scholarly journals Correlation Evaluation of Pilots’ Situation Awareness in Bridge Simulations via Eye-Tracking Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Shaoqi Jiang ◽  
Weijiong Chen ◽  
Yutao Kang
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Heat Maps ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Scan Paths ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Tracking Technology ◽  
Saccade Duration

To maintain situation awareness (SA) when exposed to emergencies during pilotage, a pilot needs to selectively allocate attentional resources to perceive critical status information about ships and environments. Although it is important to continuously monitor a pilot’s SA, its relationship with attention is still not fully understood in ship pilotage. This study performs bridge simulation experiments that include vessel departure, navigation in the fairway, encounters, poor visibility, and anchoring scenes with 13 pilots (mean = 11.3 and standard deviation = 1.4 of experience). Individuals were divided into two SA group levels based on the Situation Awareness Rating Technology (SART-2) score (mean = 20.13 and standard deviation = 5.83) after the experiments. The visual patterns using different SA groups were examined using heat maps and scan paths based on pilots’ fixations and saccade data. The preliminary visual analyses of the heat maps and scan paths indicate that the pilots’ attentional distribution is modulated by the SA level. That is, the most concerning areas of interest (AOIs) for pilots in the high and low SA groups are outside the window (AOI-2) and electronic charts (AOI-1), respectively. Subsequently, permutation simulations were utilized to identify statistical differences between the pilots’ eye-tracking metrics and SA. The results of the statistical analyses show that the fixation and saccade metrics are affected by the SA level in different AOIs across the five scenes, which confirms the findings of previous studies. In encounter scenes, the pilots’ SA level is correlated with the fixation and saccade metrics: fixation count ( p  = 0.034 < 0.05 in AOI-1 and p  = 0.032 < 0.05 in AOI-2), fixation duration ( p  = 0.043 < 0.05 in AOI-1 and p  = 0.014 < 0.05 in AOI-2), and saccade count ( p  = 0.086 < 0.1 in AOI-1 and p  = 0.054 < 0.1 in AOI-2). This was determined by the fixation count ( p  = 0.024 < 0.05 in AOI-1 and p  = 0.034 < 0.05 in AOI-2), fixation duration ( p  = 0.036 < 0.05 in AOI-1 and p  = 0.047 < 0.05 in AOI-2), and saccade duration ( p  = 0.05 ≤ 0.05 in AOI-1 and p  = 0.042 < 0.05 in AOI-2) in poor-visibility scenes. In the remaining scenes, the SA could not be measured using eye movements alone. This study lays a foundation for the cognitive mechanism recognition of pilots based on SA via eye-tracking technology, which provides a reference to establish cognitive competency standards in preliminary pilot screenings.

scholarly journals Use of Eye-Tracking Technology by Medical Students Taking the Objective Structured Clinical Examination: Descriptive Study

10.2196/17719 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. e17719
Author(s):  
M D Grima-Murcia ◽  
Francisco Sanchez-Ferrer ◽  
Jose Manuel Ramos-Rincón ◽  
Eduardo Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Objective Structured Clinical Examination ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Clinical Competencies ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Tracking Technology

Background The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is a test used throughout Spain to evaluate the clinical competencies, decision making, problem solving, and other skills of sixth-year medical students. Objective The main goal of this study is to explore the possible applications and utility of portable eye-tracking systems in the setting of the OSCE, particularly questions associated with attention and engagement. Methods We used a portable Tobii Glasses 2 eye tracker, which allows real-time monitoring of where the students were looking and records the voice and ambient sounds. We then performed a qualitative and a quantitative analysis of the fields of vision and gaze points attracting attention as well as the visual itinerary. Results Eye-tracking technology was used in the OSCE with no major issues. This portable system was of the greatest value in the patient simulators and mannequin stations, where interaction with the simulated patient or areas of interest in the mannequin can be quantified. This technology proved useful to better identify the areas of interest in the medical images provided. Conclusions Portable eye trackers offer the opportunity to improve the objective evaluation of candidates and the self-evaluation of the stations used as well as medical simulations by examiners. We suggest that this technology has enough resolution to identify where a student is looking at and could be useful for developing new approaches for evaluating specific aspects of clinical competencies.

