scholarly journals Impact of Early Infant Growth, Duration of Breastfeeding and Maternal Factors on Total Body Fat Mass and Visceral Fat at 3 and 6 Months of Age

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura M. Breij ◽  
Marieke Abrahamse-Berkeveld ◽  
Dennis Acton ◽  
Emanuella De Lucia Rolfe ◽  
Ken K. Ong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Breastfeeding Duration ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Maternal Characteristics ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Duration Of Breastfeeding

Background: Accelerated gain in fat mass in the first months of life is considered to be a risk factor for adult diseases, given the tracking of infancy fat mass into adulthood. Our objective was to assess the influence of early growth, type of feeding and maternal variables on fat mass in early life. Methods: In 300 healthy term infants, we longitudinally measured fat mass percentage (FM%) by air-displacement-plethysmography at 1, 3, and 6 months and abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat measured by ultrasound at 3 and 6 months. Results: Both gain in FM% and weight-for-length in the first 3 months were positively associated with FM% at 6 months of age and visceral fat at 3 months of age. Gain in FM% and weight-for-length between 3 and 6 months were both positively associated with visceral fat at 6 months. Breastfeeding duration associated positively with subcutaneous fat but not with visceral fat at 3 and 6 months. Maternal characteristics did not associate with FM% or visceral fat at 3 or 6 months. Conclusion: Higher gain in FM% or in weight-for-length in the first postnatal months leads not only to higher FM% but also more to accumulation of visceral fat. Exclusive breastfeeding appears to promote subcutaneous but not visceral fat in the first 6 months.

scholarly journals New charts for the assessment of body composition, according to air-displacement plethysmography, at birth and across the first 6 mo of life

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 1353-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Norris ◽  
Sara E Ramel ◽  
Patrick Catalano ◽  
Carol ni Caoimh ◽  
Paola Roggero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Young Infants

ABSTRACT Background Air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) is a good candidate for monitoring body composition in newborns and young infants, but reference centile curves are lacking that allow for assessment at birth and across the first 6 mo of life. Objective Using pooled data from 4 studies, we aimed to produce new charts for assessment according to gestational age at birth (30 + 1 to 41 + 6 wk) and postnatal age at measurement (1–27 wk). Methods The sample comprised 222 preterm infants born in the United States who were measured at birth; 1029 term infants born in Ireland who were measured at birth; and 149 term infants born in the United States and 57 term infants born in Italy who were measured at birth, 1 and 2 wk, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mo of age. Infants whose birth weights were <3rd or >97th centile of the INTERGROWTH-21st standard were excluded, thereby ensuring that the charts depict body composition of infants whose birth weights did not indicate suboptimal fetal growth. Sex-specific centiles for fat mass (kg), fat-free mass (kg), and percentage body fat were estimated using the lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method. Results For each sex and measure (e.g., fat mass), the new charts comprised 2 panels. The first showed centiles according to gestational age, allowing term infants to be assessed at birth and preterm infants to be monitored until they reached term. The second showed centiles according to postnatal age, allowing all infants to be monitored to age 27 wk. The LMS values underlying the charts were presented, enabling researchers and clinicians to convert measurements to centiles and z scores. Conclusions The new charts provide a single tool for the assessment of body composition, according to ADP, in infants across the first 6 mo of life and will help enhance early-life nutritional management.

scholarly journals Fat and Fat-Free Mass of Preterm and Term Infants from Birth to Six Months: A Review of Current Evidence

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constanze Hamatschek ◽  
Efrah I. Yousuf ◽  
Lea Sophie Möllers ◽  
Hon Yiu So ◽  
Katherine M. Morrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Postmenstrual Age

