scholarly journals Comparative Effectiveness of Simulation versus Serious Game for Training Nursing Students in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Randomized Control Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Zahra Farsi ◽  
Mahdieh Yazdani ◽  
Samantha Butler ◽  
Maryam Nezamzadeh ◽  
Jila Mirlashari
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Randomized Control Trial ◽  
Serious Game ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Training Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cpr Training

Background. The proper implementation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is crucial in saving patients. Purpose. This study was aimed at evaluating the difference in educating nursing students on CPR when using the traditional simulation training with a mannequin versus a more novel serious game training on the smartphone platform. Methods. This randomized control trial was conducted in 2018-2019. Through purposive sampling, 56 nursing students were selected and randomly assigned to three groups: a simulation-based CPR training, CPR training using a serious game on the smartphone platform, and a control group that received no CPR training. Each student was evaluated pre- and posttraining on CPR knowledge and skill. Results. Both the simulation and serious game training groups increased CPR abilities two weeks after training. The control group did not show improvement in skill or knowledge of CPR. The simulation and serious game intervention groups demonstrated better scores on the knowledge questionnaire and on the CPR skill demonstration in comparison to the control group. However, the simulation group and the serious game group showed no significant difference in knowledge ( 9.55 ± 2.81 vs. 7.77 ± 2.46 ; p = 0.065 ) or CPR skill demonstration ( 27.17 ± 2.81 vs. 25.72 ± 3.98 ; p = 0.988 ). The overall scores for CPR knowledge did not meet minimum expectations (70% score) in either the simulation (47.75%) or serious game (38.85%) group. However, both groups demonstrated adequate CPR skill on demonstration (simulation 87.64% and serious game 83.06%). Conclusions. Both the simulation and serious game training groups were found to increase CPR skill. CPR training would likely benefit from a multimodal approach to education.

Effects of thoracic spine manipulation on pressure pain sensitivity of rhomboid muscle active trigger points: a randomized control trial

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Bibi Haleema ◽  
Huma Riaz
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Spine ◽  
Randomized Control Trial ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Trigger Points ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pressure Sensitivity ◽  
Myofascial Trigger Points ◽  
Pain Pressure Threshold ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomized Control

Abstract Objective: The objective of study was to determine the effects of thoracic spine manipulation on interscapular pain and pain pressure sensitivity, thoracic mobility and disability due to active myofascial trigger points in rhomboid muscle. Methods: A randomized control trial was conducted at Women Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences Abbottabad, from July to December 2019.Ethical permission was taken fromResearch ethical committee of Riphah international university Islamabad. Participants were selected through non-probability purposive sampling technique as per inclusion criteria. It consisted of 60 participants with forward head posture having active trigger points in rhomboid muscle, with age ranging from 18 to 30 years. The participants were randomly allocated through sealed envelope method into two groups that are experimental and control. Experimental group has received thoracic manipulation along with conventional physical therapy (CPT) whereas control group has only received CPT including manual pressure release and therapeutic exercise. Intervention was applied with 2 sessions / week with 3 weeks in total. Pre and Post assessment was done with outcome measurement tools comprised of Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) for pain severity, Algometry for pain pressure threshold(PPT), Inclinometer for Range of movement(ROM) and Neck disability index (NDI) for associated disability. Data analysis was done using SPSS-20 version. Results: Between group analysis has shown significant improvement of pain & pain pressure sensitivity with p value <0.01 and <0.05 respectively. All outcome measures have shown significant difference in pre post treatment (p<.000) in both groups. Continuous...

scholarly journals Effect of real-time visual feedback device ‘Quality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (QCPR) Classroom’ with a metronome sound on layperson CPR training in Japan: a cluster randomized control trial

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e026140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shota Tanaka ◽  
Kyoko Tsukigase ◽  
Takahiro Hara ◽  
Ryo Sagisaka ◽  
Helge Myklebust ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Compression Depth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Cpr Training