scholarly journals Packaging design and testing by eye tracking

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Franken ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Purchasing Decisions ◽  
Heat Maps ◽  
Packaging Design ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Design And Testing ◽  
Made In

The importance of packaging design has been increasing in today’s competitive world. Approximately 70% of purchasing decisions are made in a store. Over 60% of purchasing decisions are based on packaging; the actual shopping is thus the final chance for the packaging to attract the buyer. Packaging has between 2 and 3 seconds to convince the buyer. In addition to the appearance of the individual packages, the appearance of brand packaging is important. We compared different designs of packages. Finally, we placed individual packages on the shelves in a store and carried out measurement of in-store noting. The measurements were carried out using eye tracking equipment (Tobii X120). For each participant, the observing time and the number of fixations in individual areas of interest were measured; both were then compared with heat maps. In this way, we compared the suitability of the form of individual packages and the salience of the packages on the shelves for potential buyers.

scholarly journals Use of Eye-Tracking Technology by Medical Students Taking the Objective Structured Clinical Examination: Descriptive Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M D Grima-Murcia ◽  
Francisco Sanchez-Ferrer ◽  
Jose Manuel Ramos-Rincón ◽  
Eduardo Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Objective Structured Clinical Examination ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Clinical Competencies ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Tracking Technology

BACKGROUND The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is a test used throughout Spain to evaluate the clinical competencies, decision making, problem solving, and other skills of sixth-year medical students. OBJECTIVE The main goal of this study is to explore the possible applications and utility of portable eye-tracking systems in the setting of the OSCE, particularly questions associated with attention and engagement. METHODS We used a portable Tobii Glasses 2 eye tracker, which allows real-time monitoring of where the students were looking and records the voice and ambient sounds. We then performed a qualitative and a quantitative analysis of the fields of vision and gaze points attracting attention as well as the visual itinerary. RESULTS Eye-tracking technology was used in the OSCE with no major issues. This portable system was of the greatest value in the patient simulators and mannequin stations, where interaction with the simulated patient or areas of interest in the mannequin can be quantified. This technology proved useful to better identify the areas of interest in the medical images provided. CONCLUSIONS Portable eye trackers offer the opportunity to improve the objective evaluation of candidates and the self-evaluation of the stations used as well as medical simulations by examiners. We suggest that this technology has enough resolution to identify where a student is looking at and could be useful for developing new approaches for evaluating specific aspects of clinical competencies.

scholarly journals HEAT MAPS AND SCAN PATHS: QUALITATIVE EYE-TRACKING EVIDENCE ON HOW THE QUR’AN IS MEMORIZED THROUGH READING

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 318-334
Author(s):  
Khazriyati Salehuddin ◽  
Mizhanim Mohamad Shahimin ◽  
Mohamed Zain Sulaiman ◽  
Rasyiqah Batrisya Md Zolkapli
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Heat Maps ◽  
Arabic Speakers ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Scan Paths ◽  
Read Word ◽  
Reading Experiment ◽  
Unknown Words

