scholarly journals The impact of high temperature and irradiance source on the efficiency of polycrystalline photovoltaic panel in a controlled environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 3942
Author(s):  
Julie C. Ogbulezie ◽  
Armstrong O. Njok ◽  
Manoj Kumar Panjwani ◽  
Suresh K. Panjwani
Keyword(s):  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Cell Temperature ◽  
Photovoltaic Panel ◽  
Irradiance Level ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Operating Cell

Solar cells are highly sensitive to temperature, which affects its operating parameters. The study has its aim in accessing the impact of temperature (in excess above the maximum operating cell temperature) and irradiance source on the efficiency of polycrystalline photovoltaic (PV) solar panels in an environment where the temperature and irradiance level can be fully controlled. For the study to achieve its aim, a solar box and tungsten light bulbs were used to create an environment where the irradiance level and the temperature can be controlled. The solar panel was placed inside the solar box facing the light source while the irradiance level and temperature were measured and held constant. Results show a steady decrease in voltage with increasing temperature while the performance ratio and efficiency of the photovoltaic module followed a similar trend as that of voltage once the temperature exceeds the maximum operating cell temperature. Results also show the output voltage of the photovoltaic to be higher under the tungsten light than the sun, but the efficiency achieved by the photovoltaic under the sun far exceeds that obtained under the tungsten light.

Development of a Thermal Model for Photovoltaic Modules and Analysis of NOCT Guidelines

2011 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ty W. Neises ◽  
Sanford A. Klein ◽  
Douglas T. Reindl
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Model ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Cell Temperature ◽  
Flow Models ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Low Wind Speeds ◽  
Iec 61215 ◽  
Testing Standards ◽  
Operating Cell

The temperature of a photovoltaic module is typically required as an input to models that predict the module’s performance. Some common models use the nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT), as by the manufacturer. This paper develops a thermal model and uses it to analyze NOCT testing standards. Specifically, the standard correction factor charts found in the ASTM E1036 and IEC 61215 standards are evaluated. Results show that the correction charts were likely created assuming laminar flow correlations, while validation efforts and the fact that wind is often characterized by turbulence even at low wind speeds suggest that turbulent flow models may be more appropriate. In addition, the results presented in this paper show that the standard NOCT charts do not account for the backside insulation of photovoltaic (PV) arrays. These results suggest that the standard correction charts are inaccurate for any mounting types that differ from the open rack configuration. The paper concludes with recommendations to improve the usefulness of the NOCT.

scholarly journals Shading, Dusting and Incorrect Positioning of Photovoltaic Modules as Important Factors in Performance Reduction

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Klugmann-Radziemska
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Partial Shading ◽  
Uneven Terrain ◽  
Performance Reduction ◽  
Angle Of Deviation ◽  
The Impact

The amount of solar radiation reaching the front cover of a photovoltaic module is crucial for its performance. A number of factors must be taken into account at the design stage of the solar installation, which will ensure maximum utilization of the potential arising from the location. During the operation of a photovoltaic installation, it is necessary to limit the shading of the modules caused by both dust and shadowing by trees or other objects. The article presents an analysis of the impact of the radiation reaching the surface of the radiation module on the efficiency obtained. Each of the analyzed aspects is important for obtaining the greatest amount of energy in specific geographical conditions. Modules contaminated by settling dust will be less efficient than those without deposits. The results of experimental studies of this effect are presented, depending on the amount of impurities, including their origins and morphologies. In practice, it is impossible to completely eliminate shadowing caused by trees, uneven terrain, other buildings, chimneys, or satellite dishes, and so on, which limits the energy of solar radiation reaching the modules. An analysis of partial shading for the generated power was also carried out. An important way for maximizing the incoming radiation is the correct positioning of the modules relative to the sun. It is considered optimal to position the modules relative to the light source, that is, the sun, so that the rays fall perpendicular to the surfaces of the modules. Any deviation in the direction of the rays results in a loss in the form of a decrease in the available power of the module. The most beneficial option would be to use sun-tracking systems, but they represent an additional investment cost, and their installations require additional space and maintenance. Therefore, the principle was adopted that stationary systems should be oriented to the south, using the optimal angle of inclination of the module surface appropriate for the location. This article presents the dependence of the decrease in obtained power on the angle of deviation from the optimal one.

scholarly journals Performance analysis of thermosyphon hybrid photovoltaic thermal collector

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Marc-Alain Mutombo ◽  
Freddie Inambao ◽  
Glen Bright
Keyword(s):  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Rectangular Channel ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Cell Temperature ◽  
Solar Module ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Incoming Energy

