scholarly journals Ecological Approaches to Dental Caries Prevention: Paradigm Shift or Shibboleth?

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 153-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nebu Philip ◽  
Bharat Suneja ◽  
Laurence J. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Biofilm ◽  
Diverse Communities ◽  
Preventive Methods ◽  
Plaque Biofilm

Contemporary paradigms of dental caries aetiology focus on the ecology of the dental plaque biofilm and how local environmental factors can modulate this to cause disease. The crucial role that a healthy oral microbiome plays in preventing caries and promoting oral health is also being increasingly recognized. Based on these concepts, several ecological preventive approaches have been developed that could potentially broaden the arsenal of currently available caries-preventive measures. Many of these ecological approaches aim for long-term caries control by either disrupting cariogenic virulence factors without affecting bacterial viability, or include measures that can enhance the growth of health-associated, microbially diverse communities in the oral microbiome. This paper argues for the need to develop ecological preventive measures that go beyond conventional caries-preventive methods, and discusses whether these ecological approaches can be effective in reducing the severity of caries by promoting stable, health-associated oral biofilm communities.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial and Substantivity Properties of Silver Nanoparticles against Oral Microbiomes Clinically Isolated from Young and Young-Adult Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
León Francisco Espinosa-Cristóbal ◽  
Carolina Holguín-Meráz ◽  
Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras ◽  
Rita Elizabeth Martínez-Martínez ◽  
Alejandro Donohue-Cornejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Biofilms

The dental plaque is an oral microbiome hardly associated to be the etiological agent of dental caries and periodontal disease which are still considered serious health public problems. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have demonstrated to have good antimicrobial properties affecting a wide variety of microorganisms, including oral bacteria; however, there is no scientific information that has evaluated the antimicrobial effect of AgNPs against clinical oral biofilms associated with dental caries and periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial and substantivity effects of AgNPs in oral biofilms isolated clinically from patients with dental caries and periodontal disease. Sixty-seven young and young-adult subjects with dental caries and periodontal disease were clinically sampled through the collection of subgingival dental plaque. The inhibitory effect of AgNPs was performed with standard microbiological assays by triplicate using two sizes of particle. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to identify the presence of specific bacterial species. All AgNPs showed an inhibitory effect for all oral biofilms for any age and, generally, any gender (p>0.05); however, the effectiveness of the antimicrobial and substantivity effects was related to particle size, time, and gender (p<0.05). The identified microorganisms were S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. sanguinis, S. gordonii, S. oralis, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and P. intermedia. The AgNPs could be considered as a potential antimicrobial agent for the control and prevention of dental caries and periodontal disease.

scholarly journals Genetic Analysis of Mutacin B-Ny266, a Lantibiotic Active against Caries Pathogens

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Delphine Dufour ◽  
Abdelahhad Barbour ◽  
Yuki Chan ◽  
Marcus Cheng ◽  
Taimoor Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Streptococci ◽  
Chromosomal Locus ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Plaque Biofilm

ABSTRACT Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized proteinaceous antibacterial peptides. They selectively interfere with the growth of other bacteria. The production and secretion of bacteriocins confer a distinct ecological advantage to the producer in competing against other bacteria that are present in the same ecological niche. Streptococcus mutans, a significant contributor to the development of dental caries, is one of the most prolific producers of bacteriocins, known as mutacins in S. mutans. In this study, we characterized the locus encoding mutacin B-Ny266, a lantibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity. The chromosomal locus is composed of six predicted operon structures encoding proteins involved in regulation, antimicrobial activity, biosynthesis, modification, transport, and immunity. Mutacin B-Ny266 was purified from semisolid cultures, and two inhibitory peptides, LanA and LanA′, were detected. Both peptides were highly modified. Such modifications include dehydration of serine and threonine and the formation of a C-terminal aminovinyl-cysteine (AviCys) ring. While LanA peptide alone is absolutely required for antimicrobial activity, the presence of LanA′ enhanced the activity of LanA, suggesting that B-Ny266 may function as a two-peptide lantibiotic. The activation of lanAA′ expression is most likely controlled by the conserved two-component system NsrRS, which is activated by LanA peptide but not by LanA′. The chromosomal locus encoding mutacin B-Ny266 was not universally conserved in all sequenced S. mutans genomes. Intriguingly, the genes encoding LanAA′ peptides were restricted to the most invasive serotypes of S. mutans. IMPORTANCE Although dental caries is largely preventable, it remains the most common and costly infectious disease worldwide. Caries is initiated by the presence of dental plaque biofilm that contains Streptococcus mutans, a species extensively characterized by its role in caries development and formation. S. mutans deploys an arsenal of strategies to establish itself within the oral cavity. One of them is the production of bacteriocins that confer a competitive advantage by targeting and killing closely related competitors. In this work, we found that mutacin B-Ny266 is a potent lantibiotic that is effective at killing a wide array of oral streptococci, including nearly all S. mutans strains tested. Lantibiotics produced by oral bacteria could represent a promising strategy to target caries pathogens embedded in dental plaque biofilm.