To optimize infant nutrition, the nature of weight gain must be analyzed. This study aims to review publications and develop growth charts for fat and fat-free mass for preterm and term infants. Body composition data measured by air displacement plethysmography (ADP) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in preterm and term infants until six months corrected age were abstracted from publications (31 December 1990 to 30 April 2019). Age-specific percentiles were calculated. ADP measurements were used in 110 studies (2855 preterm and 22,410 term infants), and DXA was used in 28 studies (1147 preterm and 3542 term infants). At term age, preterm infants had higher percent-fat than term-born infants (16% vs. 11%, p < 0.001). At 52 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), both reached similar percent-fat (24% vs. 25%). In contrast, at term age, preterm infants had less fat-free mass (2500 g vs. 2900 g) by 400 g. This difference decreased to 250 g by 52 weeks, and to 100 g at 60 weeks PMA (5000 g vs. 5100 g). DXA fat-free mass data were comparable with ADP. However, median percent-fat was up to 5% higher with DXA measurements compared with ADP with PMA > 50 weeks. There are methodological differences between ADP and DXA measures for infants with higher fat mass. The cause of higher fat mass in preterm infants at term age needs further investigation.

scholarly journals Subcutaneous fat mass is associated with genetic risk scores related to proinflammatory cytokine signaling and interact with physical activity in middle-aged obese adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Daily ◽  
Hye Jeong Yang ◽  
Meiling Liu ◽  
Min Jung Kim ◽  
Sunmin Park
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
High Physical Activity

Abstract Background and aims Subcutaneous fat mass is negatively correlated with atherogenic risk factors, but its putative benefits remain controversial. We hypothesized that genetic variants that influence subcutaneous fat mass would modulate lipid and glucose metabolism and have interactions with lifestyles in Korean middle-aged adults with high visceral fat. Materials and methods Subcutaneous fat mass was categorized by dividing the average of subscapular skin-fold thickness by BMI and its cutoff point was 1.2. Waist circumferences were used for representing visceral fat mass with Asian cutoff points. GWAS of subjects aged 40–65 years with high visceral fat (n = 3303) were conducted and the best gene-gene interactions from the genetic variants related to subcutaneous fat were selected and explored using the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction. Genetic risk scores (GRS) were calculated by weighted GRS that was divided into low, medium and high groups. Results Subjects with high subcutaneous fat did not have dyslipidemia compared with those with low subcutaneous fat, although both subject groups had similar amounts of total fat. The best model to influence subcutaneous fat included IL17A_rs4711998, ADCY2_rs326149, ESRRG_rs4846514, CYFIP2_rs733730, TCF7L2_rs7917983, ZNF766_rs41497444 and TGFBR3_rs7526590. The odds ratio (OR) for increasing subcutaneous fat was higher by 2.232 folds in the high-GRS group, after adjusting for covariates. However, total and LDL cholesterol, triglyceride and C-reactive protein concentrations in the circulation were not associated with GRS. Subjects with high-GRS had higher serum HDL cholesterol levels than those with low-GRS. Physical activity and GRS had an interaction with subcutaneous fat. In subjects with low physical activity, the odds ratio for high subcutaneous fat increased by 2.232, but subcutaneous fat deposition was not affected in the high-GRS group with high physical activity. Conclusion Obese adults with high-GRS had more subcutaneous fat, but they did not show more dyslipidemia and inflammation compared to low-GRS. High physical activity prevented subcutaneous fat deposition in subjects with high GRS for subcutaneous fat.

Visceral Fat: Higher Responsiveness of Fat Mass and Gene Expression to Calorie Restriction than Subcutaneous Fat

2003 ◽  
Vol 228 (10) ◽  
pp. 1118-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Li ◽  
Hideaki Bujo ◽  
Kazuo Takahashi ◽  
Manabu Shibasaki ◽  
Yanjuan Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Calorie Restriction ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat

scholarly journals Body composition techniques and the four-compartment model in children

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 613-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Fields ◽  
Michael I. Goran
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bod Pod ◽  
Hydrostatic Weighing ◽  
Total Body

