scholarly journals Hypnotic Effect of A. absinthium Hydroalcoholic Extract in Pentobarbital-Treated Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Hassan Rakhshandeh ◽  
Amirhossein Heidari ◽  
Ali Mohammad Pourbagher-Shahri ◽  
Roghayeh Rashidi ◽  
Fatemeh Forouzanfar
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Latency ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Artemisia Absinthium ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Hypnotic Effect ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Insomnia Treatment ◽  
Ld50 Value

Background. Current drugs used in the management of insomnia are associated with side effects. The use of medicinal herbs for insomnia treatment has recently been suggested. Objective. The present study aimed to determine the hypnotic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Artemisia absinthium (A. absinthium) in mice. Method. The toxicity of A. absinthium extract is assessed by their lethal dose 50% (LD50), and cytotoxicity evaluation was also done with PC12 cell lines by MTT assay. A. absinthium extract (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) and 3 fractions (n-butanol fraction (NBF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), and aqueous fraction (AQF)) were administered intraperitoneally30 minutes before 30 mg/kg pentobarbital intraperitoneal injection; after that, the sleeping time and sleep latency were recorded. Results. The LD50 value was 2.4 g/kg. The extracts tested showed no negative effect on the proliferation of PC12 cells. A. absinthium extract increased the duration of pentobarbital-induced sleep at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg ( P < 0.01 - P < 0.001 ). Similarly, AQF, EAF, and NBF at 200 mg/kg could increase sleep duration ( P < 0.05 ). The sleep latency was decreased by A. absinthium extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg ( P < 0.05 - P < 0.01 ), AQF ( P < 0.05 ), and EAF (P < 0.05). Besides, flumazenil reversed the hypnotic effect of A. absinthium extract ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. A. absinthium extract probably demonstrated sleep-enhancing effects by regulating GABAergic system.

Ethyl Acetate and Aqueous Fractions of Ziziphus jujuba Prevent Acute Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasamin Kamkar-Del ◽  
Reza Mohebbati ◽  
Mahmoud Hosseini ◽  
Abolfazl Khajavirad ◽  
Mohammad N. Shafei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Polar Compound ◽  
Acute Hypertension ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Cardiovascular Parameters ◽  
Ziziphus Jujuba ◽  
Nonpolar Compounds

Background: The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Ziziphus jujuba (ZJ) on hypertension has been reported previously. Objective: This experiment investigates the effect of two ethyl acetate (EA, a polar and semi-polar compound) and aqueous fractions (AQ, a polar compound) of ZJ extract on cardiovascular parameters in acute hypertension induced by angiotensin II (AngII). Methods: Rats were randomly divided into following groups (n=7 in each group): 1) Control; 2) AngII (50 ng/kg); 3) Losartan (LOS, 30 mg/kg) + AngII; 4, 5) ethyl acetate fraction (EA150 and EA300 mg/kg) + AngII and 6, 7) aqueous fraction (AQ150 and AQ300 mg/kg) + AngII. Rats were treated with both fractions and LOS orally for four weeks and in the experiment day (28th) AngII intravenously injected and cardiovascular parameters (Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and Heart Rate (HR)) directly were recorded by a power lab system. Results: AngII could significantly increase SBP and MAP (P<0.001) and decrease HR with respect to the control and these responses were attenuated by LOS. The SBP and MAP in both doses of EA+ AngII and the higher dose of AQ fractions + AngII were significantly lower than the AngII group (P<0.05 to P<0.001). Bradycardia induced by AngII was also reduced by LOS and both fractions. The comparison of two fractions also showed that the effect of EA fraction is greater than the AQ. Conclusion: This study indicates that both fractions of the ZJ extract have a beneficial effect on hypertension. Because effect of EA was greater than AQ, we suggested that antihypertensive effects of ZJ mediated polar and nonpolar compounds.

Hydroalcoholic Extract of Cuscuta Epithymum Enhances Pentobarbitalinduced Sleep: Possible Involvement of GABAergic System

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-337
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Forouzanfar ◽  
Mohammad M. Vahedi ◽  
Azita Aghaei ◽  
Hassan Rakhshandeh
Keyword(s):  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Benzodiazepine Receptors ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Rotarod Test ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Pc12 Cell Line ◽  
Sleeping Time ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Toxicity Effect ◽  
Ld50 Value

Background: Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the sedative-hypnotic potential of hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) of Cuscuta epithymum and its fractions. Methods: HAE and its fractions including: water fraction (WF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) and n-hexan fraction (NHF) were i.p administered to male mice and 30 min later pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected to induce sleep. Then the latent period and continuous sleeping time were recorded. Besides, 30 mins after administration of HAE motor coordination (rota-rod test) were assessed. Additionally, LD50 of HAE was determined and the possible neurotoxicity of the extract was tested on neural PC12 cells. Results: The HAE and NHF decreased the latency of sleep and significantly increased the duration of sleep induced by pentobarbital. These effects of C. epithymum were reversed by flumazenil. HAE did not affect the animals’ performance on the rotarod test. The LD50 value for HAE was found to be 4.8 g/kg. HAE and its fractions had no toxicity effect on the viability of PC12-cell line. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that the HAE and NHF have significant sedativehypnotic effects in mice without major toxic effect and that the benzodiazepine receptors are involved in the sedative-hypnotic effects of this plant.