The conversion of solar irradiance into electricity by a photovoltaic module (PV) is 6– 7% of the incoming energy from the sun depending on the type of technology and the environmental parameters. More than 80% of incoming energy from the sun is reflected or absorbed by the solar module. The fraction of energy absorbed increases with solar cell temperature and the cells’ efficiency drops as a consequence. The efficiency of a PV module is improved by combining a PV module and a thermal collector in one unit, resulting in a hybrid photovoltaic and thermal collector (PV/T). The purpose of this paper is to present the behavior a thermosyphon hybrid PV/T when exposed to variations of environmental parameters and to demonstrate the advantage of cooling photovoltaic modules with water using a rectangular channel profile for the thermal collector. A single glazed flat-box absorber PV/T module was designed, its behavior for different environmental parameters tested, the numerical model developed, and the simulation for particular days for Durban weather run. The simulation result showed that the overall efficiency of the PV/T module was 38.7% against 14.6% for a standard PV module while the water temperature in the storage tank reached 37.1 °C. This is a great encouragement to the marketing of the PV/T technology in South Africa particularly during summer, and specifically in areas where the average annual solar irradiance is more than 4.70 kWh/m²/day.

scholarly journals Penentuan Sudut Kemiringan Optimal Panel Surya Untuk Wilayah Meulaboh

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syurkarni Ali ◽  
T.M Aziz Pandria
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Photovoltaic Panel ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
Optimum Angle ◽  
The World ◽  
Optimum Height ◽  
The Right

Development of energy especially alternative energy and renewables continue to be encouraged, one of which is becoming the trend of the world today is focused towards the development of solar energy. The optimum angle of tilt of the photovoltaic panel is one of the deciding factor against the acceptance of the amount of solar radiation in the amountof the maximum, so that will affect the power output of a photovoltaic panel. Method of calculation of the Altitude angle is a way to find out the optimum height of the positions of the Sun, and these factors influence the position of the slope of the surface of the panel sector in the region, so by knowing the position of the right angle of the Sun will be able to obtain the maximum amount of radiation against photovoltaic panels. Adjustment of the angle of the slope against the monthly solar panels in the region of Meulaboh is affected by the angle of altitude. January and March, the optimum angle value starts from 35,54 ° to  12,39°. April does not occur, because of the angle position  of the panel surface horizontal is same. May to December, the orientation of the panel turned south-facing surface of the panel with face down which is characterized by a negative notation. 

scholarly journals A New Model for Estimation of Energy Extraction from Bifacial Photovoltaic Modules

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 5089
Author(s):  
Preeti Kumari Sahu ◽  
J. N. Roy ◽  
Chandan Chakraborty ◽  
Senthilarasu Sundaram
Keyword(s):  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Real Field ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Rear Side ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The energy yield from bifacial solar photovoltaic (PV) systems can be enhanced by optimizing the tilt angle. Bifacial modules boost the energy yield by 4% to 15% depending on the module type and ground reflectivity with an average of 9%. The selection of tilt angle depends on several factors, including the geographical location, weather variation, etc. Compared to the variable tilt angle, a constant angle is preferred from the point of view of the cost of installation and the cost of maintenance. This paper proposes a new method for analysing bifacial modules. A simpler rear-side irradiance model is presented to estimate the energy yield of a bifacial solar photovoltaic module. The detailed analysis also explores the optimum tilt angle for the inclined south–north orientation to obtain the maximum possible yield from the module. Taking four regions into account, i.e., Kharagpur, Ahmedabad, Delhi, and Thiruvananthapuram, in the Indian climate, we studied several cases. The Kharagpur system showed a monthly rear irradiance gain of 13%, and the Delhi climate showed an average performance ratio of 19.5%. We studied the impact of albedo and GCR on the tilt angle. Finally, the estimated model was validated with the PVSyst version 6.7.6 as well as real field test measurements taken from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) located in the USA.

scholarly journals Effect of Metallic Additives to Polymer Matrix on Properties of Composite Adhesives Dedicated for Light Metal Joining

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 2287-2294 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mamala ◽  
P. Kwaśniewski ◽  
A. Nowak ◽  
J. Grzebinoga ◽  
W. Ściężor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Light Metal ◽  
Resin Matrix ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Correct Operation ◽  
Photovoltaic Panel ◽  
Polymer Metal ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe most recent and promising trends in development of renewable sources of energy are Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems. The newest solutions from this field are hybrid compact solar panels. The correct operation of both systems, i.e. the photovoltaic panel and the heat exchanger requires an effective connection between the two. The adhesives utilized to interconnect above elements should provide a stable and hermetic joint able to withstand mechanical and thermal impacts of the surrounding environment factors. The paper presents the research results over the impact of the type and the amount of reinforcing phase on the physical and mechanical properties of epoxy resin matrix composites reinforced with particles of non-ferrous metals (Ag, Cu, W, Al), dedicated as adhesives for connections between photovoltaic panels and heat exchangers. Based on the experimental findings the usefulness of classical analytic models for valuation of polymer-metal composites properties was validated.

