scholarly journals Вміст аскорбінової кислоти в печінці і надниркових залозах щурів при коригуванні аліментарного гіпотиреозу йодом різної хімічної природи

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. I. Ryabukha
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Protein Preparation ◽  
Organic Iodine ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Inorganic Iodine

Introduction. Metabolisms of vitamins, trace elements and hormones are closely linked. The connection between  ascorbic acid and hormones, in particular derivatives of tyrosine and steroids, determines its importance for the activity of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands and liver. The most common thyroid pathology is hypothyroidism, caused by iodine deficiency. For its treatment and prevention, compounds that contain iodine of different chemical nature are used.The aim of the study – to compare the effect of the action of organic and inorganic iodine on the content of ascorbic acid (AA) in the liver and adrenal glands.Research Methods. The study was conducted in the model conditions of alimentary hypothyroidism on 80 white nonlinear male rats weighing 0.140–0.160 kg, which for 30 days were in an isocaloric starch-casein ration. Adjustment of iodine deficiency was carried out on three doses of iodine (21, 50, 100 μg/kg body weight), which animals uptaked with potassium iodide (inorganic iodine) and iodine-protein preparation from the Black Sea industrial red algae of Phyllophora nervosa (DС.) Grev (organic iodine). The content of AA in the tissues was determined using Tillman’s reagent.Results and Discussion. In conditions of alimentary hypothyroidism, the level of AA in the investigated organs was significantly reduced, which may indicate a decrease in the activity of metabolic processes. The consumption of both iodine-containing substances at a dose of 21 μg/kg was accompanied by a probable increase in the content of AА in the liver. Under the influence of 50 μg/kg iodine, its level in the rat’s liver and adrenal glands reached the levels of intact rats, but under use organic iodine the level of AA was higher. When receiving 100 μg/kg of iodine, the content of AA in organs was significantly reduced relative to the achieved parameters and in the adrenal glands was at the level of parameters of rats that did not consume iodine-containing compounds.Conclusions. The intake of both inorganic and organic iodine contribute to an increase in the content of AA in the liver and adrenal glands, which is a prerequisite for activating the activity of the thyroid gland, while the effect of organic iodine is more powerful. The effect of both iodine-containing preparations on the liver is greater, which may be a sign of its greater sensitivity to the strengthening of thyroid hormonepoise and indicate an increase in its metabolic activity.

scholarly journals ENGLISH VERSION: AGE FEATURES OF RADIOACTIVE IODINE (131I) ABSORPTION BY RAT THYROID GLANDS IN CORRECTION OF THE DIETARY IODINE DEFICIENCY WITH ORGANIC IODINE

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
O.I. Ryabukha
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Radioactive Iodine ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Organic Iodine ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Immature Rats ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Rat Thyroid

The structure of endocrine morbidity is characterized by a significant spread of thyroid pathology. The insufficient efficacy of inorganic iodine drugs poses the problem of search for new means for iodine deficiency treatment and prevention. Given the progressive aging of the population in economically developed countries, the purpose of the study was to clarify the effect of organic iodine on the features of absorption and elimination of radioactive iodine from the thyroid glands of variously aged rats in the conditions of iodine deficiency in the diet. The study was performed on nonlinear white male rats in two series of studies that were kept on iodine-deficient isocaloric starch-casein diet for 60 days: the first series included two groups of old rats weighing 0.400-0.450 kg, the second series – two groups of sexually immature rats weighing 0.060-0.090 kg. There were 5 rats in each group. In animals of the experimental groups in each series, 10% of casein in the diet was replaced with organic iodine, which came with iodine-protein preparation from the red Black Sea algae Phyllophora nervosa. The functional state of the thyroid gland was studied using the Sodium Iodide Na 131 I Injection drug. The dosimetry was performed using the STS-6 Geiger-Muller Detector. Radioindication of the thyroid gland was carried out after subcutaneous administration of 0.1 ml of 131I solution at the following time intervals: 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after administration of 131I. The study results were presented as a percentage of the radioiodine dose administered, adjusted for natural radioactivity background and the radioactive decay of the drug. It was found that in the iodine deficiency conditions, the thyroid glands of old rats have higher rates of radioiodine absorption and a lower rate of its excretion than the glands of immature rats, which indicates their lower iodine reserve and greater liability to iodine deficiency pathology. Intake of organic iodine regardless of the rats’ age is accompanied by a decrease in radioiodine accumulation and acceleration of its excretion from the thyroid gland, which indicates a decrease in functional stress, but the glands of older rats absorb more iodine and excrete it more slowly, indicating less effective correction of iodine deficiency with age. Reduced functional activity of the thyroid glands in old rats can be used as a sensitive changes marker for the in-depth study of thyrotropic and thyroid disrupting effects.