The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy, precision, and bias of fat mass (FM) as assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), hydrostatic weighing (HW), air-displacement plethysmography (PM) using the BOD POD body composition system and total body water (TBW) against the four-compartment (4C) model in 25 children (11.4 ± 1.4 yr). The regression between FM by the 4C model and by DXA deviated significantly from the line of identity (FM by 4C model = 0.84 × FM by DXA + 0.95 kg; R 2 = 0.95), as did the regression between FM by 4C model and by TBW (FM by 4C model = 0.85 × FM by TBW − 0.89 kg; R 2 = 0.98). The regression between FM by the 4C model and by HW did not significantly deviate from the line of identity (FM by 4C model = 1.09 × FM by HW + 0.94 kg; R 2 = 0.95) and neither did the regression between FM by 4C (using density assessed by PM) and by PM (FM by 4C model = 1.03 × FM by PM + 0.88; R 2 = 0.97). DXA, HW, and TBW all showed a bias in the estimate of FM, but there was no bias for PM. In conclusion, PM was the only technique that could accurately, precisely, and without bias estimate FM in 9- to 14-yr-old children.

scholarly journals Association of total body and visceral fat mass with iron deficiency in preadolescents: the Healthy Growth Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Moschonis ◽  
George P. Chrousos ◽  
Christos Lionis ◽  
Vassilis Mougios ◽  
Yannis Manios
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Tanner Stage ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Healthy Growth ◽  
Total Body

The aim of the present study was to examine the associations of obesity, percentage body fat and visceral fat mass with body Fe status in a representative sample of 1493 schoolchildren aged 9–13 years. Anthropometric, body composition, biochemical, clinical (Tanner stage, age of menarche) and dietary intake data were collected. Fe deficiency (ID) was defined as transferrin saturation (TS) < 16 %; and Fe-deficiency anaemia (IDA) as ID with Hb < 120 g/l. Obese boys and girls and those in the highest quartiles of percentage body fat mass had significantly higher levels of serum ferritin (P ≤ 0·05) compared to their normal-weight peers and those in the corresponding lowest quartiles. Similarly, obese boys and girls and those in the highest quartiles of percentage body fat and visceral fat mass had significantly lower levels of TS (P ≤ 0·05) compared to normal-weight children and those in the corresponding lowest quartiles. The prevalence of ID and IDA was significantly higher in boys and girls in the highest quartiles of percentage body fat than in peers in the lowest quartile. Higher quartiles of percentage body fat and visceral fat mass were the main significant predictors of ID in boys, after controlling for other important confounders, with OR of 2·48 (95 % CI, 1·26, 4·88) and 2·12 (95 % CI, 1·07, 4·19), respectively. Similar significant associations were observed for girls. In conclusion, percentage body fat and visceral fat mass were positively associated with ID in both sexes of preadolescents. These associations might be attributed to the chronic inflammation induced by excess adiposity.

The 24-Month Changes in Body Fat Mass and Adipokines in Patients Starting Peritoneal Dialysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo Jeong Choi ◽  
Moo Yong Park ◽  
Jin Kuk Kim ◽  
Seung Duk Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Fat Composition ◽  
Serial Change

BackgroundPeritoneal dialysis (PD) is characterized by a gain in fat mass. The fat tissue is a complex endocrine organ that releases various adipokines. In this study, we prospectively examined serial changes of fat composition and adipokines in patients undergoing PD.MethodsBody composition was assessed by computed tomography (CT). Nutrition status and adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, interleukin [IL]-6, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) were assessed on the 7th day and 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months after the start of PD.ResultsFifty-four patients (28 men), with a mean age of 53.2 ± 13.2 years, were enrolled. Baseline fat mass, especially subcutaneous fat mass, was correlated with baseline leptin (ρ = 0.612), adiponetin (ρ = -0.477), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (ρ = 0.391). Visceral fat mass was correlated with leptin (ρ = 0.545) and adiponectin (ρ = -0.514). Baseline adiponectin was negatively correlated with baseline leptin (ρ = -0.363). While body weight and leptin increased during the 24 months, serum adiponectin decreased in that period. The changes in visceral and subcutaneous fat mass were greater in the first 12 months and 6 months, respectively. There was no difference in IL-6 and TNF-α. Eight patients died during the follow-up period (mean 47.4 months). Twenty-seven patients continued PD. Increased baseline and serial change of IL-6 level were risk factors for mortality. After adjusting for age, sex, diabetes mellitus (DM), and coronary vascular disease (CVD), the significance of the IL-6 level disappeared.ConclusionsBaseline subcutaneous fat in patients starting PD is correlated with baseline adipokine levels rather than visceral fat. The increase in subcutaneous fat was greatest in the first 6 months. While leptin and adiponectin increased and decreased respectively, IL-6 did not change in the first 24 months.

