scholarly journals Contamination and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Pork in Fresh Markets, Nongchok District, Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Doungjit Kanungpean ◽  
Shinji Takai ◽  
Tsutomu Kakuda
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Meat Markets ◽  
Pork Samples

We surveyed Staphylococcus aureus contamination in 110 pork samples from 12 fresh meat markets in Nongchok district, Bangkok, Thailand, and performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing with the disk diffusion method. The prevalence of S. aureus was 28.18%, and 52 strains were isolated. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method revealed that 80.77% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline and 76.92% to ampicillin. All strains were 100% susceptible to cloxacillin, cefoxitin, gentamicin, and cefazolin. The high percentage of antibiotic resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin was attributed to their use in treating infections in farmed animals and their addition to animal food for disease prevention. Interestingly, the present study revealed the intermediate resistance of S. aureus (13.46% of S. aureus-positive pork samples) to vancomycin which is a common medicine for treating severe infection in humans, suggesting that the trend of resistance might increase and becoming a serious problem of public health for both humans and animals.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of BD Phoenix NMIC-413 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Panel for Imipenem, Meropenem, and Ertapenem Against Clinical Carbapenem-Resistant and Carbapenem-Susceptible Enterobacterales

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjia Zhang ◽  
Peiyao Jia ◽  
Ying Zhu ◽  
Ge Zhang ◽  
Yingchun Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Major Error ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant

Purpose: The infection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) has become a major clinical and healthcare problem worldwide. The screening methods of CRE have been extensively developed but still need improving [e.g., tests with accurate and simple minimum inhibitory (MICs)]. In this study, the performance of the BD Phoenix NMIC-413 AST panel was evaluated against clinical CRE and carbapenem-susceptible Enterobacterales (CSE) in China. The panel was first evaluated in the Chinese clinical lab.Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 303 clinical Enterobacterales isolates were conducted by broth microdilution (BMD), Phoenix NMIC-413 AST panel, and disk diffusion method for imipenem, ertapenem, and meropenem. Considering BMD is a gold standard, essential agreement (EA), categorical agreement (CA), minor error (MIE), major error (ME), and very major error (VME) were determined according to CLSI guidelines. CA and EA > 90%, ME <3%, and VME <1.5% were considered as acceptable criteria. Polymerase chain reaction and sanger sequencing were performed to determine the β-lactamase genotypes of CRE isolates.Results: Three hundred and three isolates included 195 CREs and 108 CSEs were enrolled according to the BMD-MIC values of three carbapenems. Tested CREs showing 100 blaKPC−2-positive organisms, 31 blaIMP-positive organisms, 28 blaNDM-positive organisms, 5 blaVIM-positive organisms, 2 both blaIMP and blaVIM-positive organisms, 2 blaOXA−48-positive organisms, and 27 isolates without carbapenemase genes. For the Phoenix NMIC-413 method, CA and EA rates >93%, MIE rates <5%, ME rates <1.75%, and VME rates were 0%, across the three drugs. For the disk diffusion method, the CA rates for three drugs were all >93%, while the MIE and ME rates were all <5 and <3%, respectively. VME rate was 3.28% for imipenem, exceeded the cut-off value specified by CLSI M52, 0 and 0.56% for ertapenem and meropenem, separately.Conclusion: Based on the genomic data, the detection of CRE and CSE was more reliable using the BD Phoenix NMIC-413 panel compared to the BMD and disk approaches. Therefore, our study supports the use of BD Phoenix NMIC-413 panel as a suitable alternative to BMD for the detection of carbapenem resistant isolates in a clinical setting.

scholarly journals Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (mrsa) as a Cause of Nosocomial Wound Infections

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maida Šiširak ◽  
Amra Zvizdić ◽  
Mirsada Hukić
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Wound Infections ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Mrsa Infection

