Visceral Fat: Higher Responsiveness of Fat Mass and Gene Expression to Calorie Restriction than Subcutaneous Fat

Physical inactivity is considered as one of the main causes of obesity in modern civilizations, and it has been demonstrated that resistance training programs can be used to reduce fat mass. The effects of voluntary exercise on energy metabolism are less clear in adipose tissue. Therefore, the effects of three different voluntary exercise programs on the control of energy metabolism in subcutaneous fat were tested in two different mouse lines. In a cross-over study design, male mice were kept for three or six weeks in the presence or absence of running wheels. For the experiment, mice with increased running capacity (DUhTP) were used and compared to controls (DUC). Body and organ weight, feed intake, and voluntary running wheel activity were recorded. In subcutaneous fat, gene expression of browning markers and mitochondrial energy metabolism were analyzed. Exercise increased heart weight in control mice (p < 0.05) but significantly decreased subcutaneous, epididymal, perinephric, and brown fat mass in both genetic groups (p < 0.05). Gene expression analysis revealed higher expression of browning markers and individual complex subunits present in the electron transport chain in subcutaneous fat of DUhTP mice compared to controls (DUC; p < 0.01), independent of physical activity. While in control mice, voluntary exercise had no effect on markers of mitochondrial fission or fusion, in DUhTP mice, reduced mitochondrial DNA, transcription factor Nrf1, fission- (Dnm1), and fusion-relevant transcripts (Mfn1 and 2) were observed in response to voluntary physical activity (p < 0.05). Our findings indicate that the superior running abilities in DUhTP mice, on one hand, are connected to elevated expression of genetic markers for browning and oxidative phosphorylation in subcutaneous fat. In subcutaneous fat from DUhTP but not in unselected control mice, we further demonstrate reduced expression of genes for mitochondrial fission and fusion in response to voluntary physical activity.

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Subcutaneous fat mass is associated with genetic risk scores related to proinflammatory cytokine signaling and interact with physical activity in middle-aged obese adults

Nutrition & Metabolism ◽

10.1186/s12986-019-0405-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

James W. Daily ◽

Hye Jeong Yang ◽

Meiling Liu ◽

Min Jung Kim ◽

Sunmin Park

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Genetic Variants ◽

Genetic Risk ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Risk Scores ◽

Obese Adults ◽

High Physical Activity

Abstract Background and aims Subcutaneous fat mass is negatively correlated with atherogenic risk factors, but its putative benefits remain controversial. We hypothesized that genetic variants that influence subcutaneous fat mass would modulate lipid and glucose metabolism and have interactions with lifestyles in Korean middle-aged adults with high visceral fat. Materials and methods Subcutaneous fat mass was categorized by dividing the average of subscapular skin-fold thickness by BMI and its cutoff point was 1.2. Waist circumferences were used for representing visceral fat mass with Asian cutoff points. GWAS of subjects aged 40–65 years with high visceral fat (n = 3303) were conducted and the best gene-gene interactions from the genetic variants related to subcutaneous fat were selected and explored using the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction. Genetic risk scores (GRS) were calculated by weighted GRS that was divided into low, medium and high groups. Results Subjects with high subcutaneous fat did not have dyslipidemia compared with those with low subcutaneous fat, although both subject groups had similar amounts of total fat. The best model to influence subcutaneous fat included IL17A_rs4711998, ADCY2_rs326149, ESRRG_rs4846514, CYFIP2_rs733730, TCF7L2_rs7917983, ZNF766_rs41497444 and TGFBR3_rs7526590. The odds ratio (OR) for increasing subcutaneous fat was higher by 2.232 folds in the high-GRS group, after adjusting for covariates. However, total and LDL cholesterol, triglyceride and C-reactive protein concentrations in the circulation were not associated with GRS. Subjects with high-GRS had higher serum HDL cholesterol levels than those with low-GRS. Physical activity and GRS had an interaction with subcutaneous fat. In subjects with low physical activity, the odds ratio for high subcutaneous fat increased by 2.232, but subcutaneous fat deposition was not affected in the high-GRS group with high physical activity. Conclusion Obese adults with high-GRS had more subcutaneous fat, but they did not show more dyslipidemia and inflammation compared to low-GRS. High physical activity prevented subcutaneous fat deposition in subjects with high GRS for subcutaneous fat.

