scholarly journals The Current Status and Challenges in the Development of Vaccines and Drugs against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Narasimha M. Beeraka ◽  
SubbaRao V. Tulimilli ◽  
Medha Karnik ◽  
Surya P. Sadhu ◽  
Rajeswara Rao Pragada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Eosinophil Infiltration ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Cell Immunity

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), which is characterized by clinical manifestations such as pneumonia, lymphopenia, severe acute respiratory distress, and cytokine storm. S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE-II) to enter into the lungs through membrane proteases consequently inflicting the extensive viral load through rapid replication mechanisms. Despite several research efforts, challenges in COVID-19 management still persist at various levels that include (a) availability of a low cost and rapid self-screening test, (b) lack of an effective vaccine which works against multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2, and (c) lack of a potent drug that can reduce the complications of COVID-19. The development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is a complicated process due to the emergence of mutant variants with greater virulence and their ability to invoke intricate lung pathophysiology. Moreover, the lack of a thorough understanding about the virus transmission mechanisms and complete pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is making it hard for medical scientists to develop a better strategy to prevent the spread of the virus and design a clinically viable vaccine to protect individuals from being infected. A recent report has tested the hypothesis of T cell immunity and found effective when compared to the antibody response in agammaglobulinemic patients. Understanding SARS-CoV-2-induced changes such as “Th-2 immunopathological variations, mononuclear cell & eosinophil infiltration of the lung and antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE)” in COVID-19 patients provides key insights to develop potential therapeutic interventions for immediate clinical management. Therefore, in this review, we have described the details of rapid detection methods of SARS-CoV-2 using molecular and serological tests and addressed different therapeutic modalities used for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. In addition, the current challenges against the development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 are also briefly described in this article.

scholarly journals Miniaturized wireless, skin-integrated sensor networks for quantifying full-body movement behaviors and vital signs in infants

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (43) ◽  
pp. e2104925118
Author(s):  
Hyoyoung Jeong ◽  
Sung Soo Kwak ◽  
Seokwoo Sohn ◽  
Jong Yoon Lee ◽  
Young Joong Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Integrated Sensor ◽  
Full Body

Early identification of atypical infant movement behaviors consistent with underlying neuromotor pathologies can expedite timely enrollment in therapeutic interventions that exploit inherent neuroplasticity to promote recovery. Traditional neuromotor assessments rely on qualitative evaluations performed by specially trained personnel, mostly available in tertiary medical centers or specialized facilities. Such approaches are high in cost, require geographic proximity to advanced healthcare resources, and yield mostly qualitative insight. This paper introduces a simple, low-cost alternative in the form of a technology customized for quantitatively capturing continuous, full-body kinematics of infants during free living conditions at home or in clinical settings while simultaneously recording essential vital signs data. The system consists of a wireless network of small, flexible inertial sensors placed at strategic locations across the body and operated in a wide-bandwidth and time-synchronized fashion. The data serve as the basis for reconstructing three-dimensional motions in avatar form without the need for video recordings and associated privacy concerns, for remote visual assessments by experts. These quantitative measurements can also be presented in graphical format and analyzed with machine-learning techniques, with potential to automate and systematize traditional motor assessments. Clinical implementations with infants at low and at elevated risks for atypical neuromotor development illustrates application of this system in quantitative and semiquantitative assessments of patterns of gross motor skills, along with body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate, from long-term and follow-up measurements over a 3-mo period following birth. The engineering aspects are compatible for scaled deployment, with the potential to improve health outcomes for children worldwide via early, pragmatic detection methods.

Use of Natural Compounds as a potential therapeutic agent against COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadma Wahab ◽  
Irfan Ahmad ◽  
Safia Irfan ◽  
Mohammad Hassan Baig ◽  
Abd-ElAziem Farouk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

: The current 2019-nCoV outbreak is becoming extremely noxious and has affected the whole world. Its control is challenging because there is no effective vaccine or drug available for Coronavirus disease. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), previously named as 2019 novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV), primarily targets the human respiratory system to lung lesions and lethal pneumonia. Natural products have always shown a crucial role in the process of drug development against various diseases. They could be leads for further drug development to combat emergent mutants of the coronavirus. In this review, the current status of natural compounds and their derivatives acting against different species of CoV are discussed.

scholarly journals Understanding COVID-19: From Origin to Potential Therapeutics

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 5904
Author(s):  
Muhammad Moazzam ◽  
Muhammad Imran Sajid ◽  
Hamza Shahid ◽  
Jahanzaib Butt ◽  
Irfan Bashir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
First Case ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Potential Therapeutics

