scholarly journals Livestock and wild herbivores in the western Himalaya: competition or co-existence?

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 10084
Author(s):  
Zarreen Syed ◽  
Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Western Himalaya ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
The Status ◽  
Insufficient Time

Pastoralism is among the major land use practices in the Himalaya and the main source of livelihood for local communities.  In naturally occurring herbivore populations, the co-occurrence of native species has evolved through evolutionary processes over millions of years which has enabled coexistence.  In the modern scenario, however, the intrusion of livestock into the wild habitats impose additional pressure on the limited resources, given that there has been insufficient time for resource partitioning to evolve.  Realizing the need to develop a better understanding of wild herbivores and livestock interactions, the present review was compiled.  The review demonstrates that a group of similar species using similar habitats and feeding on similar foods leads to more competition.  Also, goat/sheep impose a potential threat to the resource of wild herbivores and such resource exploitation by livestock is not compatible with their conservation.  Further, wild herbivores shift their habitat to avoid the risk of being exposed to competition or predation.  Livestock grazing and associated activities affect the wild herbivores’ habitat use and foraging behaviour, and these are changes that may also affect their survival in the future.  There is a prime need to find out the threshold of livestock population which can sustain itself without compromising livestock production and wildlife.  High conflict areas need to be identified and compensatory mechanisms should evolve. It is also necessary for ecology to be integrated with an understanding of the social dynamics that influence the status of the resources.

scholarly journals Migration of Non-Native Predator Asp (Leuciscus aspius) from a Reservoir Poses a Potential Threat to Native Species in Tributaries

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Pfauserová ◽  
Ondřej Slavík ◽  
Pavel Horký ◽  
Jitka Kolářová ◽  
Tomáš Randák
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Dam Construction ◽  
Movement Activity ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
The Status ◽  
River Fragmentation ◽  
The Impact

The introduction of non-native species and human-altered habitats are currently the main threats to freshwater ecosystems. Due to predation and competition, biological invaders can cause extinctions and imperil the status of native species, and this phenomenon is enhanced by habitat alteration, for example, dam construction. In addition to river fragmentation caused by dam construction, the impact of non-native species migrating from reservoirs on native assemblages in their tributaries should be considered from a long-term perspective. The present study focused on asp (Leuciscus aspius), an artificially introduced piscivorous cyprinid that became established in the Lipno Reservoir (Czech Republic). Asp regularly occur in a tributary, the Vltava River, where twenty-five individuals were captured, radio-tagged, and tracked for five consecutive years. Asp occurrence in the tributary was highest during spring due to the upstream migration of spawning fish, and this was interconnected with a movement activity peak in March when the temperature reached 6 °C. The fish migrated a maximum distance of 31 km, and the probability of asp occurrence in the tributary was sex-dependent, with more females than males. Some individuals occupied the Vltava River not only for spawning but remained until the temperatures dropped below 10 °C. This study shows how non-native predators use reservoirs for wintering but feed and spawn in tributaries.

Philosophical Papers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Probability Theory ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Unpublished Paper ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Philosophical Investigations ◽  
The Status ◽  
Original Presentation

Paul Humphreys pioneered philosophical investigations into the methodological revolution begun by computer simulations. He has also made important contributions to the contemporary literature on emergence by developing the fusion account of diachronic emergence and its generalization, transformational emergence. He is the discoverer of what has come to be called “Humphreys” Paradox in probability theory and has also made influential contributions to the literature on probabilistic causality and scientific explanation. This collection contains fourteen of his previously published papers on topics ranging from numerical experiments to the status of scientific metaphysics. There is also and a previously unpublished paper on social dynamics. The volume is divided into four parts on, respectively, computational science, emergence, probability, and general philosophy of science. The first part contains the seminal 1990 paper on computer simulations, with three other papers arguing that these new methods cannot be accounted for by traditional methodological approaches. The second part contains the original presentation of fusion emergence and three companion papers arguing for diachronic approaches to the topic, rather than the then dominant synchronic accounts. The third part starts with the paper that introduced the probabilistic paradox followed by a later evaluation of attempts to solve it. A third paper argues, contra Quine, that probability theory is a purely mathematical theory. The final part includes papers on causation, explanation, metaphysics, and an agent-based model that shows how endogenous uncertainty undermines utility maximization. Each of the four parts is followed by a comprehensive postscript with retrospective assessments.