scholarly journals OXIDATIVE STRESS IN HUMAN THYROID GLAND UNDER IODINE DEFICIENCY NODULAR GOITER: FROM HARMLESSNESS TO HAZARD DEPENDING ON COPPER AND IODINE SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Falfushynska ◽  
L. Gnatyshyna ◽  
A. Shulgai ◽  
V. Shidlovski ◽  
O. Stoliar
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Metal Binding ◽  
Glutathione Transferase ◽  
Nodular Goiter ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Affected Tissue ◽  
Inorganic Iodine ◽  
High Level

<p><strong>Background.</strong> Thyroid disorders are the second most common endocrinopathies found in humans and animals. Determination of their key molecular markers presents a special interest.<br /><strong>Objective.</strong> We studied iodine and copper accumulation in nodular, paranodular and contralateral (not affected tissue by node) tissues of human thyroid gland in relation to the level of metal-binding proteins, potential antioxidants, and oxidative changes in tissue for this goal. Lower level of organificated iodine and higher level and mass fraction of inorganic iodine and copper in the nodular and paranodular tissue versus contralateral part of thyroid gland was established.<br /><strong>Results.</strong> The level of both metal-binding and apo-form of metallothioneins was higher. Content of reduced glutathione was lower in node-affected tissue compared to the contralateral part. Signs of oxidative stress (higher activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-transferase and level of oxyradicals) and cytotoxicity (higher cathepsin D activity, higher level of DNA strand breaks and glycolysis activation) in affected tissue were observed. The range of indice variability in paranodular tissue was smaller than in nodule compared to the parenchyma of contralateral part.<br /><strong>Conclusions.</strong> Excess of copper unbound to metallothionein in goitrous-changed tissue and high level of inorganic iodine could be the reason for elevated DNA fragmentation and increased lysosomal membrane permeability and activation of antioxidant defense. The main criterions of goiter formation were represented by low level of organificated iodine and high level of DNA damage in thyroid gland.</p><p><strong>KEY WORDS:</strong> iodine deficiency nodular colloidal goiter, iodine, copper, metallothioneins, oxidative stress, cytotoxicity</p>

IODINE EXCRETION IN URINE, SALIVA, GASTRIC JUICE AND SWEAT IN DEHALOGENASE DEFICIENCY

1966 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
S. PAPADOPOULOS ◽  
S. MacFARLANE ◽  
R. McG. HARDEN ◽  
D. K. MASON ◽  
W. D. ALEXANDER
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Juice ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Radioactive Iodine ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Organic Iodine ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Inorganic Iodine ◽  
Iodine In Urine

SUMMARY The excretion of iodine in urine, saliva, gastric juice and sweat has been studied by using 131I-labelled monoiodotyrosine in a patient with the dehalogenase type of dyshormonogenesis. Iodinated components 'x', iodide, monoiodotyrosine and 'y' were found in the urine. A previously undescribed component (compound 'u') accounted for a large fraction of the urinary radioactive iodine. Organic iodinated compounds were not excreted in the saliva. Only inorganic iodide was found in the gastric juice. No organic iodine was detected in the sweat. The plasma inorganic iodine (PII) derived from salivary iodine measurements gave low values indicative of iodine deficiency. The PII values obtained from the urinary iodine were falsely high due to the presence of organic iodinated compounds.

