PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN KONSENTRASI ENZIM SELULASE DAN BATU APUNG PADA PROSES BIOPOLISHING KAIN KAPAS

Tren fashion, khususnya proses pelusuhan pakaian jadi banyak dikerjakan untuk menghasilkan efek khusus agar memiliki kenampakan berbeda setelah pencucian. Proses pencucian dapat dikerjakan diantaranya biopolishing, stone wash dan acid wash/ice wash, hal ini dilakukan untuk memodifikasi produk akhir memberikan tampilan berbeda dan meningkatkan kemampuan kenyamanan pakaian. Proses biopolishing adalah proses penyempurnaan menggunakan enzim, bertujuan memperbaiki kenampakan, pegangan kain, sifat permukaan lebih halus, bebas pilling, dan memiliki daya serap tinggi. Penambahkan batu apung memperluas tingkat pelusuhan dibagian-bagian tertentu, dan memberikan tampilan berbeda.Percobaan menggunakan mesin washing skala laboratorium dengan variasi konsentrasi enzim 1%, 2% , dan batu apung 1/3 dan 1/2 suhu 60oC selama 30 menit pada mesin washing skala laboratorium. Pengujian meliputi pilling kain, pengurangan berat (SNI ISO 7211-6), ketuaan warna (SNI ISO 105-J03), ketahanan jebol cara diagfrgma (SNI ISO 13938-1), dan ketahanan gosok metode martindale (SNI ISO 12947-1). Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi penggunaan konsentrasi enzim dan batu apung, grade pilling semakin besar, pengurangan berat makin besar, tingkat ketuaan warna makin rendah, kekuatan jebol makin turun, dan semakin besar pengurangan tebal dan berat pada uji tahan gosok dengan metode martindale. Kondisi optimum diperoleh pada konsentrasi enzim 1 % dengan penggunaan batu apung 1/2 volume mesin washing skala laboratorium.

Universal Enzyme-Based Field Workflow for Rapid and Sensitive Quantification of Water Pathogens

A universal filtration and enzyme-based workflow has been established to allow for the rapid and sensitive quantification of leading pathogens Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia gamblia, Campylobacter jejuni, and Escherichia coli from tap water samples with volumes up to 100 mL, and the potential to scale up to larger volumes. qPCR limits of quantification as low as four oocysts for Cryptosporidium, twelve cysts for Giardia, two cells for C. jejuni, and nineteen cells for E. coli per reaction were achieved. A polycarbonate filter-based sampling method coupled with the prepGEM enzyme-based DNA extraction system created a single-step transfer workflow that required as little as 20 min of incubation time and a 100 µL reaction mix. The quantification via qPCR was performed directly on the prepGEM extract, bypassing time-consuming, labour-intensive conventional culture-based methods. The tap water samples were shown to contain insoluble particles that inhibited detection by reducing the quantification efficiency of a representative pathogen (C. jejuni) to 30–60%. This sample inhibition was effectively removed by an on-filter treatment of 20% (v/v) phosphoric acid wash. Overall, the established workflow was able to achieve quantification efficiencies of 92% and higher for all four leading water pathogens, forming the basis of a rapid, portable, and low-cost solution to water monitoring.

Customized Solutions for Coiled Tubing Interventions in the Bolivian Sub-Andean Basin