scholarly journals Awareness on Mechanical and Chemical Plaque Control in Children- A Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL3) ◽  
pp. 1605-1610
Author(s):  
Sneha Kannan ◽  
Lakshmi T ◽  
Ganesh Lakshmanan
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Oral Biofilm ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Plaque Control ◽  
Plaque Biofilm ◽  
Day By Day ◽  
Gum Disease ◽  
Hazard Factor

Periodontal infections (gum disease and periodontitis) are viewed as incendiary maladies of microbiological starting points. Their most significant hazard factor is the amassing of a plaque biofilm at and beneath the gingival edge, which is then connected with an improper and ruinous host fiery insusceptible reaction Plaque control is the day by day expulsion of dental plaque, oral biofilm and furthermore counteraction of their collection on the teeth and different pieces of the oral pit. Mechanical plaque control is a viable strategy to dispose of gathering in the oral cavity. With opportunity a few changes came in toothbrushes to make mechanical plaque control progressively viable in everyday oral cleanliness practice. Cross sectional poll study was led. A sum of 104 individuals were made to respond to all the inquiries. The outcome will be examined utilizing factual investigation. In the examination, it was discovered that 72% of the population brush their teeth two times per day. 32% of the respondents feel stores in their teeth much in the wake of brushing. 72% of the individuals accept that brushing can forestall dental plaque. The point of the examination is to make mindfulness on the control of mechanical and substance dental plaque. The control of dental plaque is fundamental for developing kids with expansion of fluoride to mechanical plaque control before it solidifies to become dental tartar.

scholarly journals Caries and periodontal disease: Two diseases, one biofilm

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annetta K L Tsang ◽  
Saso Ivanovski ◽  
Philip S Bird
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Oral Biofilm ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Oral Ecology ◽  
Diverse Microbial Community

Dental plaque, a natural oral biofilm is involved in the aetiology of dental caries and periodontal disease. Despite decades of research, the microbiology, aetiology and pathogenesis of these diseases remain controversial. A number of factors interplay in these diseases, the indigenous microbes that inhabit the oral cavity, diet, host susceptibility and time. The ?Non-Specific Plaque Hypothesis? (NSPH) was proposed where the overall mass of plaque interacted with the host and caused disease. An alternative view was the ?Specific Plaque Hypothesis? (SPH) where, among the diverse microbial community, a limited subset of specific bacteria were associated with disease. In recent years, the ?Ecological Plaque Hypothesis? (EPH) has been proposed that it be recognised that the oral ecology as a whole contributes to the aetiology of dental caries and periodontal diseases, with shifts in the composition of microbial communities being of particular importance.

scholarly journals Altered Oral Viral Ecology in Association with Periodontal Disease

mBio ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Ly ◽  
Shira R. Abeles ◽  
Tobias K. Boehm ◽  
Refugio Robles-Sikisaka ◽  
Mayuri Naidu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Oral Health Status ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Biofilm ◽  
Viral Communities ◽  
Health And Disease