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Impact of Early Infant Growth, Duration of Breastfeeding and Maternal Factors on Total Body Fat Mass and Visceral Fat at 3 and 6 Months of Age

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1159/000481539 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 71 (3-4) ◽

pp. 203-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Laura M. Breij ◽

Marieke Abrahamse-Berkeveld ◽

Dennis Acton ◽

Emanuella De Lucia Rolfe ◽

Ken K. Ong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fat Mass ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Breastfeeding Duration ◽

Growth Duration ◽

Term Infants ◽

Maternal Characteristics ◽

Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽

Total Body ◽

Duration Of Breastfeeding

Background: Accelerated gain in fat mass in the first months of life is considered to be a risk factor for adult diseases, given the tracking of infancy fat mass into adulthood. Our objective was to assess the influence of early growth, type of feeding and maternal variables on fat mass in early life. Methods: In 300 healthy term infants, we longitudinally measured fat mass percentage (FM%) by air-displacement-plethysmography at 1, 3, and 6 months and abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat measured by ultrasound at 3 and 6 months. Results: Both gain in FM% and weight-for-length in the first 3 months were positively associated with FM% at 6 months of age and visceral fat at 3 months of age. Gain in FM% and weight-for-length between 3 and 6 months were both positively associated with visceral fat at 6 months. Breastfeeding duration associated positively with subcutaneous fat but not with visceral fat at 3 and 6 months. Maternal characteristics did not associate with FM% or visceral fat at 3 or 6 months. Conclusion: Higher gain in FM% or in weight-for-length in the first postnatal months leads not only to higher FM% but also more to accumulation of visceral fat. Exclusive breastfeeding appears to promote subcutaneous but not visceral fat in the first 6 months.

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The 24-Month Changes in Body Fat Mass and Adipokines in Patients Starting Peritoneal Dialysis

Peritoneal Dialysis International ◽

10.3747/pdi.2016.00053 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 290-297 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Soo Jeong Choi ◽

Moo Yong Park ◽

Jin Kuk Kim ◽

Seung Duk Hwang

Keyword(s):

Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Endocrine Organ ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Fat Composition ◽

Serial Change

BackgroundPeritoneal dialysis (PD) is characterized by a gain in fat mass. The fat tissue is a complex endocrine organ that releases various adipokines. In this study, we prospectively examined serial changes of fat composition and adipokines in patients undergoing PD.MethodsBody composition was assessed by computed tomography (CT). Nutrition status and adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, interleukin [IL]-6, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) were assessed on the 7th day and 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months after the start of PD.ResultsFifty-four patients (28 men), with a mean age of 53.2 ± 13.2 years, were enrolled. Baseline fat mass, especially subcutaneous fat mass, was correlated with baseline leptin (ρ = 0.612), adiponetin (ρ = -0.477), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (ρ = 0.391). Visceral fat mass was correlated with leptin (ρ = 0.545) and adiponectin (ρ = -0.514). Baseline adiponectin was negatively correlated with baseline leptin (ρ = -0.363). While body weight and leptin increased during the 24 months, serum adiponectin decreased in that period. The changes in visceral and subcutaneous fat mass were greater in the first 12 months and 6 months, respectively. There was no difference in IL-6 and TNF-α. Eight patients died during the follow-up period (mean 47.4 months). Twenty-seven patients continued PD. Increased baseline and serial change of IL-6 level were risk factors for mortality. After adjusting for age, sex, diabetes mellitus (DM), and coronary vascular disease (CVD), the significance of the IL-6 level disappeared.ConclusionsBaseline subcutaneous fat in patients starting PD is correlated with baseline adipokine levels rather than visceral fat. The increase in subcutaneous fat was greatest in the first 6 months. While leptin and adiponectin increased and decreased respectively, IL-6 did not change in the first 24 months.

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Longitudinal Variance of Fat Mass Deposition during Pregnancy Evaluated by Ultrasonography: The Ratio of Visceral Fat to Subcutaneous Fat in the Abdomen

Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation ◽

10.1159/000089456 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 115-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Toshihiko Kinoshita ◽

Motohiro Itoh

Keyword(s):

Fat Mass ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Subcutaneous Fat

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Macrophage gene expression is related to obesity and the metabolic syndrome in human subcutaneous fat as well as in visceral fat

Diabetologia ◽

10.1007/s00125-010-2014-3 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 876-887 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

E. Klimcakova ◽

B. Roussel ◽

Z. Kovacova ◽

M. Kovacikova ◽

M. Siklova-Vitkova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

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Hyperleptinemia: an early sign of juvenile obesity. Relations to body fat depots and insulin concentrations