DER EINFLUSS VON RESERPIN AUF DIE ANTITHYREOIDALE WIRKUNG VON KALIUMPERCHLORAT

1962 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-430
Author(s):  
H. L. Krüskemper ◽  
F. J. Kessler ◽  
E. Steinkrüger
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Tissue Respiration ◽  
List Type ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT 1. Reserpine does not inhibit the tissue respiration of liver in normal male rats (in vitro). 2. The decrease of tissue respiration of the liver with simultaneous morphological stimulation of the thyroid gland after long administration of reserpine is due to a minute inhibition of the hormone synthesis in the thyroid gland. 3. The morphological alterations of the thyroid in experimental hypothyroidism due to perchlorate can not be prevented with reserpine.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IODINE METABOLISM IN PREGNANCY, SPORADIC GOITRE AND THYROTOXICOSIS

1965 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Aboul-Khair ◽  
J. Crooks
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Iodine Uptake ◽  
Thyroid Activity ◽  
Deficiency State ◽  
Iodine Metabolism ◽  
Inorganic Iodine ◽  
In Pregnancy

ABSTRACT Studies of iodine metabolism have been carried out in 15 pregnant women, 33 cases with sporadic goitre and 11 with thyrotoxicosis. A low plasma inorganic iodine was common to the three groups. In pregnancy and sporadic goitre the thyroid clearance of iodine was elevated and the absolute iodine uptake normal. A high thyroid clearance of iodine in thyrotoxicosis was associated with a high absolute iodine uptake. The results suggest that both pregnancy and sporadic goitre are physiological responses to an iodine deficiency state while the iodine deficiency state of thyrotoxicosis is secondary to increased thyroid activity.

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF INTRACEREBRAL CORTICOID IMPLANTS

1967 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaul Feldman ◽  
Nisim Conforti ◽  
Julian M. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Unilateral Adrenalectomy ◽  
Post Operative Period ◽  
Steady Decrease ◽  
Medial Hypothalamus ◽  
Post Implantation

ABSTRACT Chronic implantation of cortisol acetate in the basal medial hypothalamus resulted in a steady decrease in weight of the adrenal glands which remained severely atrophic up to 70 days post-implantation. At this time, however, the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion response to unilateral adrenalectomy was normal. The compensatory adrenal hypertrophy (CAH) response, which was inhibited in the immediate post-operative period, reappeared later, and had returned to normal by 21 days postoperatively. Intramuscular administration of cortisol in unimplanted rats inhibited CAH at 14 or 21 days following onset of treatment, and prevented the recovery of CAH in animals implanted 21 days previously with cortisol in the median eminence. The possibility is discussed that the differential recovery of the responses to unilateral adrenalectomy in implanted animals with continuing atrophy of the adrenal cortex is due to some adaptation of central nervous mechanisms subserving the CAH response.

Amended Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Polyacrylamide and Acrylamide Residues in Cosmetics1

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 21-50 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Uterine Tumors ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Oral Tissue ◽  
Acrylamide Monomers ◽  
Follicular Tumors ◽  
Reproductive Study

