scholarly journals Mucosal Immune Response in Nasal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue upon Intranasal Administration by Adjuvants

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 515-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromi Takaki ◽  
Shingo Ichimiya ◽  
Misako Matsumoto ◽  
Tsukasa Seya
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Nasal Administration ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Iga Production

The nasal administration of vaccines directed against diseases caused by upper respiratory tract infections of pathogens, such as the influenza virus, mimics the natural infection of pathogens and induces immunoglobulin A (IgA) production in the nasal cavity to effectively protect viral entry. Therefore, the development of a nasally administered vaccine is a research objective. Because the antigenicity of influenza split vaccines is low, nasal inoculation with the vaccine alone does not induce strong IgA production in the nasal cavity. However, the addition of adjuvants activates the innate immune response, enhancing antigen-specific IgA production and the T-cell response. Although the development of suitable adjuvants for nasal vaccinations is in progress, the mechanism by which adjuvants promote the immune response is still unclear. In this review, we discuss the mucosal immune response, especially in the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, induced in response to the intranasal inoculation of an influenza vaccine and adjuvants in animal models.

scholarly journals Preventive and therapeutic role of nasal irrigation in management of acute respiratory disease during COVID-19 pandemic and beyond

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
V. M. Svistushkin ◽  
Zh. T. Mokoyan
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Nasal Irrigation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Nasal Saline Irrigation ◽  
Tract Infections

It has long been known, that nasal saline irrigation is a safe and effective method, which is routinely prescribed by otorhinolaryngologists to prevent and to treat a wide range of pathologies. There are a lot of publications on different irrigation techniques and methods. This literature review discusses the key parameters of nasal irrigation, including tonicity, pH, and the additional components, and explains how they affect the effectiveness of the procedure. The vast majority of available publications did not found any possible changes in the effectiveness of solutions with different pH close to neutral meaning. Whereas, the volume of the irrigated solution, increases the efficiency of the irrigation in direct proportion. Thus, the largest distribution area of the solute is noted when washing with a large volume of liquid. Nasal saline irrigation is an effective treatment option for patients with several acute and chronic diseases and for postoperative care after rhinosurgery. Moreover, nasal irrigation might be used as an effective non-specific method for prevention of acute upper respiratory tract infections. Irrigation of the nasal cavity reduces the mucus viscosity and promotes its faster elimination, along with pathogens fixed in it. Additionally, irrigation with isotonic saline solutions increases the hydration of the underlying water base, which enhances the frequency of ciliary beat and reduces the concentration of local inflammatory mediators. COVID-19 pandemic situation due to lack of any specific antiviral drugs dictates the necessity of an effective non-specific preventive option, which could be introduced worldwide. The so-called full volume lavage of the nasal cavity allows for better cleaning of the nasal cavity and effective moisturizing of the mucous membrane. It is the timely cleansing and moisturizing that are most important for maintaining the normal activity of the local protective mechanisms of the upper respiratory tract.

Glutamine and the effects of exhaustive exercise upon the immune response

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 524-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda M Castell ◽  
Eric A Newsholme
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Prolonged Training ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

There is a high incidence of infections in athletes undergoing intense, prolonged training or participating in endurance races (e.g., the marathon), in particular, upper respiratory tract infections. Prolonged, exhaustive exercise can lower the plasma level of the amino acid, glutamine, which is an important fuel for some cells of the immune system and may have specific immunostimulatory effects. This could therefore be an important factor in the event of an impaired response of immune cells to opportunistic infections. The effects of feeding glutamine to sedentary individuals and to marathon and ultramarathon runners before and after prolonged, exhaustive exercise has been investigated in a series of studies that monitored the incidence of infections and some acute-phase response markers. Oral glutamine, compared with a placebo, appeared to have a beneficial effect on the incidence of infections reported by runners after a marathon.Key words: glutamine, endurance exercise, infections, immune response.

scholarly journals The mucosal immune system and IgA nephropathy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loreto Gesualdo ◽  
Vincenzo Di Leo ◽  
Rosanna Coppo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy ◽  
Food Antigen ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The precise pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is still not clearly established but emerging evidence confirms a pivotal role for mucosal immunity. This review focuses on the key role of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in promoting the onset of the disease, underlying the relationship among microbiota, genetic factors, food antigen, infections, and mucosal immune response. Finally, we evaluate potential therapies targeting microbes and mucosa hyperresponsiveness in IgAN patients.

scholarly journals The Nasal-associated Lymphoid Tissue of Adult Mice Acts as an Entry Site for the Mouse Mammary Tumor Retrovirus

1997 ◽  
Vol 185 (10) ◽  
pp. 1871-1876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Velin ◽  
Grigorios Fotopoulos ◽  
Frédéric Luthi ◽  
Jean-Pierre Kraehenbuhl
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Mammary Tumor ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Cell Subset ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Nasal Administration ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Mouse Mammary Tumor