Objectives‘Quality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (QCPR) Classroom’ was recently introduced to provide higher-quality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training. This study aimed to examine whether novel QCPR Classroom training can lead to higher chest-compression quality than standard CPR training.DesignA cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted to compare standard CPR training (control) and QCPR Classroom (intervention).SettingLayperson CPR training in Japan.ParticipantsSix hundred forty-two people aged over 15 years were recruited from among CPR trainees.InterventionsCPR performance data were registered without feedback on instrumented Little Anne prototypes for 1 min pretraining and post-training. A large classroom was used in which QCPR Classroom participants could see their CPR performance on a big screen at the front; the control group only received instructor’s subjective feedback.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcomes were compression depth (mm), rate (compressions per minute (cpm)), percentage of adequate depth (%) and recoil (%). Survey scores were a secondary outcome. The survey included participants’ confidence regarding CPR parameters and ease of understanding instructor feedback.ResultsIn total, 259 and 238 people in the control and QCPR Classroom groups, respectively, were eligible for analysis. After training, the mean compression depth and rate were 56.1±9.8 mm and 119.2±7.3 cpm in the control group and 59.5±7.9 mm and 116.8±5.5 cpm in the QCPR Classroom group. The QCPR Classroom group showed significantly more adequate depth than the control group (p=0.001). There were 39.0% (95% CI 33.8 to 44.2; p<0.0001) and 20.0% improvements (95% CI 15.4 to 24.7; P<0.0001) in the QCPR Classroom and control groups, respectively. The difference in adequate recoil between pretraining and post-training was 2.7% (95% CI −1.7 to 7.1; pre 64.2±36.5% vs post 66.9%±34.6%; p=0.23) and 22.6% in the control and QCPR Classroom groups (95% CI 17.8 to 27.3; pre 64.8±37.5% vs post 87.4%±22.9%; p<0.0001), respectively.ConclusionsQCPR Classroom helped students achieve high-quality CPR training, especially for proper compression depth and full recoil. For good educational achievement, a novel QCPR Classroom with a metronome sound is recommended.

scholarly journals Behavioral Counseling of Theory of Planned Behavior-Based to Increase Sufferers' Intention in Preventing Recurrent Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Control Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 306-311
Author(s):  
Novian Mahayu Adiutama ◽  
Hera Hijriani ◽  
Aat Agustini ◽  
Wardah Fauziah ◽  
Nurizzi Rifqi Ferdian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behavior ◽  
Planned Behavior ◽  
Randomized Control Trial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Behavioral Counseling ◽  
Counseling Intervention ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomized Control

Introduction: Ischemic stroke has become the leading cause of premature death in the last two decades. The biggest problem in preventing recurrence ischemic stroke is the compliance of the sufferers and the obedient behavior will arise only if they are consistent and have a strong intention. This study aims to determine the effect of behavioral counseling in increasing the intention to prevent recurrent ischemic stroke by using the theory of planned behavior model approach. Methods: Randomized Control Trial was conducted on 64 patients after an ischemic stroke that was managed by a public health center in East Java, Indonesia. Simple random sampling technique was used to take samples in this study. We provided behavioral counseling regarding the prevention of ischemic stroke recurrence to the treatment group using the Behavioral module which was compiled based on the guidelines from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), while the intention variable was measured using the intention measurement instrument from the TPB Questionaries. The data obtained were then analyzed by using an independent t test. Results: The result revealed that there was a significant difference in the mean value of the intention variable between the control group and the treatment group after the TPB-based behavioral counseling intervention for 1 month (p=0.015). Discussion: The behavioral counseling of TPB-based can be implemented as an alternative way in increasing the sufferers’ intention to prevent recurrence ischemic stroke. Further research in a broader scope is needed to prove the effectiveness of behavioral counseling on the structural values of the Theory of Planned Behavior.

scholarly journals Preoperative lidocaine infusion for the pain management in laparotomy procedures: a randomized control trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Raza ◽  
Ahmed Uddin Soomro ◽  
Maqsood Ahmed Siddiqui ◽  
Kamlaish ◽  
Muhammad Sheraz Raza Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Visual Analog Scale ◽  
Randomized Control Trial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomized Control