Comparative free radical scavenging and hypoglycemic activities of n-hexane, ethyl-acetate, and aqueous fractions of Azanza garckeana pulp

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Abubakar A. Yusuf ◽  
Toheeb D. Yissa ◽  
Abdulhakeem Rotimi Agboola ◽  
Sodiq M Balogun ◽  
Peter O. Adeboye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Hypoglycemic Effect ◽  
Hexane Fraction ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Dpph Scavenging ◽  
Glucose Reduction

Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing on a global trend. The aim of the present study is to identify the most effective antioxidants and hypoglycemic fraction of Azanza garckeana. Methods: The fractions (nhexane or ethyl-acetate or aqueous) of A. garckeana were administered to the alloxan-induced diabetic rats at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg for 15 days. Antioxidants activities were evaluated at concentrations of 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL using the DPPH scavenging assay. Results: Results revealed that both the hexane, ethyl-acetate, and aqueous fractions exhibited hypoglycemic and antioxidants activities in a dose-dependent manner. The n-hexane fraction demonstrated highest percentage DPPH scavenging effect of 26.34±3.43, 38.44±4.35, 59.34±3.45, and 74.83±5.35 at 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL respectively. The ethyl-acetate fraction demonstrated 19.33±2.98, 28.94±3.24, 47.34±2.90, and 57.82±4.54 respectively while the aqueous fraction exhibited the least activities of 12.45±23.45, 18.64±2.94, 27.94±3.89, and 39.43±3.89 at concentrations of 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL respectively. In addition, the n-hexane fraction demonstrated the most significant hypoglycemic effect with the highest glucose reduction of 58.97 ±3.45 %, 63.86±5.35 %, and 66.51±4.35 %, ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated glucose reduction of 7.55±0.54%, 21.77±2.35 %, and 29.56±3.46 % while the aqueous fraction demonstrated the least hypoglycemic effect of 9.89±2.67 %, 18.09±3.45 %, and 18.87±3.24 at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg bw respectively. Conclusion: The n-hexane fraction of Azanza garckeana extract could serve as a reservoir of bioactive agents that could be useful for the development of a new anti-diabetic agent

scholarly journals Preliminary Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Brimonidine for General Anesthesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Chen ◽  
Xiaohui Wang ◽  
Mengrou Shi ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Ting Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Sleeping Time ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Hypnotic Effect

Abstract Background:To determine the hypnotic and analgesic effects of brimonidine, and evaluate its efficacy and safety for general anesthesia. Potentiation of pentobarbital sleeping time with brimonidine was observed in mice, as was analgesic activity of brimonidine.Methods:The median effective dose (ED50)and lethal dose (LD50) of intraperitoneally injected brimonidine were determined in hypnotized mice. In addition, LD50 of intravenously injected brimonidine, ED50 of intravenously , intramuscularly and intrarectally injected brimonidine in hypnotized rabbits were determined. The synergistic anesthetic effect of brimonidine and chloral hydrate on rabbits was evaluated. Results:Intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg brimonidine enhanced the hypnotic effect of a threshold dose of pentobarbital. Intraperitoneal injection brimonidine produced dose-related analgesic effects in mice. ED50 of intraperitoneally administered brimonidine in hypnotized mice was 75.7 mg/kg, and LD50 was 379 mg/kg. The ED50 of intravenous, intramuscular and intrarectal brimonidine for hypnosis in rabbits were 5.2 mg/kg, 8.8 mg/kg and 8.7mg/kg, respectively, and LD50 of intravenous brimonidine was 146 mg/kg. Combined intravenous administration of 0.6 mg/kg brimonidine and 0.03 g/kg chloral hydrate had a synergistic anesthetic effects.Conclusions:Brimonidine elicited hypnotic and analgesic effects after systemic administration, and exhibited safety. Brimonidine enhanced the effects of other types of narcotics when combined.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of The Stripe-Faced Dunnart, Sminthopsis Macroura (Gould 1845), To The Phenyl Pyrazole Insecticide, Fipronil, Toxicological Signs And Implications For Pesticide Risk Assessments In Australia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Story ◽  
Lyn A Hinds ◽  
Steve Henry ◽  
Andrew C. Warden ◽  
Greg Dojchinov
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Eutherian Mammal ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Median Lethal Dose ◽  
Agricultural Pesticides ◽  
Sminthopsis Macroura ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ld50 Value ◽  
Female Responses