ABSTRACTThe human oral cavity is home to a large and diverse community of viruses that have yet to be characterized in patients with periodontal disease. We recruited and sampled saliva and oral biofilm from a cohort of humans either periodontally healthy or with mild or significant periodontal disease to discern whether there are differences in viral communities that reflect their oral health status. We found communities of viruses inhabiting saliva and the subgingival and supragingival biofilms of each subject that were composed largely of bacteriophage. While there were homologous viruses common to different subjects and biogeographic sites, for most of the subjects, virome compositions were significantly associated with the oral sites from which they were derived. The largest distinctions between virome compositions were found when comparing the subgingival and supragingival biofilms to those of planktonic saliva. Differences in virome composition were significantly associated with oral health status for both subgingival and supragingival biofilm viruses but not for salivary viruses. Among the differences identified in virome compositions was a significant expansion of myoviruses in subgingival biofilm, suggesting that periodontal disease favors lytic phage. We also characterized the bacterial communities in each subject at each biogeographic site by using the V3 hypervariable segment of the 16S rRNA and did not identify distinctions between oral health and disease similar to those found in viral communities. The significantly altered ecology of viruses of oral biofilm in subjects with periodontal disease compared to that of relatively periodontally healthy ones suggests that viruses may serve as useful indicators of oral health status.IMPORTANCELittle is known about the role or the constituents of viruses as members of the human microbiome. We investigated the composition of human oral viral communities in a group of relatively periodontally healthy subjects or significant periodontitis to determine whether health status may be associated with differences in viruses. We found that most of the viruses present were predators of bacteria. The viruses inhabiting dental plaque were significantly different on the basis of oral health status, while those present in saliva were not. Dental plaque viruses in periodontitis were predicted to be significantly more likely to kill their bacterial hosts than those found in healthy mouths. Because oral diseases such as periodontitis have been shown to have altered bacterial communities, we believe that viruses and their role as drivers of ecosystem diversity are important contributors to the human oral microbiome in health and disease states.

scholarly journals Chemical Plaque Control Strategies in the Prevention of Biofilm-associated Oral Diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukumaran Anil ◽  
Shilpa H Bhandi ◽  
Elna P Chalisserry ◽  
Mohammed Jafer ◽  
Jagadish Hosmani
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
Patient Cooperation ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Plaque Control ◽  
Plaque Biofilm

ABSTRACT Dental plaque is a biofilm that forms naturally on the surfaces of exposed teeth and other areas of the oral cavity. It is the primary etiological factor for the most frequently occurring oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal diseases. Specific, nonspecific, and ecologic plaque hypothesis explains the causation of dental and associated diseases. Adequate control of biofilm accumulation on teeth has been the cornerstone of prevention of periodontitis and dental caries. Mechanical plaque control is the mainstay for prevention of oral diseases, but it requires patient cooperation and motivation; therefore, chemical plaque control agents act as useful adjuvants for achieving the desired results. Hence, it is imperative for the clinicians to update their knowledge in chemical antiplaque agents and other developments for the effective management of plaque biofilm-associated diseases. This article explores the critical analysis of various chemical plaque control strategies and the current trends in the control and prevention of dental plaque biofilm. How to cite this article Jafer M, Patil S, Hosmani J, Bhandi SH, Chalisserry EP, Anil S. Chemical Plaque Control Strategies in the Prevention of Biofilm-associated Oral Diseases. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(4):337-343.

scholarly journals Randomized Controlled Study to Evaluate Microbial Ecological Effects of CPP-ACP and Cranberry on Dental Plaque

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
N. Philip ◽  
S.J. Leishman ◽  
H.M.H.N. Bandara ◽  
D.L. Healey ◽  
L.J. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Amorphous Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Casein Phosphopeptide

Introduction: Ecological approaches to dental caries prevention play a key role in attaining long-term control over the disease and maintaining a symbiotic oral microbiome. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the microbial ecological effects of 2 interventional dentifrices: a casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) dentifrice and the same dentifrice supplemented with a polyphenol-rich cranberry extract. Methods: The interventional toothpastes were compared with each other and with an active control fluoride dentifrice in a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis was used to determine changes in the bacterial loads of 14 key bacterial species (8 caries associated and 6 health associated) in the dental plaque of trial participants after they used the dentifrices for 5 to 6 wk. Results: From the baseline to the recall visit, significant differences were observed between the treatment groups in the bacterial loads of 2 caries-associated bacterial species ( Streptococcus mutans [ P < 0.001] and Veillonella parvula [ P < 0.001]) and 3 health-associated bacterial species ( Corynebacterium durum [P = 0.008], Neisseria flavescens [ P = 0.005], and Streptococcus sanguinis [ P < 0.001]). Compared to the fluoride control dentifrice, the CPP-ACP dentifrice demonstrated significant differences for S. mutans ( P = 0.032), C. durum ( P = 0.007), and S. sanguinis ( P < 0.001), while combination CPP-ACP–cranberry dentifrice showed significant differences for S. mutans ( P < 0.001), V. parvula ( P < 0.001), N. flavescens ( P = 0.003), and S. sanguinis ( P < 0.001). However, no significant differences were observed in the bacterial load comparisons between the CPP-ACP and combination dentifrices for any of the targeted bacterial species ( P > 0.05). Conclusions: Overall, the results indicate that dentifrices containing CPP-ACP and polyphenol-rich cranberry extracts can influence a species-level shift in the ecology of the oral microbiome, resulting in a microbial community less associated with dental caries (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ANZCTR 12618000095268). Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results of this randomized controlled trial indicate that dentifrices containing casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and polyphenol-rich cranberry extracts were able to beneficially modulate the microbial ecology of dental plaque in a group of high caries-risk patients. This could contribute toward lowering the risk of developing new caries lesions, an important goal sought by patients, clinicians, and policy makers.