Objectives: To evaluate the role of pre-operative lidocaine infusion for pain management in laparotomy procedures. Study Design: Prospective double blind randomized control trial. Period: 8 months duration from April 2017 to November 2017. Setting: Tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Method: N= 50 patients belonging to ASA Classification types I and II were selected to be part of this study. All the patients underwent major abdominal surgeries (laparotomy). The study group received lidocaine 2%, 1.5mg/kg IV bolus half an hour before induction, followed by an infusion of 1.5mg/kg/hour. The anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 3ug/kg, propofol 2mg/kg, followed by rocuronium 1mg/kg to intubate the patient. Maintenance was done with using 33% nitrous oxide in oxygen along with 0.8% of isoflurane. Fentanyl was administered as an infusion initiating prior to the procedure with a maximum dose of 1ug/kg/hour and ceasing the infusion half an hour prior to end of procedure. Visual analog scale was used to measure the pain intensity at an interval of twenty minutes during the first hour of the procedure, and at 2,4,8,12,24 and 48 hours after the end of the procedure. If the visual analog scale score was found to be more than 3, 1 to 3mg of Morphine was administered every ten minutes up to a dose of 0.1mg/kg intravenously. A proforma was used to collect data, data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21.0. Results: The study was conducted on n=50 patients, with a mean age of 38.35 years in the study group and 36.48 years in the control group. The intensity of pain was found to be significantly less in the case group as compared to the control group having a p value of <0.001 during the first 48 hours of the procedure. Decreased consumption of morphine was observed in patients in the study group, as compared to the control group with a statistically significant difference, having a p value of less than <0.05. In our study we did not observe any side effects related to toxicity levels of lidocaine or morphine. Conclusion: Our study confirms the results of previously done studies, and we found that in our patient population Perioperative lidocaine infusion decreased the post-operative pain experienced by the patient and decreased the need for consumption of analgesics. Thus we conclude that lidocaine infusion perioperatively is an effective pain management modality.

scholarly journals The Effect of Aerobic Walking on Sleep Quality, Stress and Life Satisfaction: A Longitudinal Analysis a Randomized Control Trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feifei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Randomized Control Trial ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomized Control

Abstract BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal effects of a randomized control trial about a goal-setting aerobic walking intervention conducted among sedentary young adults.MethodsA 4-week daily aerobic walking (a. continually walking for at least 10 minutes; b. walk at least 60 steps per minute.) intervention was conducted to examine its effectiveness on sleep quality, stress and life satisfaction. Fifty-four participants aged 19–36 years old were assigned into two groups randomly (i.e. intervention group, control group). Sleep quality, stress and life satisfaction were assessed at baseline, post intervention and four weeks after the intervention by a battery of questionnaires. Omron HJ-112 pedometer and daily diary were used to facilitate the intervention process.ResultsThe comparison between intervention group and control group did not show significant difference in terms of sleep quality, stress and life satisfaction after intervention. Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant longitudinal effect with regard to stress (p = 0.03). Sleep quality was improved close to statistical significance (p = 0.06). Longitudinal analysis reported that the aerobic walking effect pertaining to life satisfaction rather than stress and sleep quality (p = 0.05).ConclusionsAerobic walking is an effective exercise for stress and sleep. Further studies are suggested to explore feasible intervention strategies that could bring long-term effectiveness to health.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04427696. Registered 11June 2020- retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04427696?cntry=HU&city=Budapest&draw=2&rank=1

scholarly journals Application Research of Clinical Nursing Teaching Model Based on PBL Mode

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Fu’an Wang
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Professional Practice ◽  
Clinical Teaching ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Teaching Model ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Clinical Nursing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Experimental Group

Objective: To explore the application effect of PBL mode in clinical nursing teaching model. Methods: 40 nursing students who were internships from June 2017 to April 2018 in our hospital were selected as subjects. They were divided into two groups, the control group and the experimental group, with 20 in each group. The control group used the traditional teaching model, and the experimental group used the PBL teaching model to compare the clinical teaching effects of the two groups of nursing students. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups of nursing students in the basic nursing knowledge, the professional practice operation under the simulated clinical operating environment and the basic nursing operation (P>0.05), in the clinical operation environment, the professional practice evaluation results of the experimental group were signifcantly better than those of the control group, and the difference was statistically signifcant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The PBL teaching model has a good teaching effect in clinical nursing teaching, which can effectively improve the professional practice level of nursing students in the clinical environment and meet the requirements of modern clinical nursing professional ability level, therefore, the PBL mode is worthy of popularization and application in clinical nursing teaching.

scholarly journals Effects of massage on behavior of full-term newborns

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Tri Sunarti Wahyutami ◽  
Soedjatmiko Soedjatmiko ◽  
Agus Firmansyah ◽  
Rulina Suradi
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Behavior ◽  
Randomized Control Trial ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Massage Group ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Term Newborns ◽  
Randomized Control