Abstract A lack of toxicity data quantifying responses of Australian native mammals to agricultural pesticides prompted an investigation into the sensitivity of the stripe-faced dunnart, Sminthopsis macroura (Gould 1845) to the insecticide, fipronil (5-amino-3-cyano-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethylsulfinyl pyrazole, CAS No. 120068-37-3). Using the Up-And-Down method for determining acute oral toxicity in mammals, derived by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), median lethal dose estimates of 990 mg kg− 1 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 580.7–4770.0 mg kg− 1) and 270.4 mg kg− 1 (95% CI = 0.0 - >20000.0 mg kg− 1) were resolved for male and female S. macroura respectively. The difference between median lethal dose estimates for males and females may have been influenced by the increased age of two female dunnarts. Further modelling of female responses to fipronil doses used the following assumptions: (a) death at 2000 mg kg− 1, (b) survival at 500 mg kg− 1 and (c) a differential response (both survival and death) at 990 mg kg− 1. This modelling revealed median lethal dose estimates for female S. macroura of 669.1 mg kg− 1 (95% CI = 550–990 mg kg− 1; assuming death at 990 mg kg− 1) and 990 mg kg− 1 (95% CI = 544.7–1470 mg kg− 1; assuming survival at 990 mg kg− 1). These median lethal dose estimates are 3–10-fold higher than the only available LD50 value for a similarly sized eutherian mammal, Mus musculus (L. 1758; 94 mg kg− 1) and that available for Rattus norvegicus (Birkenhout 1769; 97 mg kg− 1). Implications for pesticide risk assessments in Australia are discussed.

scholarly journals Comparative phytotoxicity and chironomid toxicity assessments of leaf successive extract fractions of Asiatic poison bulb, Crinum asiaticum L

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souren Goswami ◽  
Sanjib Ray
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Meristematic Tissue ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Extract Fraction ◽  
Potent Growth ◽  
Crinum Asiaticum

AbstractCrinum asiaticum is an evergreen bulbous perennial shrub of Amaryllidaceae family with ethnomedicinal importance and our earlier study described a comparative account antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the different solvent-mediated sequential extract fractions. The present study aimed to analyze their comparative account of induced phytotoxicity and chironomid toxicity. For phytotoxicity assessment, germination inhibition and seedling’s root and shoot growth retardation effects on Triticum aestivum and Cicer arietinum were analyzed and for lethal concentration determination, the freshwater bottom-dwelling first instars chironomid larvae were used. The crude aqueous, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts showed significant toxic effects on both meristematic tissue and aquatic midges. The phytotoxic assays indicate that the ethyl acetate fraction contains the most potent growth inhibitors, followed by the crude aqueous and petroleum ether fractions. The last aqueous fraction was found to be the least toxic, the highest LC50 and LT50 values and ethyl acetate extract fraction having highest toxicity. Thus the present study supplements to our earlier report, that indicated the last aqueous extract fraction of C. asiaticum has potent antioxidant and antibacterial potentials as well as its prospective use in livestock maintenance, as it is least toxic and the ethyl acetate extract, the most toxic fraction identified here, is needed to explore for pharmaceutical importance.

scholarly journals Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Aristolochia longa Extracts

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasreddine El Omari ◽  
Karima Sayah ◽  
Saad Fettach ◽  
Omar El Blidi ◽  
Abdelhakim Bouyahya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽  
Therapeutic Tools

Oxidative stress plays a major role in diabetic physiopathology; hence, the interest of using natural antioxidants as therapeutic tools exists. The aim of this study was the evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity and inhibitory potential of organic extracts from Aristolochia longa roots against key enzymes linked to hyperglycemia. Antioxidant activity was performed using 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The α-Glucosidase and β-Galactosidase inhibitory activities were investigated using an in vitro model. Moreover, phytochemical analysis of tested extracts was carried out. The aqueous fraction of this herb exhibited the highest antioxidant activity for both DPPH and ABTS methods, IC50=125.40±2.40 μg/mL and IC50=65.23±2.49 μg/mL, respectively. However, the ethyl acetate fraction possessed the strongest inhibitory effect towards α-Glucosidase (IC50=1.112±0.026 mg/mL). Furthermore, the result showed high levels of phenolic content. The results showed that this plant could be a significant source of medically important natural compounds.