Currently, a global pandemic era of public health concerns is going on with the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first case of COVID-19 was reported from Wuhan’s Huanan seafood market in China late December 2019. Bats, pangolins, and snakes have been nominated as salient carriers of the virus. Thanks to its high pathogenicity, it can cause severe respiratory infections. Fever, dry cough, sore throat, pneumonia, septic shock, and ground-glass opacities are the foremost clinical manifestations of COVID-19. Immunocompromised patients are at high risk for COVID-19 infection and may lead to death. Scientist and government agencies around the globe are putting forward their best efforts and resources for the effective treatment of human coronavirus infections; however, neither vaccines nor antiviral drugs are available for the treatment of human coronaviruses (HCoV) infections such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), MERS (Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome), and COVID-19. Since the outbreak, a plethora of research and review articles have been published. Moreover, the mass media has bombarded the public with conflicting opinions about the pandemic. There is a dire need for accurate and reliable information concerning this pandemic. In this review, we have compiled the up to date information about the origins, evolution, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of this disease. Moreover, very few reports have addressed the clinical features and current status of treatment for COVID-19; we have adequately addressed these topics in detail in this review. Finally, a detailed account of clinical trials of vaccines and other therapeutics currently in progress has been delineated.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) Current Status and Future Perspectives: A Narrative Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Di Gennaro ◽  
Damiano Pizzol ◽  
Claudia Marotta ◽  
Mario Antunes ◽  
Vincenzo Racalbuto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Health Organization

At the end of 2019 a novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing severe acute respiratory syndrome expanded globally from Wuhan, China. In March 2020 the World Health Organization declared the SARS-Cov-2 virus a global pandemic. We performed a narrative review to describe existing literature with regard to Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management and future perspective. MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus databases were searched for relevant articles. Although only when the pandemic ends it will be possible to assess the full health, social and economic impact of this global disaster, this review represents a picture of the current state of the art. In particular, we focus on public health impact, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations, diagnosis, case management, emergency response and preparedness.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2, the Tiny Creature which Scared the Globe.

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Initial Validation ◽  
Syrian Arab Republic ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The 7th of January 2020, the novel Coronavirus was identified as the causative agent of COVID19, a potentially deadly disease. The first cases were reported in Wuhan, Hubei province in China, but since the 11th of March 2020, a novel Coronavirus outbreak has been considered as a pandemic. Belonging to Coronavirus family, SARS-CoV-2 is believed to be originated in bat then transmitted to humans by an intermediate animal host. Inhalation or touching infected droplets are the major ways to transmit the disease from human-to-human. Most of the patients are mild or asymptomatic. Symptomatic ones present mainly fever, sore throat, dyspnea, but in certain cases, it can lead to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or even multi-organ dysfunction. Molecular detection methods are at high importance mainly rtqPCR. High-throughput sequencing of the whole genome can also be used, but it is very expensive. CRISPR Cas 12 has just got the initial validation as a detection tool of SARS-CoV-2. Serological tests and CT chest scan are also involved in the diagnosis. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive including isolation of patients. However, many drugs and vaccine candidates are under clinical experimentation. In this review, we prepared a quick summary of SARS-CoV-2 origin, transmission, clinical manifestations and management by highlighting the variable diagnostic methods and potential therapeutic agents, which may prevent the disease or fight the virus. It also provides a bird's eye view about the current outbreak status in Syrian Arab Republic in the Middle East.

scholarly journals Challenges and Opportunities to Develop Diagnostics and Therapeutic Interventions for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome- Corona Virus 2 (SARS-COV-2)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaison Jeevanandam ◽  
Subhamoy Banerjee ◽  
Rajkumar Paul
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Therapeutic Intervention ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or Corona Virus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is playing havoc all over the world since December 2019. Despite being a family member of coronaviridae, which has previously affected mankind twice in last one decade, the novel corona virus, as it is named left medical practitioners and scientists defenseless. The major challenge is twofold identification and therapeutic intervention. Several approaches, including real-time PCR have already been taken for quick identification of Covid19. Due to very fast evolving rate, accurate identification is still a challenge for most of the detection methods developed in last three months. Several proposals for therapeutic intervention have also put forth by scientists, ranging from vaccine to RNA therapy. In this article, a comprehensive review is made from the scattered scientific literatures and is fine-tuned further with possible diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.

Etiology and clinical features of epididymo-orchitis: A single-center study in Tehran, Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Abolghasemi ◽  
Mohammad Alizadeh ◽  
Ali Hashemi ◽  
Shabnam Tehrani
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Urine Culture ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Urinary Frequency ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tract Infections