Background Baby massage is one of the touch stimulation that could be applied as soon as possible after birth. Giving massage regularly will affect the behavior of newborn.Objectives To explore the effects of ten-day massage on infant's behavior.Methods A randomized control trial was done from December 200S to March 2009. Full-term newborm were randomly assigned into massage group or control group. Babies in massage group were given massage by their mothers and supervised by midwives. All babies were evaluated twice, i.e., on day 1 and day 11, using Brazelton Scale (Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale). The behavior was compared between the two groups.Results A total of 72 full-term newborn infants appropriate for gestational age were included in this study. Infants in the massage group sbowed significant difference in adaptive behavior compared to control group. Those adaptive behavior consisted of habituation (WMD 1.08 CI 95% 0.67 to 1.49, P<0.0001), social interaction (WMD 1.54 Cl 95% 1.23 to 1.84, P<0.0001), motor system (WMD 1.35 CI 95% 1.14 to 1.55, P<0.0001), organization state (P<0.0001), range of state (WMD 1.35 CI 95% 0.95 to 1.55, P< 0.0001), autonomic system (WMD 0.53 CI 95% 0.23 to 0.84, P<0.0001), end reflexes (P<0.0001).Conclusions Massage gives better adaptive behavior and reflexes of full-term newborns compared to those without massage.

scholarly journals Sub-hypnotic dose of propofol as antiemetic prophylaxis attenuates intrathecal morphine-induced postoperative nausea and vomiting, and pruritus in parturient undergoing cesarean section — a randomized control trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvanus Kampo ◽  
Alfred Parker Afful ◽  
Shiraj Mohammed ◽  
Michael Ntim ◽  
Alexis D. B. Buunaaim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Postoperative Nausea ◽  
Randomized Control Trial ◽  
Intrathecal Morphine ◽  
Postoperative Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
Hypnotic Dose

Abstract Background Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) is a dreadful and uncomfortable experience that significantly detracts patients’ quality of life after surgery. This study aimed to examine the antiemetic effect of a single sub-hypnotic dose of propofol as prophylaxis for PONV. Method In this prospective, double-blind, randomized control trial, 345 parturients presented for elective cesarean section at the Obstetric unit of Tamale Teaching Hospital were recruited. Each recruited parturient was randomly assigned to one of three groups; Propofol group (n = 115) represented those who received propofol 0.5 mg/kg, Metoclopramide group (n = 115) represented those who received metoclopramide 10 mg and, Control group (n = 115) represented those who received 0.9% saline. Spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 7.5–10 mg, and intrathecal morphine 0.2 mg was employed for the anesthesia. Results The data indicate that 108 (93.9%) parturients from the control group, 10 (8.7%) from the propofol group and 8 (7.0%) from the metoclopramide group experienced some incidence of PONV. There was no significant difference in the incidence of PONV (nausea, vomiting, and none) between the propofol and the metoclopramide groups (P = 0.99; 0.31; and 0.35 respectively). Parturients who received antiemetic agents were 105 (97.2%), 1 (10.0%) and 3 (37.5%) from the control, propofol and metoclopramide groups respectively. The data indicated that 98 (85.2%) parturients from the control, 3 (2.6%) from propofol group, and 100 (87.0%) from the metoclopramide group experienced some levels of pruritus. There was a significant difference in the incidence of pruritus (mild, moderate, and no pruritus) between the metoclopramide and propofol groups (P <  0.01; P <  0.01; and P <  0.01 respectively). Conclusion A sub-hypnotic dose of propofol is effective as metoclopramide in the prevention of PONV in parturient undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia with intrathecal morphine. Sub-hypnotic dose of propofol significantly reduces the incidence of postoperative pruritus following intrathecal morphine use. Trial registration Current control trial, registered at ISRCTN trial registry: ISRCTN15475205. Date registered: 03/04/2019. Retrospectively registered.