Reduced cardiovagal baroreflex gain in visceral obesity: implications for the metabolic syndrome

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (2) ◽  
pp. H630-H635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy D. Beske ◽  
Guy E. Alvarez ◽  
Tasha P. Ballard ◽  
Kevin P. Davy
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Visceral Obesity ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Abdominal Visceral Fat ◽  
Total Body

The influence of excess total and abdominal adiposity on cardiovagal baroreflex gain remains unclear. We tested the hypotheses that cardiovagal baroreflex gain would be reduced in men with 1) higher [higher fat (HF), mass >20 kg, n = 11] compared with lower [lower fat (LF), mass <20 kg, n = 10] levels of total body and abdominal fat and 2) higher abdominal visceral fat (HAVF; n = 10) compared with total body weight- and subcutaneous fat-matched peers with lower abdominal visceral fat (LAVF; n = 7) levels. To accomplish this, we measured cardiovagal baroreflex gain (modified Oxford technique), body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), and abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat (computed tomography) in sedentary men (age, 18–40 yr; body mass index, <34.9 kg/m2) across a wide range of adiposity. Cardiovagal baroreflex gain was significantly lower in HF compared with LF (14.3 ± 2.8 vs. 21.4 ± 2.8 ms/mmHg, respectively). In addition, cardiovagal baroreflex gain was lower in HAVF compared with LAVF (13.0 ± 2.0 vs. 21.4 ± 3.6 ms/mmHg, P< 0.05). Therefore, the results of the present study indicate that cardiovagal baroreflex gain is reduced in men with elevated total body and abdominal fat mass. The reduced cardiovagal baroreflex gain in these individuals appears to be linked to their higher level of abdominal visceral fat. Importantly, reduced cardiovagal baroreflex gain may contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease observed in men with the metabolic syndrome.

Hyperleptinemia: an early sign of juvenile obesity. Relations to body fat depots and insulin concentrations

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (3) ◽  
pp. E626-E630 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Caprio ◽  
W. V. Tamborlane ◽  
D. Silver ◽  
C. Robinson ◽  
R. Leibel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Ventromedial Hypothalamus ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Hyperglycemic Clamp ◽  
Juvenile Obesity ◽  
Fat Depot

Leptin, the OB gene product, is an adipocyte-derived circulating protein. In several rodent models of obesity, such as the db/db mice, fa/fa rats, and ventromedial hypothalamus-lesioned mice, as well as adult obese subjects, leptin mRNA expression and the circulating levels are elevated, suggesting resistance to its action. However, it is unknown whether the rise in leptin concentration occurs early in the natural evolution of human obesity or is a chronic adaptation to the obese state. Moreover, whether the distribution of body fat (i.e., visceral vs. subcutaneous abdominal fat) influences circulating leptin levels has not been assessed. We have determined in a group of obese and nonobese children and young adults whether leptin levels 1) are increased early in the development of obesity, 2) are related to a specific fat depot measured by magnetic resonance imaging, 3) vary during hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic, and hyperglycemic clamp studies, and 4) are different in males vs. females. In the basal state, leptin levels were elevated in obese children. Children and adults demonstrated a strong positive correlation between leptin concentrations and the subcutaneous fat depot (r = 0.84, P < 0.001). Surprisingly, a weaker correlation was found with visceral fat mass (r = 0.59, P = 0.001). Leptin levels remained unchanged under both euglycemic and hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemic conditions in both obese and nonobese subjects. A pronounced effect of gender on leptin levels was also observed. We conclude that, early in the development of juvenile obesity, leptin concentrations are elevated and are more closely linked to subcutaneous than visceral fat mass. Acute increases in insulin concentrations do not affect circulating leptin levels.

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