Polyacrylamide is a polymer of controllable molecular weight formed by the polymerization of acrylamide monomers available in one of three forms: solid (powder or micro beads), aqueous solution, or inverse emulsions (in water droplets coated with surfactant and suspended in mineral oil). Residual acrylamide monomer is likely an impurity in most Polyacrylamide preparations, ranging from <1 ppm to 600 ppm. Higher levels of acrylamide monomers are present in the solid form compared to the other two forms. Polyacrylamide is reportedly used in 110 cosmetic formulations, at concentrations ranging from 0.05% to 2.8%. Residual levels of acrylamide in Poly acrylamide can range from < .01 % to 0.1 %, although representative levels were reported at 0.02% to 0.03%. Because of the large sizes of Polyacrylamide polymers, they do not penetrate the skin. Polyacrylamide itself is not significantly toxic. For example, an acute oral toxicity study of Polyacrylamide in rats reported that a single maximum oral dose of 4.0 g/kg body weight was tolerated. In subchronic oral toxicity studies, rats and dogs treated with Polyacrylamide at doses up to 464 mg/kg body weight showed no signs of toxicity. Several 2-year chronic oral toxicity studies in rats and dogs fed diets containing up to 5% Polyacrylamide had no significant adverse effects. Polyacrylamide was not an ocular irritant in animal tests. No compound-related lesions were noted in a three-generation reproductive study in which rats were fed 500 or 2000 ppm Polyacrylamide in their diet. Polyacrylamide was not carcinogenic in several chronic animal studies. Human cutaneous tolerance tests performed to evaluate the irritation of 5% (w/w) Polyacrylamide indicated that the compound was well tolerated. Acrylamide monomer residues do penetrate the skin. Acrylamide tested in a two-generation reproductive study at concentrations up to 5 mg/kg day x in drinking water, was associated with prenatal lethality at the highest dose, with evidence of parental toxicity. The no adverse effects level was close to the 0.5 mg/kg day x dose. Acrylamide tested in a National Toxicology Program (NTP) reproductive and neurotoxicity study at 3, 10, and 30 ppm produced no developmental or female reproductive toxicity. However, impaired fertility in males was observed, as well as minimal neurotoxic effects. Acrylamide neurotoxicity occurs in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, likely through microtubule disruption, which has been suggested as a possible mechanism for genotoxic effects of acrylamide in mammalian systems. Acrylamide was genotoxic in mammalian in vitro and in vivo assays. Acrylamide was a tumor initiator, but not an initiator/promoter, in two different mouse strains at a total dose of 300 mg/kg (6 doses over 2 weeks) resulting in increased lung adenomas and carcinomas without promotion. Acrylamide was tested in two chronic bioassays using rats. In one study, increased incidence of mammary gland tumors, glial cell tumors, thyroid gland follicular tumors, oral tissue tumors, uterine tumors and clitoral gland tumors were noted in female rats. In male rats, the number of tumors in the central nervous system (CNS), thyroid gland, and scrotum were increased with acrylamide exposure. In the second study, using higher doses and a larger number of female rats, glial cell tumors were not increased, nor was there an increase in mammary gland, oral tissue, clitoral gland, or uterine tumors. Tumors of the scrotum in male rats were confirmed, as were the thyroid gland follicular tumors in males and females. Taken together, there was a dose-dependent, but not statistically significant, increase in the number of astrocytomas. Different human lifetime cancer risk predictions have resulted, varying over three orders of magnitude from 2 × 10 3 to 1.9 × 120 6. In the European Union, acrylamide has been limited to 0.1 ppm for leave-on cosmetic products and 0.5 ppm for other cosmetic products. An Australian risk assessment suggested negligable health risks from acrylamide in cosmetics. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel acknowledged that acrylamide is a demonstrated neurotoxin in humans and a carcinogen in animal tests, but that neurotoxic levels could not be attained by use of cosmetics. Although there are mechanisms of action of acrylamide that have been proposed for tumor types seen in rat studies that suggest they may be unique to the rat, the Panel was not convinced that these results could be disregarded as a species-specific finding with no relevance to human health and safety. Based on the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity data, the Panel does not believe that acrylamide is a genotoxic carcinogen in the usual manner and that several of the risk assessment approaches have overestimated the human cancer risk. The Panel did conclude, however, that it was appropriate to limit acrylamide levels to 5 ppm in cosmetic formulations.

Identification of tissue insulin receptors: use of a unique in vivo radioreceptor assay

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (6) ◽  
pp. E561-E567 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Whitcomb ◽  
T. M. O'Dorisio ◽  
S. Cataland ◽  
M. A. Shetzline ◽  
M. T. Nishikawara
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Insulin Receptors ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Radioreceptor Assay ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Differential Distribution ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Polypeptide Hormones ◽  
Tissue Receptors

An in vivo radioreceptor assay for polypeptide hormones has been developed and applied to the identification of tissue insulin receptors. The theoretical basis for this assay is presented elsewhere in this issue. 125I-insulin and 131I-albumin were infused into male rats with increasing amounts of unlabeled insulin. Plasma samples were taken at 1-min intervals until the animals were killed at 5 min. Tissue samples were excised and weighed and the activity due to each isotope counted. By comparing the differential distribution of the labeled tracers and applying the results to a compartment model, the specific, displaceable binding of insulin to tissue receptors could be demonstrated. Binding was detected in the liver, muscle, fat, adrenal glands, pancreas, small intestines, and spleen.

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