Introduction: Epididymo-orchitis is a common urological disease among men. Little is known about the clinical and epidemiological aspects of the disease in Iran. Thus, the present study was aimed to investigate the etiology, clinical sequelae and risk factors of patients with epididymo-orchitis in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: Patients presenting with epididymo-orchitis were prospectively analyzed in order to study the etiology and pattern of the disease. Bacteriological, molecular and serological tests were undertaken to look for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Brucella spp., Mycoplasma spp, and other bacteria. Results: Fifty patients with epididymo-orchitis were evaluated according to their clinical symptoms, duration of symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory studies. The mean age of the patients was 53 years. Fever, dysuria, pain in the flanks, urinary frequency and discharges occurred in 58.0%, 50.0%, 50.0%, 28.0% and 6.0%, respectively. Bacterial pathogen was identified in 26% (13/50) of patients by urine culture. Escherichia coli was the etiological agent in 11/13 patients (84.6%). Two out of 50 patients (4.0%) were also positive for Chlamydia trachomatis. Two samples were serologically positive for Brucella spp. High Mean age, fever, urinary frequency, history of the underlying disease and history of urinary tract infections were found to have a significant association with the positive bacteriologic urine culture (P<0.05). Conclusions: The most common clinical manifestations were fever, dysuria, and abdominal pain. E. coli and C. trachomatis were the major causative agents. Use of a set of diagnostic approaches including clinical symptoms, urine culture and more precise techniques such as PCR should be taken into consideration for the definitive diagnosis.

Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Narrative Review Based on Current Status

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Das ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Mehta ◽  
Meenakshi Dhanawat
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
First Case ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract:: A novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), appeared and expanded globally by the end of year in 2019 from Wuhan, China, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome. During its initial stage, the disease was called the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). It was named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 February 2020. The WHO declared worldwide the SARS-CoV-2 virus a pandemic on March 2020. On 30 January 2020 the first case of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in India. Now in current situation the virus is floating in almost every part of the province and rest of the globe. -: On the basis of novel published evidences, we efficiently summarized the reported work with reference to COVID-19 epidemiology, pathogen, clinical symptoms, treatment and prevention. Using several worldwide electronic scientific databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Embase, Science direct, Scopus, etc were utilized for extensive investigation of relevant literature. -: This review is written in the hope of encouraging the people successfully with the key learning points from the underway efforts to perceive and manage SARS-CoV-2, suggesting sailent points for expanding future research.

scholarly journals Pediatric leukemia susceptibility disorders: manifestations and management

Hematology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 242-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa J. McReynolds ◽  
Sharon A. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Early Onset ◽  
Ribosome Biogenesis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Bone Marrow Failure ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cancer Surveillance ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Pediatric Leukemia ◽  
Inherited Susceptibility

Abstract The clinical manifestations of inherited susceptibility to leukemia encompass a wide phenotypic range, including patients with certain congenital anomalies or early-onset myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and some with no obvious medical problems until they develop leukemia. Leukemia susceptibility syndromes occur as a result of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked recessive inheritance, or de novo occurrence, of germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair, ribosome biogenesis, telomere biology, hematopoietic transcription factors, tumor suppressors, and other critical cellular processes. Children and adults with cytopenias, MDS, dysmorphic features, notable infectious histories, immunodeficiency, certain dermatologic findings, lymphedema, unusual sensitivity to radiation or chemotherapy, or acute leukemia with a family history of early-onset cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, or alveolar proteinosis should be thoroughly evaluated for a leukemia susceptibility syndrome. Genetic testing and other diagnostic modalities have improved our ability to identify these patients and to counsel them and their family members for subsequent disease risk, cancer surveillance, and therapeutic interventions. Herein, the leukemia susceptibility syndromes are divided into 3 groups: (1) those associated with an underlying inherited bone marrow failure syndrome, (2) disorders in which MDS precedes leukemia development, and (3) those with a risk primarily of leukemia. Although children are the focus of this review, it is important for clinicians to recognize that inherited susceptibility to cancer can present at any age, even in older adults; genetic counseling is essential and prompt referral to experts in each syndrome is strongly recommended.

scholarly journals Rapid and Sensitive Detection of miRNA Based on AC Electrokinetic Capacitive Sensing for Point-of-Care Applications

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 3985
Author(s):  
Nan Wan ◽  
Yu Jiang ◽  
Jiamei Huang ◽  
Rania Oueslati ◽  
Shigetoshi Eda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Capacitive Sensing ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Mirna Detection ◽  
Mirna 25 ◽  
Low Sensitivity

A sensitive and efficient method for microRNAs (miRNAs) detection is strongly desired by clinicians and, in recent years, the search for such a method has drawn much attention. There has been significant interest in using miRNA as biomarkers for multiple diseases and conditions in clinical diagnostics. Presently, most miRNA detection methods suffer from drawbacks, e.g., low sensitivity, long assay time, expensive equipment, trained personnel, or unsuitability for point-of-care. New methodologies are needed to overcome these limitations to allow rapid, sensitive, low-cost, easy-to-use, and portable methods for miRNA detection at the point of care. In this work, to overcome these shortcomings, we integrated capacitive sensing and alternating current electrokinetic effects to detect specific miRNA-16b molecules, as a model, with the limit of detection reaching 1.0 femto molar (fM) levels. The specificity of the sensor was verified by testing miRNA-25, which has the same length as miRNA-16b. The sensor we developed demonstrated significant improvements in sensitivity, response time and cost over other miRNA detection methods, and has application potential at point-of-care.

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