cytology, as a liquid-based method, has many benefits but also a relatively high unsatisfactory rate due to debris/lubricant contamination and the presence of blood. These contaminants clog the TP filter and prevent the deposition of adequate diagnostic cells on the slide. An acetic acid wash (AAW) protocol is often used to lyse red blood cells, before preparing the TP slides. Design: From 23,291 TP cervical cytology specimens over a 4-month period, 2739 underwent AAW protocol due to initial unsatisfactory smear (UNS) with scant cellularity due to blood or being grossly bloody. Randomly selected 2739 cervical cytology specimens which did not undergo AAW from the same time period formed the control (non-AAW) group. Cytopathologic interpretations of AAW and non-AAW groups were compared using the Chi-square test. Results: About 94.2% of the 2739 cases which underwent AAW were subsequently satisfactory for evaluation with interpretations of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) 4.9% (135), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) 3.7% (102), and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) 1% (28). From the 2739 control cases, 96.3% were satisfactory with ASCUS 5.5% (151), LSIL 5.1% (139), and HSIL 0.7% (19). The prevalence of ASCUS interpretations was similar (P = 0.33). Although there were 32% more HSIL interpretations in the AAW group (28 in AAW vs. 19 in non-AAW), the difference was statistically insignificant (P = 0.18). AAW category; however, had significantly fewer LSIL interpretations (P = 0.02). The percentage of UNS cases remained higher in the AAW group with statistical significance (P < 0.01). Conclusions: While AAW had a significantly higher percent of UNS interpretations, the protocol was effective in rescuing 94.2% of specimens which otherwise may have been reported unsatisfactory. This improved patient care by avoiding a repeat test. The prevalence of ASCUS and HSIL interpretations between AAW and non-AAW groups were comparable. Though not statistically significant, HSIL interpretations were relatively higher in the AAW group. LSIL interpretations showed lower prevalence in AAW group.

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The higher reading interest of pregnant mother improves the utilization of MCH book

International Journal of Health Science and Technology ◽

10.31101/ijhst.v1i1.953 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 114-119

Author(s):

Apriliana Apriliana ◽

Intan Mutiara Putri ◽

Suyani Suyani ◽

Istri Utami

Keyword(s):

Health Centre ◽

Primary Data ◽

P Value ◽

Daily Routine ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Close Relatives ◽

Reading Interest ◽

Pregnant Mothers

The utilization of MCH book could be defined to be an activity when a mother and her close relatives actively participate in reading, learning, comprehending the contents of MCH book, and implementing it in daily routine. This research aims to discover the correlation between the reading interest of pregnant mothers and the use of MCH book. This study has been approved by the research ethics committee of Yogyakarta ‘Aisyiyah University. This cross-sectional research was performed at the Community Health Centre of Mlati II Sleman Yogyakarta. Seventy-four pregnant mothers who owned MCH book were derived from incidental sampling technic. The retrieval of primary data used questioner method. The result of chi-square test states that pregnant mothers with higher reading interest will be utilizing the MCH book four times more effective compared to those with lower interest in reading (p-value: 0,005 and 95% CI: 1,488-10,902).

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More focus on atypical glandular cells in cervical screening: Risk of significant abnormalities and low histological follow-up rate

CytoJournal ◽

10.25259/cytojournal_77_2019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

pp. 22

Author(s):

Pingping Zhong ◽

Chenghong Yin ◽

Yulan Jin ◽

Tianbao Chen ◽

Yang Zhan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Significance ◽

Cervical Screening ◽

Close Relation ◽

Prior History ◽

Pap Smears ◽

Chi Square ◽

Glandular Cells ◽

Atypical Glandular Cells ◽

Chi Square Test

Objectives: Atypical glandular cells (AGC) detected by Papanicolaou (Pap) smears are in close relation with adenocarcinoma and precursors detected by histopathology. Yet, sometimes the cytological diagnosis of AGC has been neglected. With increase of adenocarcinoma and precursors, we need more focus on glandular abnormalities. Material and Methods: Clinicopathological data of patients who had AGC on Pap smears between April 2015 and October 2018 and underwent histological follow-up were retrieved from the computerized database of Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Patients with a prior history of cancer were excluded from the study. Statistical analyses were performed using Pearson’s Chi-square test in SPSS software version 23. P < 0.05 (two sided) was considered as statistical significance. Results: Liquid-based cytological examination of the uterine cervix was carried out in 164,080 women. Five hundred and twenty-five women were diagnosed with AGC, 314 with not otherwise specified (AGC-NOS), and 211 with favor neoplastic (AGC-FN). Only 310 cases had histological follow-up, 168 women (168/314, 53.5%) originally with AGC-NOS on Pap smears, and 142 (142/211, 67.3%) with AGC-FN. The median age of histological significant abnormalities was 46.7 years, and 126 women (126/162, 77.8%) were postmenopausal. Sixty-six cases (66/168, 39.3%) of AGC-NOS had significant abnormalities (96/142, 67.6%, AGC-FN). One hundred and sixty-two cases of significant abnormalities included 40 high-grade squamous abnormalities and 122 glandular abnormalities. AGC-FN was more likely to be associated with a clinically significant abnormalities (P < 0.001) compared to AGC-NOS. Conclusions: Patients with AGC on Pap smears are in close relation with significant abnormalities, especially with significant glandular abnormalities on histopathology slices. AGC should be evaluated vigilantly with histological workup, especially if patients are diagnosed with AGC-FN and are aged 41–60 years. We need more focus on AGC.

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Neonatal and Maternal Outcomes in Spontaneously-Conceived Twin Pregnancies According to Mode of Delivery

Folia Medica ◽

10.3897/folmed.62.e49276 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 468-476

Author(s):

Samantha Mc Kenzie Stancu ◽

Manuela Cristina Russu

Keyword(s):

Neonatal Intensive Care ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Mode Of Delivery ◽

Statistical Correlation ◽

P Value ◽

Maternal Outcomes ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Nicu Admission ◽

Twin Pregnancies

Introduction: Appropriate intrapartum conduct in a twin delivery remains a challenging aspect of obstetric practice. The objective of this study was to compare neonatal and maternal outcomes in twin pregnancies according to mode of delivery.  Materials and methods: This is a single centre retrospective cohort study of all consecutive spontaneously-conceived twin deliver-ies (≥ 24 weeks, estimated fetal weight ≥ 500 grams) over a nine-year period between 01/01/2007 - 31/12/2016 at a tertiary-level centre. Neonatal outcomes included survival, APGAR score, prematurity-associated pathology (PAP), admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and length of stay (LOS). Maternal outcomes included postpartum complications and LOS. Statistical analysis comprised Chi-square test with subsequent p-value and odds-ratio with 95% confidence interval. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: A total of 173 consecutive women with spontaneously-conceived twin deliveries were enrolled in this study, 129 (74.6%) women delivered by caesarean section (CS). The success rate of vaginal delivery (VD) was 93.6% (44/47). A strong statistical correlation was identified between CS and NICU admission; 53.2% vs. 1.5% (p=0.0001). Neonatal LOS in the NICU was significantly longer in the CS group. Prematurity-associated pathology (PAP) was noted in 75 pairs of twins (75/173); 61 pairs were delivered by CS, bearing strong statistical significance (p<0.0001). Postpartum complications occurred in 14.7% of CS compared to 13.6% of VDs.  Conclusion: Neonates delivered by CS had a higher rate of PAP, NICU admission, lower birth weight and longer LOS. This study showed that VD is safe, especially when the first twin is in cephalic presentation

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