scholarly journals Aeromonas hydrophila, an Emerging Causative Agent of Freshwater-Farmed Whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huihua Zhou ◽  
Chunlei Gai ◽  
Guifang Ye ◽  
Jian An ◽  
Kai Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Veterinary Antibiotics ◽  
Whiteleg Shrimp ◽  
Ld50 Value

Aeromonas hydrophila is a well-known bacterial pathogen associated with mass mortalities in aquaculture. Yet, few reports are available on whiteleg shrimp-pathogenic A. hydrophila. In the present study, a virulent isolate WS05 was confirmed as a causative agent of diseased freshwater-cultured whiteleg shrimp and showed a mean lethal dose (LD50) value of 4.8 × 104 CFU mL−1. It was identified phenotypically and molecularly as an A. hydrophila strain, and exhibited susceptibility to several veterinary antibiotics extensively used in aquaculture, including cotrimoxazole, doxycycline, florfenicol, neomycin, and tetracycline. In view of the strongest inhibition zone of florfenicol against isolate WS05, the synergistic effect of the combinations of florfenicol and herb extracts was further evaluated, and the result indicated that Punica granatum extract was a potential synergist of florfenicol against isolate WS05 and the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) for the florfenicol-P. granatum extract was calculated as 0.31. When combined with 7.81 mg mL−1 P. granatum extract, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of florfenicol against isolate WS05 was reduced from 0.50 to 0.03 mg L−1, and its activity against isolate WS05 was also enhanced with a significant reduction of ≥3.61 log in cell density after 24 h of treatment compared with that in the single drug treatment. In addition, the protective effect was potentiated by the combination of florfenicol and P. granatum extract, with a cumulative mortality of 36.66% (p < 0.05) and 33.33% (p < 0.05) lower than that in the single treatment with florfenicol and P. granatum extract after the challenge with isolate WS05 for seven days. As far as we know, this is the first study to describe whiteleg shrimp-pathogenic A. hydrophila and suggest P. granatum extract as a potential synergist of florfenicol against the A. hydrophila pathogen.

scholarly journals ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF ACTINOSCIRPUS GROSSUS (L.F.) GOETGH. AND D.A. SIMPSON

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Savin Chanthala Ganapathi ◽  
Rajendra Holla ◽  
Shivaraja Shankara Ym ◽  
Ravi Mundugaru
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Test Substance ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Healthy Female ◽  
Ld50 Value ◽  
Toxic Potential

Objective: To study the acute oral toxicity of ethanolic extract of Actinoscirpus grossus (L.f.) Goetgh. and D.A. Simpson in Wistar albino rats.Methods: Ethanolic extract of the plant was assessed for single dose acute toxicity by employing Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development(OECD) guidelines 425 using Acute Oral Toxicity(AOT) software. The dosed (up or down as per the requirement) rats were observed for 14 days for general appearance, behavior, mortality, and necropsy. A total of 5 healthy female rats of body weight 225±25 g were used.Results: The test substance did not produce any mortality up to the dose of 2000 mg/kg per oral.Conclusion: Test substance is without any toxic potential even at the dose of 2000 mg/kg in animals and the Lethal Dose (LD50) value of A. grossus (L.f.) Goetgh. and D.A. Simpson was found to be more than 2000 mg/kg body weight.

scholarly journals Insecticidal and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Isothiocyanates against Red Imported Fire Ants, Solenopsis invicta

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuzhe Du ◽  
Michael J. Grodowitz ◽  
Jian Chen
Keyword(s):  
Solenopsis Invicta ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Fire Ants ◽  
Contact Toxicity ◽  
Red Imported Fire Ant ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Ld50 Value ◽  
Fumigation Toxicity

Contact and fumigation toxicity of four isothiocyanates (ITCs), including allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), 3-butenyl isothiocyanate (3BITC), 3-(methylthio) propyl isothiocyanate (3MPITC) and 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate (2PEITC), were evaluated against the red imported fire ant worker, Solenopsis invicta Buren. 2PEITC and 3MPITC exhibited strong contact toxicity. The median lethal dose (LD50)value of AITC, 2PEITC and 3MPITC were 7.99, 2.36 and 2.09 µg/ant respectively. In addition, AITC and 3MPITC also showed strong fumigation toxicity but not 2PEITC. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values of AITC and 3MPITC were 32.49 and 57.6 µg/L, respectively. In contrast, 3BITC did not exhibit any contact and fumigation toxicity even at 100 μg/μL. Esterase (EST), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-inhibiting activities were assessed for three ITCs in S. invicta workers. All three ITCs inhibited both EST and GST activities but not AChE. The in vitro half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)values of AITC, 2PEITC and 3MPITC for GST were 3.32, 0.61 and 0.66 µg/µL, respectively. These results suggested that naturally occurring ITCs might be potentially useful for developing fire ants control products.

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