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 202620, “A Review of 25 Coiled Tubing Well Interventions: Customized Solutions for Bolivian Sub-Andean Basin,” by Jovanny A. Hernandez, SPE, Luis F. Antelo, SPE, and Carlos D. Rodriguez, Halliburton, et al., prepared for the 2020 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, held virtually 9–12 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Fields in the Bolivian Sub-Andean Basin are remote and difficult to access. The producing zones include the country’s most challenging wells, with depths of up to 26,000 ft, with high pressure/high temperature (HP/HT), high gas cut, crossflow, dogleg severity, and well-access restrictions. The complete paper reviews 25 coiled tubing rigless well interventions (CTRWI) to extend the life of those wells, including operations involving nitrogen (N2) lift, acid wash, milling, shifting sleeves, setting packers, stimulation, velocity strings (VS), and fishing. Introduction CTRWI in Sub-Andean Basin fields had not been implemented historically because of limited road access to the fields, lack of available equipment with high technical capabilities, high pressure, and well depth. Beginning in 2017, however, operators evaluated the risk and elected to perform CTRWI involving stimulation, cleanout, N2 lift, fishing, VS jobs, and other techniques. Equipment with specialized capabilities was requested to address the operational requirements and the ability to travel on the remote roads while respecting transit regulations limiting maximum weight to 55 tons. The challenges to transporting equipment economically include - Transportation of large reels of 2⅞-in. coiled tubing (CT) string to complete dual-sectioned VS installations - Transportation of CT unit with 6,600 m of 1¾-in. CT string (weight of less than 55 tons) - Continuously moving large volumes of N2 to the field Wells in these fields were drilled no more than 10 years ago. The majority were built with smart completions, several production layers separated with swell packers and flowing through sliding sleeves configured with the same direction of actuation for opening and closure. Completions are configured with production tubing sizes of 7, 5, 4½, and 3 in. The tubing and accessories are made from chrome 13 because of the presence of carbon dioxide in the production fluids. The region includes some exploratory fields having HP/HT conditions and mature fields with declining production. These wells are important for both the operators and the local government because their production represents more than 50% of national production. On-Site Laboratory Testing Characteristics of produced formation water and mineralogy tests of water samples helped identify a calcium carbonate (CaCO3) scale type. Because CaCO3 scale is known to be acid-soluble, a tailored acid-treatment system was selected with a static formation temperature between 220 to 286°F. On-site laboratory tests using a combination of 13% acetic and 9% formic retarded acid treatment systems were applied to the samples obtained, and results of a solubility test were observed. The selected treatment was demonstrated to be highly effective at dissolving CaCO3 scale according to the test made at the wellsite. High confidence was placed in the test results of the acid-treatment sample because dissolution was above 85% in a 4-hour test period under static well temperature.

Enhancement of Culture of Legionella longbeachae from Respiratory Samples by Use of Immunomagnetic Separation and Antimicrobial Decontamination

ABSTRACT Legionella longbeachae is the commonest Legionella species identified in patients with community-acquired pneumonia in New Zealand. Isolation of the organism on culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis of Legionnaires disease, but it has poor sensitivity (40%) compared with quantitative PCR (qPCR). We have developed a selective decontamination process using glycine, vancomycin, polymyxin, and cycloheximide (GVPC) with immunomagnetic separation (IMS) for culturing L. longbeachae. A polyclonal antibody specific for L. longbeachae was produced from New Zealand White rabbits and coupled to tosyl-activated magnetic beads. Stored L. longbeachae qPCR-positive respiratory samples were retrieved from −80°C storage for testing. One portion of test samples was mixed with GVPC and the antibody bead complex, separated, washed, and cultured on modified Wadowsky and Yee agar (MWY) agar. Another portion was exposed to HCl-KCl acidic buffer (pH 2.2) before incubation on MWY agar. qPCR used probes specific for the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region of the L. longbeachae genome. Cultures were positive in 10/53 (19%) samples after acid wash and 26/53 (49%) after GVPC-IMS (P = 0.001). Growth of contaminants was rare. The mean qPCR threshold cycle values were lower in culture-positive samples after acid wash than in the culture-negative samples (mean, 29.9 versus 34.8; difference, 4.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], ±2.9; P = 0.001) but not after GVPC-IMS (mean, 33.0 versus 34.7; difference, 1.7; 95% CI, ±2.48; P = 0.16). The sensitivity of culture for L. longbeachae in respiratory specimens may be improved by using GVPC-IMS rather than acid wash for decontamination, but this should be confirmed in a prospective study of fresh specimens.