Postoperative wound infections represent about 16% of hospital-acquired infections. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of nosocomial wound infections. Increased frequency of Methicillin-re- sistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospitalized patients and possibility of vancomycin resistance requires permanent control of MRSA spread in the hospital.The purpose of this study was to analyse the frequency of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the swabs taken from the surgical wounds, the presence of MRSA infection in surgical departments and to examine antimicrobial susceptibility of MRSA isolates.Wound swabs were examined from January 2006 to December 2008. The isolates were identified by conventional methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method as per NCCLS guidelines.A total of 5755 wound swabs were examined: 938 (16,3%) swabs were sterile and 4817 (83,7%) were positive. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 1050 (22,0%) swabs and it was the most common cause of wound infections. MRSA was isolated from 12,4% samples in 2006, from 6,7% samples in 2007 and from 3,7% samples during 2008. Wound infections caused by MRSA dominated in the department of plastic surgery (24,4%) and in the department of orthopaedic surgery (24,1%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 73% of MRSA isolates were with the same antibiotic sensitivity pattern (antibiotyp)- sensitive only to vancomycin, tetracycline, fucid acid and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxasole.Our results show decreasing of MRSA infection in the surgical wards. These results appear to be maintained with strategies for preventing nosocomial infection: permanent education, strong application of protocols and urging the implementation of strict infection control policy.

scholarly journals Implementing EUCAST rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing method for sepsis: lessons learned in a tertiary care center

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (06) ◽  
pp. 833-839
Author(s):  
Mohammad Aadam Bin Najeeb ◽  
Ayush Gupta ◽  
Shashank Purwar ◽  
Vishnu Teja Nallapati ◽  
Jogender Yadav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Major Error ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Micro Organisms

Introduction: We prospectively evaluated EUCAST rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing methodology for susceptibility testing directly from blood culture bottles in comparison to CLSI disk-diffusion method. Methodology: During May-November 2019, positively flagged blood culture bottles showing Gram-negative micro-organisms were simultaneously processed by rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing and CLSI methodology. Antibiotics tested were cefotaxime, ceftazidime, piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin, tobramycin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. Results: Overall, 80 isolates identified as Escherichia coli (n = 24, 30%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 15, 18.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 16, 20%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 25, 31.2%) were included. Categorical agreements  of rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing at 4-, 6- and 8-hour reading times were 88.1% (304/345), 90.8% (425/468) and 92.3% (467/506), respectively. Major Error rates were 14% (21/150), 4.9% (10/206) and 4/236 (1.7%), whereas Very Major Error rates were 1.1% (2/177), 1.3% (3/232) and 3.3% (8/243), respectively. Results categorized as “Area of Technical Uncertainty” were significantly lower at 8-hour {10.2% (39/384) vs 5.2% (28/534), 4- vs 8-hour, p = 0.003, Fischer’s exact test}. Conclusions: Except for a slightly higher Very major error rate, rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing at 8-hour is equivalent to Disk-diffusion method (CLSI-M100) using CLSI-M52 criteria for equivalence: (Categorical agreement ≥ 90%, Very major error ≤ 1.5% and Major error ≤ 3%). Poor Categorical agreements at all reading times were noted for piperacillin-tazobactam, ciprofloxacin and E. coli. Performance of rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing methodology in resource limited settings brings unique challenge of identifying micro-organisms within 8 hours. We suggest reading and reporting of results at a single time point using rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing method i.e. at 8-hour.

scholarly journals Evaluation of different phenotypic methods for the detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of MRSA

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 3297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheetal Sharma ◽  
Preeti Srivastava ◽  
Anjali Kulshrestha ◽  
Ameer Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Phenotypic Methods ◽  
Cefoxitin Disk ◽  
Cefoxitin Disk Diffusion

Background: Rapid and accurate detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important role of clinical microbiology laboratories to avoid treatment failure. The aim of this study was to compare conventional methods against the cefoxitin disc diffusion method to determine the best phenotypic method. Methods: Study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Jaipur (India), between July 2016 – December 2016. The methods included were Oxacillin E-test MIC, Oxacillin screen agar, Oxacillin disk diffusion, Cefoxitin disk diffusion and CHROMagar- MRSA methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility performed as per CLSI guidelines.Results: Out of 142 isolates of S. aureus, fifty three (37.32%) strains of MRSA were isolated from clinical specimen. E-MIC test was selected as gold standard method. The sensitivity and specificity of Oxacillin screen agar and CHROMagar-MRSA were same 98.07% and 97.80%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of oxacillin disk diffusion were 94.23% and 98.89%. Fifty three strains of S. aureus were MRSA by cefoxitin disk diffusion method and Oxacillin Ezy MIC test. The sensitivity and specificity of cefoxitin disk diffusion method and Oxacillin Ezy MIC method was 100% and 100% respectively. All isolates including MRSA were susceptible to Vancomycin and Linezolid. Conclusions: All phenotypic methods had high sensitivity and specificity for detection of MRSA. However, cefoxitin disk diffusion method in comparison to other methods had higher sensitivity and specificity. 