Immediate Effect of Mental Practice on Performance of a Neurodynamic Skill in Physiotherapy Students: A Randomized Control Trial.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kajal Uday Chheda ◽  
Isha Akulwar-Tajane
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Control Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Mental Practice ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physical Practice ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
Physiotherapy Students

Abstract Background Mental Practice (MP), "the cognitive rehearsal of a task in the absence of overt physical movement," has been used successfully in teaching and rehearsing complex psychomotor tasks in several domains, including sports; music; and recently, in surgical skills acquisition. This study investigates the implementation of MP on performance of a neurodynamic skill in third year undergraduate Physiotherapy students. Method: It was a randomized control trial (single-blind) conducted in a Physiotherapy institute. A convenient sample of 40 III year undergraduate students who were novice for the topic were recruited. Some important preliminary steps involved development and validation of the tools used in the study viz. an audio script to guide mental imagery practice and an OSPE checklist to assess the outcome. The OSPE checklist was procedural specific for ULNT-1 and included stations for cognitive, psychomotor and affective domains. A neurodynamic skill (ULNT-1 Median nerve) was taught to all the students (n = 38, 2 drop outs) by a teacher as a didactic lecture followed by physical practice which was supervised and guided by the same teacher. After randomization, the intervention group (n = 19) received MP guided by a structured audio script as a single session for 20 minutes delivered to all the participants together in a group. The control group participants (n = 19) intended to serve as a basis of comparison and received no intervention. Pre- and post-intervention assessment was done by a set of examiners who were blinded to the intervention. Comparative analysis was done within the group using Wilcoxon sign rank test and between the groups using unpaired t test. Results MP group showed significant improvement in cognitive, psychomotor, affective domain and total score of OSPE post intervention whereas the control group did not show significant difference except for the total score. Between group comparison showed significant differences in all the domains and total score in favor of the MP group. Also, the extent of improvement (effect size calculated using Cohen’s d) was more in the mental practice group than in the control group. Conclusion MP as an adjunct to physical practice is a time-and cost-effective strategy to augment traditional training and enhance performance of a neurodynamic skill in Physiotherapy students. This preliminary evidence supported by robust scientific base and ease of integration should facilitate adoption of MP in Physiotherapy education. We recommend future studies to further explore the potential of this promising tool.

scholarly journals GAMBARAN PENGETAHUAN RESUSITASI JANTUNG PARU PADA DEWASA MUDA

2021 ◽  
pp. 1513
Author(s):  
David Limanan ◽  
Susy Olivia Lontoh
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cpr Training ◽  
Age Range

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (RJP) is a useful rescue technique in an emergency. In Indonesia data on the level of CPR knowledge in the community, especially young adults are still minimal, so researchers are interested in knowing the level of CPR knowledge in young people, especially students. The purpose of this study was to describe the level of cardiopulmonary resuscitation knowledge and the influence of online training on changes in the level of knowledge about CPR. Research that uses cross sectional descriptive research design to determine the level of knowledge of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and pre-test and post-test design to find out the difference in knowledge levels before being given intervention and after being given CPR knowledge intervention. The online CPR training activity was attended by 287 respondents, consisting of 63 men and 224 women. The age range that took part in this study was 16 years to 29 years, with the majority of respondents aged 18 years. The result of the average pretest score is 46.73 and the posttest average is 53.47. The statistical test showed that there was a significant difference between the respondents' pretest scores compared to the post-test scores (Wilcoxon, p=0.000). It can be concluded that there was an increase in the knowledge of participants who took part in the CPR training.Resusitasi jantung paru (RJP) merupakan teknik penyelamatan yang berguna dalam keadaan darurat. Di Indonesia data mengenai tingkat pengetahuan RJP pada masyarakat khususnya dewasa muda masih minim. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui gambaran tingkat pengetahuan resusitasi jantung paru  dan pengaruh training online terhadap perubahan tingkat pengetahuan mengenai RJP. Penelitian yang menggunakan desain penelitian deskriptif cross sectional untuk menentukan gambaran tingkat pengetahuan resusitasi jantung paru dan pre-test and post-test design untuk mengetahui perbedaan tingkat pengetahuan sebelum diberikan intervensi dan sesudah diberikan intervensi pengetahuan RJP. Kegiatan pelatihan RJP daring diikuti oleh 287 responden, yang terdiri dari 63 laki-laki dan 224 perempuan. Rentang usia yang mengikuti penelitian ini adalah 16 tahun hingga 29 tahun, dengan responden terbanyak berusia 18 tahun. Hasil nilai rata-rata prestest sebesar 46.73 dan nilai rata-rata posttest adalah 53.47. Uji statistik menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna antara nilai pretest responden dibanding nilai post test (Wilcoxon, p=0.000). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan peserta yang mengikuti pelatihan RJP.

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