Reactivation Process of Activated Carbons: Effect on the Mechanical and Adsorptive Properties

Carbon reactivation is a strategy to reduce waste and cost in many industrial processes, for example, effluent treatment, food industry, and hydrometallurgy. In this work, the effect of physical and chemical reactivation of granular activated carbon (AC) was studied. Spent activated carbon (SAC) was obtained from a carbon in pulp (CIP) leaching process for gold extraction. Chemical and physical reactivations were evaluated using several acid-wash procedures (HCl, HNO3, H2SO4) and thermal treatment (650–950 °C) methods, respectively. The effect of the reactivation processes on the mechanical properties was evaluated determining ball pan hardness and normal abrasion in pulp resistance. The effect on the adsorptive properties was evaluated via the iodine number, the gold adsorption value (k expressed in mg Au/g AC), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area. Initial characterization of the SAC showed an iodine number of 734 mg I2/g AC, a k value of 1.37 mg Au/g AC, and a BET surface area of 869 m2/g. The best reactivation results of the SAC were achieved via acid washing with HNO3 at 20% v/v and 50 °C over 30 min, and a subsequent thermal reactivation at 850 °C over 1 h. The final reactivated carbon had an iodine number of 1199 mg I2/g AC, a k value of 14.9 mg Au/g AC, and a BET surface area of 1079 m²/g. Acid wash prior to thermal treatment was critical to reactivate the SAC. The reactivation process had a minor impact (<1% change) on the mechanical properties of the AC.

Quality Optimization by Evaluating Physico-Mechanical Properties of Industrial Acid Wash, Cool Dyeing and Dip Dyeing Processes on Knitted Garment

Industrial garment washing and garment dyeing are currently taking over fashion trends. At present, these processes are not only confined to woven garments but also applied over knitted garments. Nevertheless, prolonged washing time, use of different chemicals during the washing and dyeing procedure affects the physical and mechanical performance of the garment. This is ultimately affecting the quality of the finished garments and resulting in more fabric wastage during these treatments. In this study, industrial garment finishing processes like Acid wash, Cool Dyeing, Dip Dyeing process were applied on 100% Cotton Slub Single Jersey (160 GSM) knitted T-Shirt. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of industrial Acid washing and cool-dip dyeing on physico-mechanical properties of knitted garments. To evaluate the washing and dyeing effects, changes in fabric weight, changes in dimension, bursting strength, dry and wet rubbing fastness, color fastness to perspiration, pilling and washing tests were performed. Experimental data showed that GSM increased for Acid washed garment but dimension change, color fastness to washing, rubbing, bursting strength and perspiration decreases significantly in comparison with Cool and Dip dyeing.

Biofuel Production and Characterization from Waste Chicken Skin and Pig Fat

The biofuels are the most important alternative energy sources in future to fulfil the energy demands. The team of our students carried out an innovative process to convert waste to value-added products. The students have been visited many meat stalls and gathered the required amount of resources with and without cost. The collected waste chicken skin and pig tallow is heated and extracted fat, which is the primary sources to produce the biofuel. The fat extraction process was carried by shredding down the waste chicken skin and pig tallow. The obtained fat was filtered and heated up to 110ºC to remove all the impurities, water suspensions, blood cells and pieces of bones. The process called transesterification process was carried out to convert obtained fat into biofuel with methyl alcohol and KOH as a catalyst. Transesterification process carted with fat before acid wash and after acid wash to examine the effect of FFA on biofuel yield. The quantity of biofuel yield has been observed to be 62 to 68% for fat from waste chicken skin and 82 to 83 % for fat from pig tallow. The derived fuel from fat from both resources is combined with conventional diesel fuel to check the different properties on a volume basis varied by 10% up to 40%. The essential properties such as viscosity, density, flashpoint, fire point and calorific values were determined, and results show that the fuel combination CB20 and PB20 meets the all requirements of ASTM standards to fix as an additive fuel to CI engines. The clear biofuel from both the fat expressed higher viscosity, density, flash and fire point with a lesser value of energy density