The process of memorizing the Qur’an typically takes place through reading its printed version (mus’haf). The Qur’an is read word by word so that the process of recalling the memorized verses or chapters is done accurately and fluently. Memorizing the Qur’an may be a great challenge to non-Arabic speakers because of their lack of knowledge in the Arabic vocabulary and grammar; yet more and more non-Arabic speakers continue to memorize the Qur’an for various reasons. In order to scientifically investigate how non-Arabic speakers memorize the Qur’an, a reading experiment was conducted to achieve this aim. Sixty-four (21 Male, 43 Female) native speakers of Malay who have memorized a portion of the Qur’an (10 juzu’ and below) participated in this experiment. Using the Tobii TX300 eye-tracking machine, participants’ eye movements, as they read to memorize four verses of the Qur’an (two with and two without Malay translations), were tracked, and their gaze plots were analysed qualitatively (via heat maps and scan paths). Results show evidence that Malay non-Arabic speakers’ act of reading the Qur’an to memorize it went beyond what is usually known as “cramming”; instead, the process involved finding the meaning of unknown words, so that the process of recalling the memorized verses can be done accurately and fluently.   Keywords: Cognitive processes, eye movements, memorization, psycholinguistics, Qur’an   Cited as: Salehuddin, K., Shahimin, M. M., Sulaiman, M. Z., & Md Zolkapli, R. B. (2019). Heat maps and scan paths: Qualitative eye tracking evidence on how the Qur’an is memorized through reading. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 4(2), 318-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol4iss2pp318-334

How do People look at Pictures of Pigs? Analyzing Fixation Duration Depending on Pig Expression and Barn Type using Eye-Tracking

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 300-310
Author(s):  
Sarah Gauly ◽  
Gesa Busch ◽  
Achim Spiller ◽  
Ulrich Enneking ◽  
Susanne Kunde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Using eye-tracking, this study investigates fixation duration of students viewing pictures of pigs, which systematically vary in the facial expression of the pig and in the barn setting. The aim of this study is to analyze which picture elements are viewed and for how long, as well as how fixation times vary with a change of the expression of the pig and the barn type. The results show clear effects of picture composition: pig expression and pen type affect fixation durations of different areas of interest with the influence of the pig being considerably larger. Face regions are viewed longer in the “happy” pig, while floor/bedding and the eyes are viewed longer in pictures showing the “unhappy” pig which might be a hint for information search. The power of facial expressions, also for the depiction of farm animals, is a new finding of this paper, which might be of importance when selecting agricultural pictures for different purposes.

The Use of Eye Tracking Technology in Aesthetic Surgery: Analyzing Changes in Facial Attention Following Surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 1269-1279
Author(s):  
Russell S Frautschi ◽  
Nadeera Dawlagala ◽  
Eric W Klingemier ◽  
Hannah S England ◽  
Nicholas R Sinclair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Aesthetic Surgery ◽  
Facial Rejuvenation ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Postoperative Changes ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Tracking Technology

Abstract Background The ability to quantitatively analyze how we look at a face and determine if this changes following facial surgery should be of interest to the plastic surgeon. Eye tracking technology (ETT) provides the ability to record where observers fixate when viewing a facial image, enabling quantitative data to be obtained comparing pre- and postoperative changes. Objectives The authors sought to investigate ETT as a novel outcome assessment tool, determining if facial rejuvenation surgery shifts attention away from the prominent signs of aging, and if so, where this attention shifts. Methods Twenty-five volunteers viewed 32 randomized frontal, oblique, and lateral images of 11 patients pre- and post-facelift. An eye movement monitoring system recorded the observer’s eye position, net dwell time, fixation count, fixation time, and revisits into predefined areas of interest. Data were grouped and analyzed by angle and areas of interest. Paired t tests were employed to detect significant differences in pre- and post-images. Results On frontal images, less dwell time, fixations, and revisits were noted on the bottom third, forehead, perioral region, and neck (P &lt; 0.05). On the lateral view, less visual attention was given to the neck, upper third, and perioral region, with more time in the cheek, nose, and middle third (P &lt; 0.05). On oblique images, less attention was given to the neck and upper lid with more aimed at the middle third of the face (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions ETT provides quantitative data post-facial rejuvenation. Facial aesthetic surgery does alter where observers look when viewing a face, decreasing the time spent inspecting the prominent signs of aging.

