scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Power Consumption in LTE-A eNB and its Effect on the Overall System Efficiency

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 878
Author(s):  
Eric Nii Sackey ◽  
Eric Sackey
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
M2m Communication ◽  
Wireless Communication Network ◽  
Digital Broadcasting ◽  
Increasing Demand

<span>Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication over the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) networks has witness exponential growth and expansion in the last couple of years. This expansion has created an increase in the demand for high speed internet, multimedia messaging services, digital broadcasting etc, thus fuelling higher data traffic. The network operators in trying to meet this increasing demand injected more access points by deploying more Base Stations (BSs) to make the network denser. The BSs are the major consumers of energy in the wireless communication network due to the use of inefficient power amplifiers and therefore deploying more BSs into the network will increase the power consumption and the networks operational cost. The aim of this paper was to examine the power consumption patterns of the main elements in the BS, employ various techniques to reduce their power consumption, reduce the operational cost and improve the efficiency of the BS.</span>

scholarly journals Handover with Buffering for Distributed Mobility Management in Software Defined Mobile Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-40
Author(s):  
Battulga Davaasambuu
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Mobility Management ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Distributed Mobility Management ◽  
Mobile Cellular ◽  
Network Technologies

The rapidly-growing number of mobile subscribers has led to the creation of a large number of signalling messages. This makes it difficult to efficiently handle the mobility of subscribers in mobile cellular networks. The long-term evolution (LTE) architecture provides software-defined networking (SDN) to meet the requirements of 5G networks and to forward massive mobile data traffic. The SDN solution proposes separation of the control and data planes of a network. Centralized mobility management (CMM) is widely used in current mobile network technologies, such as 4G networks. One of the problems related to CMM is a single point of failure. To solve the problems of CMM and in order to provide for efficient mobility management, IETF has developed a solution called distributed mobility management (DMM), in which mobility is handled via the nearest mobility anchor. In this paper, we propose a DMM solution with handover operations for SDN-enabled mobile networks. The advantage of the proposed solution is that intra and inter handover procedures are defined with the data buffering and forwarding processes between base stations and mobility anchors. We adopt a simulation model to evaluate and compare the proposed solution with the existing solution in terms of handover latency, packet loss and handover failures.

scholarly journals Study of Linearity and Power Consumption Requirements of CMOS Low Noise Amplifiers in Context of LTE Systems and Beyond

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Szczepkowski ◽  
Ronan Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Noise Figure ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Handheld Devices ◽  
Low Noise Amplifiers ◽  
Budget Planning

This paper presents a study of linearity in wideband CMOS low noise amplifiers (LNA) and its relationship to power consumption in context of Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems and its future developments. Using proposed figure of merit (FoM) to compare 35 state-of-the-art LNA circuits published over the last decade, the paper explores a dependence between amplifier performance (i.e., combined linearity, noise figure, and gain) and power consumption. In order to satisfy stringent linearity specifications for LTE standard (and its likely successors), the paper predicts that LNA FoM increase in the range of +0.2 dB/mW is expected and will inevitably translate into a significant increase in power consumption—a critical budget planning aspect for handheld devices, active antenna arrays, and base stations operating in small cells.

scholarly journals Label Stacking Scenarios in Hybrid Wavelength and Code-Switched GMPLS Networks

Electronics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai-Sheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Wavelength Division Multiplexing ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Packet Switching ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Wavelength Assignment ◽  
Optical Packet Switching ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Wavelength Division ◽  
Increasing Demand

Multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) is a promising solution to implement high-speed internet protocol (IP) networks by reducing the layer number. To meet the increasing demand for data traffic, optical packet switching (OPS) is integrated under IP to provide high bandwidth to end users. Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) is perfectly compatible with the routing algorithm in IP/MPLS as it supports packet-switching functions. In this paper, we investigate the label stacking scenarios in GMPLS networks. In GMPLS, label stacking is done to reduce the node complexity by appending multiple labels to a single packet. Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and optical code-division multiplexing (OCDM) signals have been widely used as identifying labels. As the labels can be permutated among the wavelengths or code dimensions, the structure of a label stack can be varied. However, studies on the relationship between label stacking scenarios and network performance are limited. To investigate this issue, we propose three label stacking models: sequential code distribution; sequential wavelength distribution, and random label distribution. The simulation results show that the sequential wavelength assignment, wherein the labels are uniformly distributed among the wavelengths, exhibits the best system performance in terms of the label-error rate (LER).

scholarly journals Handover with Buffering for Distributed Mobility Management in Software Defined Mobile Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-40
Author(s):  
Battulga Davaasambuu
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Mobility Management ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Distributed Mobility Management ◽  
Mobile Cellular ◽  
Network Technologies

The rapidly-growing number of mobile subscribers has led to the creation of a large number of signalling messages. This makes it difficult to efficiently handle the mobility of subscribers in mobile cellular networks. The long-term evolution (LTE) architecture provides software-defined networking (SDN) to meet the requirements of 5G networks and to forward massive mobile data traffic. The SDN solution proposes separation of the control and data planes of a network. Centralized mobility management (CMM) is widely used in current mobile network technologies, such as 4G networks. One of the problems related to CMM is a single point of failure. To solve the problems of CMM and in order to provide for efficient mobility management, IETF has developed a solution called distributed mobility management (DMM), in which mobility is handled via the nearest mobility anchor. In this paper, we propose a DMM solution with handover operations for SDN-enabled mobile networks. The advantage of the proposed solution is that intra and inter handover procedures are defined with the data buffering and forwarding processes between base stations and mobility anchors. We adopt a simulation model to evaluate and compare the proposed solution with the existing solution in terms of handover latency, packet loss and handover failures.

Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation Reduced Tire Pressure Initiative

1997 ◽  
Vol 1589 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Davies ◽  
Tami F. Wall ◽  
Allan Carpentier
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Vehicle Stability ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Tire Pressure ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Short And Long Term

After examination of the research carried out by other agencies, Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation (SHT) embarked on an initiative to adapt low tire pressure technologies to the province's needs and environment. The focus of the initiative was to explore several technical questions from SHT's perspective: (a) Can low tire pressures be used to increase truck weights from secondary to primary without increasing road maintenance costs on thin membrane surface roads? (b) What are the short- and long-term effects of tire heating under high-speed/high-deflection constant reduced pressure (CRP) operations in a Saskatchewan environment? (c) What effects do lower tire pressures have on vehicle stability at highway speeds? To date, significant opportunities have been noted on local hauls (less than 30 min loaded at highway speeds) for CRP operation and long primary highway hauls that begin or end in relatively short secondary highway sections that limit vehicle weight allowed for the whole trip for central tire inflation technology. The background and environment for the initiative and the investigations and demonstrations envisioned and undertaken are briefly outlined.

Design and Implementation of an Efficient Parallel LFSR Architecture for Wireless Communication Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Suresh Babu ◽  
B. Anand
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Shift Register ◽  
Linear Feedback ◽  
Wireless Communication Systems ◽  
Coverage Area

: A Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) considers a linear function typically an XOR operation of the previous state as an input to the current state. This paper describes in detail the recent Wireless Communication Systems (WCS) and techniques related to LFSR. Cryptographic methods and reconfigurable computing are two different applications used in the proposed shift register with improved speed and decreased power consumption. Comparing with the existing individual applications, the proposed shift register obtained >15 to <=45% of decreased power consumption with 30% of reduced coverage area. Hence this proposed low power high speed LFSR design suits for various low power high speed applications, for example wireless communication. The entire design architecture is simulated and verified in VHDL language. To synthesis a standard cell library of 0.7um CMOS is used. A custom design tool has been developed for measuring the power. From the results, it is obtained that the cryptographic efficiency is improved regarding time and complexity comparing with the existing algorithms. Hence, the proposed LFSR architecture can be used for any wireless applications due to parallel processing, multiple access and cryptographic methods.

Low Power and High Speed Sequential Circuits Test Architecture

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed K. Jameil ◽  
Yasir Amer Abbas ◽  
Saad Al-Azawi
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Test Generation ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Fir Filter ◽  
Sequential Circuits ◽  
Fir Filters ◽  
Design Verification ◽  
Sequential Circuit ◽  
Generation Algorithm

Background: The designed circuits are tested for faults detection in fabrication to determine which devices are defective. The design verification is performed to ensure that the circuit performs the required functions after manufacturing. Design verification is regarded as a test form in both sequential and combinational circuits. The analysis of sequential circuits test is more difficult than in the combinational circuit test. However, algorithms can be used to test any type of sequential circuit regardless of its composition. An important sequential circuit is the finite impulse response (FIR) filters that are widely used in digital signal processing applications. Objective: This paper presented a new design under test (DUT) algorithm for 4-and 8-tap FIR filters. Also, the FIR filter and the proposed DUT algorithm is implemented using field programmable gate arrays (FPGA). Method: The proposed test generation algorithm is implemented in VHDL using Xilinx ISE V14.5 design suite and verified by simulation. The test generation algorithm used FIR filtering redundant faults to obtain a set of target faults for DUT. The fault simulation is used in DUT to assess the benefit of test pattern in fault coverage. Results: The proposed technique provides average reductions of 20 % and 38.8 % in time delay with 57.39 % and 75 % reductions in power consumption and 28.89 % and 28.89 % slices reductions for 4- and 8-tap FIR filter, respectively compared to similar techniques. Conclusions: The results of implementation proved that a high speed and low power consumption design can be achieved. Further, the speed of the proposed architecture is faster than that of existing techniques.

scholarly journals Ultracompact and low-power-consumption silicon thermo-optic switch for high-speed data

Nanophotonics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 937-945
Author(s):  
Ruihuan Zhang ◽  
Yu He ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Shaohua An ◽  
Qingming Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
Low Power Consumption ◽  
Power Efficient ◽  
High Speed Data ◽  
On Chip

AbstractUltracompact and low-power-consumption optical switches are desired for high-performance telecommunication networks and data centers. Here, we demonstrate an on-chip power-efficient 2 × 2 thermo-optic switch unit by using a suspended photonic crystal nanobeam structure. A submilliwatt switching power of 0.15 mW is obtained with a tuning efficiency of 7.71 nm/mW in a compact footprint of 60 μm × 16 μm. The bandwidth of the switch is properly designed for a four-level pulse amplitude modulation signal with a 124 Gb/s raw data rate. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed switch is the most power-efficient resonator-based thermo-optic switch unit with the highest tuning efficiency and data ever reported.

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