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.3.e626 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 271 (3) ◽

pp. E626-E630 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

S. Caprio ◽

W. V. Tamborlane ◽

D. Silver ◽

C. Robinson ◽

R. Leibel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Ventromedial Hypothalamus ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

Fat Depots ◽

Hyperglycemic Clamp ◽

Juvenile Obesity ◽

Fat Depot

Leptin, the OB gene product, is an adipocyte-derived circulating protein. In several rodent models of obesity, such as the db/db mice, fa/fa rats, and ventromedial hypothalamus-lesioned mice, as well as adult obese subjects, leptin mRNA expression and the circulating levels are elevated, suggesting resistance to its action. However, it is unknown whether the rise in leptin concentration occurs early in the natural evolution of human obesity or is a chronic adaptation to the obese state. Moreover, whether the distribution of body fat (i.e., visceral vs. subcutaneous abdominal fat) influences circulating leptin levels has not been assessed. We have determined in a group of obese and nonobese children and young adults whether leptin levels 1) are increased early in the development of obesity, 2) are related to a specific fat depot measured by magnetic resonance imaging, 3) vary during hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic, and hyperglycemic clamp studies, and 4) are different in males vs. females. In the basal state, leptin levels were elevated in obese children. Children and adults demonstrated a strong positive correlation between leptin concentrations and the subcutaneous fat depot (r = 0.84, P < 0.001). Surprisingly, a weaker correlation was found with visceral fat mass (r = 0.59, P = 0.001). Leptin levels remained unchanged under both euglycemic and hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemic conditions in both obese and nonobese subjects. A pronounced effect of gender on leptin levels was also observed. We conclude that, early in the development of juvenile obesity, leptin concentrations are elevated and are more closely linked to subcutaneous than visceral fat mass. Acute increases in insulin concentrations do not affect circulating leptin levels.

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Changes in Body Fat Mass in Patients after Starting Peritoneal Dialysis

Peritoneal Dialysis International ◽

10.3747/pdi.2009.00131 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 67-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Soo Jeong Choi ◽

Na Ri Kim ◽

Seong Ah Hong ◽

Wan Bok Lee ◽

Moo Yong Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Serum Albumin ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Impedance Analysis ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Bioelectric Impedance Analysis ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Fat Composition

BackgroundPeritoneal dialysis (PD) is characterized by gain in fat mass. Visceral fat mass is associated with metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis rather than subcutaneous fat mass. In addition, the change in visceral fat mass is a more reliable predictor of survival in PD patients. In this study, we prospectively examined serial changes in fat composition and nutritional status and analyzed factors associated with gain in fat mass in patients undergoing PD.MethodsBody composition was assessed by bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and computed tomogram (CT). Nutrition status was assessed by Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance (nPNA), serum albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and lipid profile. All measurements except BIA were performed on the seventh day and at 6 and 12 months after the start of PD.Results60 patients (30 men; mean age 55.0 ± 12.5 years) were enrolled. Increase in body weight continued during the 12 months but visceral and subcutaneous fat mass increased during the first 6 months and decreased during the second 6 months. While hematocrit and serum albumin decreased during the first 6 months, they did not change during the second 6 months. Serum creatinine, total cholesterol, and triglyceride increased similarly to the weight pattern. While nPNA decreased during the 12 months, Kt/V, SGA, and CRP did not change. Patients that had more visceral fat mass at the start of PD had less gain of visceral fat mass during the first 6 months ( r = –0.821, p = 0.002). Patients that had more subcutaneous fat mass at the start of PD had less gain of subcutaneous fat mass ( r = –0.709, p = 0.015). The change in weight was not associated with the change in visceral or subcutaneous fat during the first 6 months.ConclusionPatients starting PD experience weight gain, including visceral and subcutaneous fat, during the first 6 months of PD. Patients with high baseline fat mass had less increase in fat mass than those with low baseline fat mass, regardless of visceral or subcutaneous fat mass.