Analysis of neonatal resuscitation using eye tracking: a pilot study

2017 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. F82-F84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Hiu Yan Law ◽  
Po-Yin Cheung ◽  
Michael Wagner ◽  
Sylvia van Os ◽  
Bin Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Neonatal Resuscitation ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Acceptable Quality ◽  
Areas Of Interest

BackgroundVisual attention (VA) is important for situation awareness and decision-making. Eye tracking can be used to analyse the VA of healthcare providers. No study has examined eye tracking during neonatal resuscitation.ObjectiveTo test the use of eye tracking to examine VA during neonatal resuscitation.MethodsSix video recordings were obtained using eye tracking glasses worn by resuscitators during the first 5 min of neonatal resuscitation. Videos were analysed to obtain (i) areas of interest (AOIs), (ii) time spent on each AOI and (iii) frequency of saccades between AOIs.ResultsFive videos were of acceptable quality and analysed. Only 35% of VA was directed at the infant, with 33% at patient monitors and gauges. There were frequent saccades (0.45/s) and most involved patient monitors.ConclusionDuring neonatal resuscitation, VA is often directed away from the infant towards patient monitors. Eye tracking can be used to analyse human performance during neonatal resuscitation.

scholarly journals Industrial Energy Assessment Training Effectiveness Evaluation: An Eye-Tracking Study

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1584
Author(s):  
Laleh Ghanbari ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
Hyun Woo Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Visual Behavior ◽  
Energy Assessment ◽  
Industrial Energy ◽  
Assessment Training ◽  
Training Effectiveness Evaluation ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Tracking Technology

It is essential to understand the effectiveness of any training program so it can be improved accordingly. Various studies have applied standard metrics for the evaluation of visual behavior to recognize the areas of interest that attract individuals’ attention as there is a high correlation between attentional behavior and where one is focusing on. However, through reviewing the literature, we believe that studies that applied eye-tracking technologies for training purposes are still limited, especially in the industrial energy assessment training field. In this paper, the effectiveness of industrial energy assessment training was quantitatively evaluated by measuring the attentional allocation of trainees using eye-tracking technology. Moreover, this study identifies the areas that require more focus based on evaluating the performance of subjects after receiving the training. Additionally, this research was conducted in a controlled environment to remove the distractions that may be caused by environmental factors to only concentrate on variables that influence the learning behavior of subjects. The experiment results showed that after receiving the training, the subjects’ performance in energy assessment was significantly improved in two areas: production, and recycling and waste management, and the designed training program enhanced the knowledge of participants in identifying energy-saving opportunities to the knowledge level of experienced participants.

scholarly journals Differences in the Gaze Behaviours of Pedestrians Navigating between Regular and Irregular Road Patterns

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Liu ◽  
Weihua Dong ◽  
Zhicheng Zhan ◽  
Shengkai Wang ◽  
Liqiu Meng
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Route Selection ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Shortest Route ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Tracking Technology

While a road pattern influences wayfinding and navigation, its influence on the gaze behaviours of navigating pedestrians is not well documented. In this study, we compared gaze behaviour differences between regular and irregular road patterns using eye-tracking technology. Twenty-one participants performed orientation (ORI) and shortest route selection (SRS) tasks with both road patterns. We used accuracy of answers and response time to estimate overall performance and time to first fixation duration, average fixation duration, fixation count and fixation duration to estimate gaze behaviour. The results showed that participants performed better with better accuracy of answers using irregular road patterns. For both tasks and both road patterns, the Label areas of interest (AOIs) (including shops and signs) received quicker or greater attention. The road patterns influenced gaze behaviour for both Road AOIs and Label AOIs but exhibited a greater influence on Road AOIs in both tasks. In summary, for orientation and route selection, users are more likely to rely on labels, and roads with irregular patterns are important. These findings may serve as the anchor point for determining how people’s gaze behaviours differ depending on road pattern and indicate that labels and unique road patterns should be highlighted for better wayfinding and navigation.

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