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is a B type retrovirus transmitted to the suckling offspring through milk. MMTV crosses the intestinal barrier of neonates, initially infects the lymphoid cells of the Peyer's patches, and later spreads to all lymphoid organs and to the mammary gland. Adult mice can be infected systemically, but not by oral MMTV administration. In this study, we show that nasal administration of infected milk induces the infection of adult mice. Nasal MMTV infection shared the main features of systemic and neonatal intestinal MMTV infections: deletion of the superantigen (SAg)-reactive T cell subset from the peripheral T cell population, presence of viral DNA in lymphoid cells, and transmission of MMTV from mother to offspring. Viral DNA was restricted to the lungs and nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) 6 d after nasal infection. Furthermore, SAg-induced T cell proliferation was only detected in NALT. These results demonstrate that MMTV crosses the intact epithelium of the upper respiratory tract of adult mice and infects the lymphoid follicles associated with these structures.

scholarly journals The Potential Role of an Aberrant Mucosal Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 in the Pathogenesis of IgA Nephropathy

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 881
Author(s):  
Zhao Zhang ◽  
Guorong Zhang ◽  
Meng Guo ◽  
Wanyin Tao ◽  
Xingzi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Iga Nephropathy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Protein Receptor ◽  
Iga Production ◽  
Antibody Levels

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global concern. Immunoglobin A (IgA) contributes to virus neutralization at the early stage of infection. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess whether SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA production persists for a longer time in patients recovered from severe COVID-19 and its lasting symptoms that can have disabling consequences should also be alerted to susceptible hosts. Here, we tracked the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibody levels in a cohort of 88 COVID-19 patients. We found that 52.3% of the patients produced more anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgA than IgG or IgM, and the levels of IgA remained stable during 4–41 days of infection. One of these IgA-dominant COVID-19 patients, concurrently with IgA nephropathy (IgAN), presented with elevated serum creatinine and worse proteinuria during the infection, which continued until seven months post-infection. The serum levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD and total IgA were higher in this patient than in healthy controls. Changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota, increased IgA highly coated bacteria, and elevated concentration of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-18 were indicative of potential involvement of intestinal dysbiosis and inflammation to the systemic IgA level and, consequently, the disease progression. Collectively, our work highlighted the potential adverse effect of the mucosal immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that additional care should be taken with COVID-19 patients presenting with chronic diseases such as IgAN.

scholarly journals Long-term and short-term immunity to SARS-CoV-2: why it matters

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
John Zaunders ◽  
Chansavath Phetsouphanh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Recurrent Infection ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Tract Infections

The adaptive immune system, regulated by CD4 T cells, is essential for control of many viral infections. Endemic coronavirus infections generally occur as short-term upper respiratory tract infections which in many cases appear to be cleared before adaptive immunity is fully involved, since adaptive immunity takes approximately 1.5–2 weeks to ramp up the response to a primary infection, or approximately 1 week for a recurrent infection. However, the adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection will be critical to full recovery with minimal long-lasting effects, and to either prevention of recurrence of infection or at least reduced severity of symptoms. The detailed kinetics of this infection versus the dynamics of the immune response, including in vaccinated individuals, will largely determine these outcomes.

scholarly journals Gut Colonization of Mice withactA-Negative Mutant of Listeria monocytogenesCan Stimulate a Humoral Mucosal Immune Response

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 3542-3549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muniraj Manohar ◽  
Donald O. Baumann ◽  
Nicolaas A. Bos ◽  
John J. Cebra
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
Oral Infection ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Gut Colonization ◽  
Iga Production

ABSTRACT We used Listeria monocytogenes, a gram-positive, facultative intracellular bacterium, to study the gut mucosal immune responses following oral infection. We employed a germfree (GF) mouse model to try to accentuate the development of a humoral mucosal immune response in the gut, and we used oral colonization with one of the mutants, actA-negative (ΔactA) L. monocytogenes, to restrict infection largely to the gut. The ΔactA mutant was able to colonize the intestinal mucosa of formerly GF mice for long periods of time without causing disease while eliciting secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses, as evidenced by gut tissue fragment culture assays. Flow cytometric analyses and immunohistochemical methods showed the development of only minimal germinal center reactions (GCR) in Peyer's patches and more robust GCR in mesenteric lymph nodes. Pronounced increases in total (natural) IgA production occurred in gut tissues by day 7 and were maintained for up to 90 days. Levels of specific IgA were modest in gut tissues on day 14, increased until day 76, and stabilized at day 90. We also observed a significant rise in serum IgA and IgG1 levels following oral infection by listeriae. Upon colonization, the organisms mainly infected the intestines and intestinal lumen, and we only sporadically observed few colony-forming bacteria in the liver and spleen. We observed a marked rise in IgA-secreting cells, including listeria-specific IgA antibody-secreting cells, in the lamina propria of the small intestine by enzyme-linked immunospot assays. To ascertain whether some of the IgA was specific for listeriae, we performed Western blot analysis to test the reactivity of IgA from fragment cultures to antigens in sonicates of L. monocytogenes. We detected IgA binding to antigenic proteins with molecular masses of 96, 60, 40, and 14 kDa in theListeria sonicates.

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