Method Preferences and Test Accuracy of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

2001 ◽  
Vol 125 (10) ◽  
pp. 1285-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald N. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Quantitative Accuracy ◽  
Concentration Methods

Abstract Objective.—To summarize the antimicrobial susceptibility testing results from the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Microbiology Surveys Program for 2000. Specifically, the frequency of tests used and the quantitative and qualitative (susceptibility category) accuracy were assessed. Design.—The CAP Microbiology Surveys challenged subscribers in 2000 with 3 well-characterized organisms for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in pure culture. Each laboratory was to use the test method and reporting procedures routinely applied to patient samples. The strains were National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) quality control organisms with precisely defined antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and reproducibility. Results reported by participants (2685–2979/sample) were graded for categorical accuracy and quantitative performance by comparing reported minimal inhibitory concentrations (μg/mL) or zone diameters (mm) against quality control ranges published by the NCCLS. The appropriateness of reported drugs was determined in the context of the type and anatomic location of the infection. Results.—The tests most often used varied by the species of the organism and growth characteristics of the isolated strains. Nonfastidious, rapid-growing Surveys unknowns (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) were most often tested with commercial systems (MicroScan, 42.0%–42.4%; Vitek, 41.5%–43.0%) or with the standardized disk diffusion method (12.8%–13.9%). In contrast, fastidious species, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 49619), were predominantly tested by Etest (40.3%), followed by disk diffusion (27.6%) and MicroScan (23.2%). Categorical accuracy was essentially equal between dilution (98.9%) and diffusion (99.0%) methods. Among the minimal inhibitory concentration methods used to test penicillin against S pneumoniae, Etest method quantitative accuracy (96.3%) was greater than that of MicroScan (92.4%). Quantitative accuracy was greatest for dilution minimal inhibitory concentration methods, with more than 90% of results within NCCLS quality control ranges for nearly all reported antimicrobials. Reevaluations of quality control ranges may be needed for 4 to 7 agents, depending on method. Reporting errors were also detected in 2 areas: (1) reporting results for drugs not active at the site of infection and (2) reporting results for drugs tested with suboptimal methods without published NCCLS interpretive criteria. Conclusions.—Antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods used in US laboratories were dominated by commercial products with relatively high accuracy (qualitative and quantitative). As available methods have become better suited to both fastidious and rapid-growing species, reporting errors have assumed a higher level of concern to the CAP Surveys in an effort to minimize prescription errors.

scholarly journals A survey of methods used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Dargatz ◽  
Matthew M. Erdman ◽  
Beth Harris
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution

Antimicrobial resistance is a serious threat to animal and human health worldwide, requiring a collaborative, holistic approach. The U.S. Government has developed a national strategy to address antimicrobial resistance, with one component being to monitor antimicrobial resistance in agricultural settings. We developed a survey to collect information about antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) from the veterinary diagnostic laboratory community in the United States, assessing current practices and technologies and determining how AST information is shared. Of the 132 surveys administered, 52 (39%) were returned. Overall, responding laboratories conducted susceptibility tests on 98,788 bacterial isolates in 2014, with Escherichia coli being the most common pathogen tested across all animal species. The 2 most common AST methods employed were the disk diffusion method (71%) and the Sensititre platform broth microdilution system (59%). Laboratories primarily used the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) VET-01 standard (69%) and the automatically calculated interpretations provided by the commercial AST systems (61%) for interpreting their AST data. Only 22% of laboratories published AST data on a periodic basis, usually via annual reports published on the laboratory’s website or through peer-reviewed journals for specific pathogens. Our results confirm that disk diffusion and broth microdilution remain the standard AST methods employed by U.S. veterinary diagnostic laboratories, and that CLSI standards are commonly used for interpreting AST results. This information will help determine the most efficient standardized methodology for future surveillance. Furthermore, the current infrastructure within laboratories, once harmonized, will help provide a mechanism for conducting national surveillance programs.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Nasal Carriage Rate and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Syrian Students in Kurdistan, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Narin Abdulrahman Rasheed ◽  
Nawfal Rasheed Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent infectious agent that is responsible for various infections in hospitals and communities. Objectives: We aimed to study the nasal carriage rate and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of S. aureus among Syrian civilians in Duhok City, Iraq. Methods: A total of 335 participants were included from Syrian refugees in Duhok City, Iraq. Conventional lab tests such as Gram staining, mannitol fermentation, catalase, and coagulase were used for bacterial identification. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out by using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and agar dilution assay, according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results: Out of the 355 samples, 140 (39.4%) were confirmed as S. aureus. The highest resistance rate was against oxacillin (35%) followed by fusidic acid (27.86%). The resistance rates against tetracycline, gentamicin, vancomycin, and ciprofloxacin were 22.1%, 17.86%, 11.4%, and 8.57%; respectively. Teicoplanin showed no resistance. Conclusions: We recommend that the antibiotic profile of S. aureus among Syrian refugees needs to be monitored. We found resistance against most of the antibiotics used in the study, and the highest rate of resistance was against oxacillin.

scholarly journals Enteric Fever Caused bySalmonella entericaSerovars with Reduced Susceptibility of Fluoroquinolones at a Community Based Teaching Hospital of Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjeela Bhetwal ◽  
Anjila Maharjan ◽  
Puspa Raj Khanal ◽  
Narayan Prasad Parajuli
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Community Based

Enteric fever continues to be an important public health problem especially in developing countries of the tropical region including Nepal. In this study, we aimed to investigate the incidence of enteric fever associated withSalmonella entericaand determine its antimicrobial susceptibilities to therapeutic antimicrobials in a community based teaching hospital of Nepal. A total of 2,304 blood samples from suspected enteric fever patients attending Manmohan Memorial Teaching Hospital were processed with standard microbiological methods for the isolation and identification of bacterial pathogens. TheSalmonella entericaclinical strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, and the results were interpreted according to the criteria suggested by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). A total of 245 (10.6%) cases of enteric fever associated withSalmonella entericawere confirmed by blood culture. Out of them, 162 (66.1%) were caused bySalmonellaTyphi and 83 (33.9%) bySalmonellaParatyphi. On Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing,Salmonellaisolates were highly susceptible to cefixime (100%), ceftriaxone (100%), ampicillin (97.9%), cotrimoxazole (94.6%), azithromycin (96.7%), tetracycline (95.5%), and chloramphenicol (97.5%), respectively. Two hundred twenty-six (92.2%) ofSalmonellaisolates were nalidixic acid resistant with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (36.7%) and ofloxacin (54.8%), respectively. Although the rate of MDRSalmonellastrains was very low (<5%), their reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones has restricted their routine empirical use. Third generation cephalosporins are the safest choice for empirical use but ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, azithromycin, and chloramphenicol can be effective alternatives.

Overview of Changes to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, M100, 31 st Edition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romney Humphries ◽  
April M. Bobenchik ◽  
Janet A. Hindler ◽  
Audrey N. Schuetz
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Standards And Guidelines

The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Subcommittee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) develops and publishes standards and guidelines for AST methods and results interpretation, in an annual update to the Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (M100). This mini-review will discuss changes to M100 for the 31 st Edition, including new and revised breakpoints and testing recommendations. New MIC and disk diffusion breakpoints are described for azithromycin ( Shigella spp.), imipenem-relebactam ( Enterobacterales , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and anaerobes), lefamulin ( Staphylococcus aureus , Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae ) and disk breakpoints for azithromycin and Neisseria gonorrhoeae . The rationale behind revised oxacillin MIC breakpoints for select staphylococci is discussed. Updates to test methods include a method for disk diffusion using positive blood culture broth and use of linezolid to predict tedizolid susceptibility. Clarification on which drugs to suppress on bacteria isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid, and clarification on the use of a caret symbol attached to the intermediate category (“I^”) to indicate those antimicrobials that concentrate in the urine.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document