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Femoral lipectomy increases postprandial lipemia in women

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00080.2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 309 (1) ◽

pp. E63-E71 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Teri L. Hernandez ◽

Daniel H. Bessesen ◽

Kimberly A. Cox-York ◽

Christopher B. Erickson ◽

Christopher K. Law ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fat Mass ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Postprandial Lipemia ◽

Protective Role ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Visceral Fat Area ◽

Liquid Meal ◽

Regional Adiposity ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Femoral subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) appears to be cardioprotective compared with abdominal SAT, possibly through better triglyceride (TG) sequestration. We hypothesized that removal of femoral SAT would increase postprandial TG through a reduction in dietary fatty acid (FA) storage. Normal-weight (means ± SD; BMI 23.9 ± 2.6 kg/m2) women ( n = 29; age 45 ± 6 yr) were randomized to femoral lipectomy (LIPO) or control (CON) and followed for 1 yr. Regional adiposity was measured by DEXA and CT. A liquid meal labeled with [14C]oleic acid was used to trace the appearance of dietary FA in plasma (6-h postprandial TG), breath (24-h oxidation), and SAT (24-h [14C]TG storage). Fasting LPL activity was measured in abdominal and femoral SAT. DEXA leg fat mass was reduced after LIPO vs. CON (Δ−1.4 ± 0.7 vs. 0.1 ± 0.5 kg, P < 0.001) and remained reduced at 1 yr (−1.1 ± 1.4 vs. −0.2 ± 0.5 kg, P < 0.05), as did CT thigh subcutaneous fat area (−39.6 ± 36.6 vs. 4.7 ± 14.6 cm2, P < 0.05); DEXA trunk fat mass and CT visceral fat area were unchanged. Postprandial TG increased (5.9 ± 7.7 vs. −0.6 ± 5.3 × 103 mg/dl, P < 0.05) and femoral SAT LPL activity decreased (−21.9 ± 22.3 vs. 10.5 ± 26.5 nmol·min−1·g−1, P < 0.05) 1 yr following LIPO vs. CON. There were no group differences in 14C-labeled TG appearing in abdominal and femoral SAT or elsewhere. In conclusion, femoral fat remained reduced 1 yr following lipectomy and was accompanied by increased postprandial TG and reduced femoral SAT LPL activity. There were no changes in storage of meal-derived FA or visceral fat. Our data support a protective role for femoral adiposity on circulating TG independent of dietary FA storage and visceral adiposity.

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P35: BODY COMPOSITION: ASSOCIATION WITH OPERATIVE AND ONCOLOGIC OUTCOMES IN THE MODERN MANAGEMENT OF RETROPERITONEAL SARCOMA – RESULTS OF A FEASIBILITY STUDY

British Journal of Surgery ◽

10.1093/bjs/znab117.120 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 108 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

TV McIntyre ◽

JA Elliott ◽

E Boyle ◽

NE Donlon ◽

M Barnes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Visceral Obesity ◽

Retroperitoneal Sarcoma ◽

Oncologic Outcomes ◽

Skeletal Muscle Index

Abstract Introduction Sarcopenia and obesity in cancer may confer negative outcomes, but their prevalence and impact on modern regimens for retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS) have not been systematically studied. Sarcopaenia and obesity measurements by computed tomography (CT) measurements at L3 may be confounded by the disease process itself. The aim of this study is to determine feasibility in providing the prevalence of sarcopenia and visceral obesity in the management of RPS to assess their potential impact on operative and oncologic outcomes. Method Consecutive sample patients undergoing treatment for RPS from our database were retrospectively studied. Total, subcutaneous and visceral fat areas (VFA), myosteatosis, skeletal muscle index (SMI) lean body mass and fat mass were determined at diagnosis by CT. Sarcopenia will be defined by CT at L3 as SMI <52.4 cm2/m2 for males and SMI <38.5 cm2/m2 for females, and visceral obesity as VFA >163.8cm2 for men and >80.1cm2 for women. Result 40 consecutive patients, 21 [52.5%] female, 56.7±15.1 years, were studied. The most common histologic types were leiomyosarcoma (8 [20.0%]), dedifferentiated liposarcoma (7 [17.5%]), well differentiated liposarcoma (7 [17.5%]), myxoid liposarcoma (4 [10.0%]). Mean±SD body composition measures were: lean body mass, 50.4±12.0 kg; total fat mass, 27.2±8.6 kg; visceral fat area, 148.5±120.2 cm2; subcutaneous fat area, 222.2±20.4 cm2; myosteatosis, 8.9±7.3 cm2. Conclusion Assessment of body composition among patients with RPS is feasible. Analysis to identify the prevalence and significance of sarcopenia and visceral obesity and its relationship to operative and oncologic outcomes is ongoing. Take-home message Assessment of body composition in RPS is feasible and its effect on outcomes is under investigation

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