scholarly journals Exhaustive Study of the PV Module Implemented in the Region of Annaba-Algeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
A. Dekhane ◽  
B. Lamri ◽  
N. Benamira
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Cell Temperature ◽  
Partial Shading ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Exhaustive Study ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAlgeria, like any other country, has drawn up its roadmap for the use and promotion of renewable energy sources. Motivated by its commitment to the international community in the fight against global warming and its possession of one of the largest solar fields in the world, a series of laws and institutions have consolidated this ambitious schedule. As known, both the climate and the geological area of Algeria take place among the foremost favoured countries in the field of solar energy. The present paper aims at proposing a simple model of photovoltaic module.The authors used Matlab/Simulink software to predict the current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics according to the influence of several factors, such as solar irradiance, cell temperature and series resistance, on the efficiency of photovoltaic module. The proposed experimental investigation can easily predict the curves (current-voltage and power-voltage) of a PV module, where both of simulation and practical results are identical. A single-crystal-line photovoltaic module was introduced close to Badji-Mokhtar Annaba University, Annaba (Algeria) to show the impact of climatic conditions in this coastal region and partial shading on characteristics.

scholarly journals The impact of coloured filters on the performance of polycrystalline photovoltaic panel in an uncontrolled environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 4436
Author(s):  
Armstrong O. Njok ◽  
Joel I. Iloke ◽  
Manoj Kumar Panjwani ◽  
Mangi Fareed Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Photovoltaic Cell ◽  
Solar Panel ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Photovoltaic Panel ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Coloured Filters ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

Photovoltaic modules behave extraordinarily by transforming part of the visible spectrum into electrical energy, and their efficiencies are affected by the nature of radiation (light) reaching them. When light strikes a photovoltaic cell, this light may go through the cell without been absorbed if it is too energetic or if the light possesses low energy it will be absorbed by the cell and cause the electrons to twist and vibrate in their bonds without dislodging them, hence causing the cell to heat up which ultimately leads to a decrease in its overall efficiency. This study is aimed to investigate how photovoltaics respond to different wavelengths of light. For the study to achieve its aim, colour filters were used to ensure that only a particular wavelength of light reaches the photovoltaic module at a time. In the process of collecting data from the solar panel, the solar panel was placed horizontally flat on a platform one meter above sea level facing the sun. Data was first obtained from the solar panel without the filters and after that with the filters placed one at a time and data collected accordingly. The amount of solar power and solar flux anytime a different colour filter was placed on the solar panel were measured. Among the coloured filter used yellow produced the highest efficiency, while blue produced the least efficiency. However, the solar panel was still more efficient when exposed to the natural spectrum.

scholarly journals Efficiency Comparison of Different Photovoltaic Modules

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsu Divine Kafui ◽  
István Seres ◽  
István Farkas
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Monocrystalline Silicon ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Transparent Glass ◽  
Average Performance ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Solar photovoltaic power generation capacity is rising continuously as a result of various regional, sub-regional renewable energy policies and the impact of technology development, as well as the increasing environmental concerns. Characteristics of photovoltaic modules are provided by manufacturers after they have been tested indoors under standard test conditions. These parameters may vary under exterior conditions. It is thus imperative to establish the quantity of the energy produced by photovoltaic modules under real operation conditions. This study sought to assess the performance of different kinds of photovoltaic module technologies in the city of Gödöllő, Hungary, and ascertain the behaviour of the modules under real outdoor conditions. Modules include amorphous silicon (a-Si), monocrystalline silicon (mc-Si), polycrystalline silicon (pc-Si), transparent monocrystalline silicon module (mc-Si). Measurement of the module characteristics was performed and various meteorological parameters were obtained. Performance parameters such as performance ratio and efficiency are given and analysed. Module temperature was estimated and evaluated in comparison with experimental values. Energy conversion rates of the modules were determined as 9.4%, 4.4%, 10.3%, 8.2% and 10.4% for mc-Si module transparent glass (165 Wp), a-Si module (glass 40Wp), pc-Si module (105 Wp), pc-Si module (60 Wp) and mc-Si (PV-T 180 Wp), respectively. Under the given outdoor conditions, the highest average performance ratio of 85.2% was obtained for the mc-Si module (transparent glass, 165 Wp), exhibiting the best performance, while pc–Si module (60 Wp) showed the least average performance ratio of 71.8%.

Estimation of Most Frequent Conditions and Performance Evaluation of Three Photovoltaic Technology Modules

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Birinchi Bora ◽  
O. S. Sastry ◽  
Arun Kumar ◽  
Renu ◽  
Manander Bangar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Cell Temperature ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Accurate Design ◽  
Data Points ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Operating Cell

In this paper, a performance evaluation technique using most frequent conditions (MFC) for accurate design of photovoltaic systems, based on energy rating and site-specific standards is reported. Most frequent conditions are estimated for the three different technologies: multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si), and hetero-junction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT) for the site based on air-mass, module temperatures, incident in-plane irradiance, and power output. The performances are analyzed over a period of 3 years by evaluating changes in the performance ratio, the energy yields, and the percentages of occurrence of data points corresponding to standard test condition (STC), nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT), and MFC. For MFC, performance ratio (PR) values are ranging from 0.70 to 0.83, 0.70 to 0.86, and 0.70 to 0.90 for mc-Si, a-Si, and HIT, respectively. The total energy yield of HIT is the highest followed by a-Si and mc-Si modules for this climatic zone.

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