scholarly journals Nitrite-producing oral microbiome in adults and children

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuria Sato-Suzuki ◽  
Jumpei Washio ◽  
Dimas Prasetianto Wicaksono ◽  
Takuichi Sato ◽  
Satoshi Fukumoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Biofilm ◽  
Griess Reagent ◽  
Overlay Method ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Wet Weight

Abstract Recently, it was suggested that the nitrite (NO2−) produced from NO3− by oral bacteria might contribute to oral and general health. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the detailed information about the bacterial NO2-production in the oral biofilm. Dental plaque and tongue-coating samples were collected, then the NO2-producing activity was measured. Furthermore, the composition of the NO2−-producing bacterial population were identified using the Griess reagent-containing agar overlay method and molecular biological method. NO2−-producing activity per mg wet weight varied among individuals but was higher in dental plaque. Additionally, anaerobic bacteria exhibited higher numbers of NO2−-producing bacteria, except in the adults’ dental plaque. The proportion of NO2−-producing bacteria also varied among individuals, but a positive correlation was found between NO2−-producing activity and the number of NO2−-producing bacteria, especially in dental plaque. Overall, the major NO2−-producing bacteria were identified as Actinomyces, Schaalia, Veillonella and Neisseria. Furthermore, Rothia was specifically detected in the tongue coatings of children. These results suggest that dental plaque has higher NO2−-producing activity and that this activity depends not on the presence of specific bacteria or the bacterial compositions, but on the number of NO2−-producing bacteria, although interindividual differences were detected.

Influence of Photodynamic Therapy on Dental Plaque of Oral Biofilm of Artificial Dental Caries

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 2700-2704
Author(s):  
邹朝晖 Zou Zhaohui ◽  
高平 Gao Ping ◽  
阴慧娟 Yin Huijuan ◽  
李迎新 Li Yingxin
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Oral Biofilm

scholarly journals Influence of the dental topical application of a nisin-biogel in the oral microbiome of dogs: a pilot study

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11626
Author(s):  
Eva Cunha ◽  
Sara Valente ◽  
Mariana Nascimento ◽  
Marcelo Pereira ◽  
Luís Tavares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Local Inflammatory Response

Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most widespread inflammatory diseases in dogs. This disease is initiated by a polymicrobial biofilm in the teeth surface (dental plaque), leading to a local inflammatory response, with gingivitis and/or several degrees of periodontitis. For instance, the prevention of bacterial dental plaque formation and its removal are essential steps in PD control. Recent research revealed that the antimicrobial peptide nisin incorporated in the delivery system guar gum (biogel) can inhibit and eradicate bacteria from canine dental plaque, being a promising compound for prevention of PD onset in dogs. However, no information is available regarding its effect on the dog’s oral microbiome. In this pilot study, the influence of the nisin-biogel on the diversity of canine oral microbiome was evaluated using next generation sequencing (NGS), aiming to access the viability of nisin-biogel to be used in long-term experiment in dogs. Composite toothbrushing samples of the supragingival plaque from two dogs were collected at three timepoints: T1—before any application of the nisin-biogel to the animals’ teeth surface; T2—one hour after one application of the nisin-biogel; and T3—one hour after a total of three applications of the nisin-biogel, each 48 hours. After that, microbial profiling was performed by NGS of the V3V4 16s rRNA region. After only one application of the nisin-biogel to the oral cavity of dogs, a statistically significant reduction in microbial diversity was observed (T2) as well as a reduction of some bacterial species potentially related with distinct stages of PD, when compared with samples collected before any application (T1). However, after a total of three nisin-biogel applications (T3), a recovery of the microbial diversity was detected. In conclusion, the nisin-biogel may influence the canine oral microbiome. A reduction in some bacterial species potentially related with distinct stages of PD was observed. This pilot study will help to design a controlled in vivo clinical trial to evaluate nisin-biogel effect on dental plaque progression and canine periodontal indices evolution in a long-term application period.

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