An eco-evolutionary rationale to distinguish alien and native status: why the dingo is a native species on mainland Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-366
Author(s):  
Peter B. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Alien Species ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Evolutionary Approach ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
The Status ◽  
Local Species ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Native Status

Distinguishing between whether a species is alien or native can be problematic, especially for introduced species that are long-established in new areas outside of their natural range. Transport by humans is the criterion for alien status used by many definitions, whereas arbitrary time since arrival to a location is often used to define native status. Here I propose an eco-evolutionary approach to distinguish between alien and native status and use this to resolve uncertainty in the status of the dingo in Australia. Dingoes were transported to mainland Australia by humans, but more than 4000 years ago, and dingoes now interbreed with feral domestic dogs. Legally, this mix of events has the dingo classified as native in some jurisdictions and alien in others. I suggest that native status for introduced species should be based on (1) whether the species has evolved in their new environment; (2) whether local species recognise and respond to them as they do towards deep endemic native species, and; (3) whether their impacts benchmark against those of a native species or are exaggerated like those of other alien species. Dingoes are behaviourally, reproductively and morphologically different to close ancestors from south-east Asia, and this difference has a genetic basis indicative of evolution in Australia. There is abundant evidence that native prey species on mainland Australia recognise and respond to them as a dangerous predator, which they are. But there is strong evidence that dingo impacts on prey are not exaggerated, with effect sizes from mensurative experiments similar to those of experiments on native predators rather than alien predators. These three lines of evidence suggest dingoes should be considered native to mainland Australia. I suggest this eco-evolutionary approach to defining native status can be helpful in resolving the often-heated debates about when an alien species becomes native.

Taxonomic notes on Alpheus inopinatus Holthuis & Gottlieb, 1958 and Alpheus cf. lobidens De Haan, 1849 from Kuwait (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Alpheidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4851 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-197
Author(s):  
ARTHUR ANKER ◽  
MANAL AL-KANDARI ◽  
SAMMY DE GRAVE
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Snapping Shrimp ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Common

The status of the common intertidal snapping shrimp, Alpheus inopinatus Holthuis & Gottlieb, 1958, is discussed based on newly collected material from Kuwait. Alpheus inopinatus was previously confused with morphologically very similar species in the Alpheus lobidens De Haan, 1849 species complex, formerly identified as A. crassimanus Heller, 1862 and herein tentatively referred to as A. cf. lobidens. The material herein examined strongly supports the validity of A. inopinatus based on several morphological characters, as well as differences in the colour pattern, compared to other members of the A. lobidens complex. 

Competition among juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss): relevance to invasion potential in British Columbia

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P Volpe ◽  
Bradley R Anholt ◽  
Barry W Glickman
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
The Status ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are routinely captured in both freshwater and marine environments of coastal British Columbia (Canada). Recent evidence suggests that this species is now naturally reproducing in Vancouver Island rivers. Our objective was to quantify the performance of each species in intra- and inter-specific competition by assessing the competitive ability of Atlantic salmon sympatric with native niche equivalent steelhead – rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Significant behavioural differences, particularly with respect to agonism, were observed between species; however, the status of an individual as resident or challenger was the best predictor of performance. Resident fish always outperformed challengers, regardless of species. Thus, we suggest that Atlantic salmon may be capable of colonizing and persisting in coastal British Columbia river systems that are underutilized by native species, such as the steelhead.

Changing management in Scottish birch woodlands: a potential threat to local invertebrate biodiversity

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A. Woodcock ◽  
S.R. Leather ◽  
A.D. Watt
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
North East ◽  
Invertebrate Biodiversity ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe silvicultural management of Scottish birch woodlands for timber production is replacing traditional low intensity management practices, such as domesticated livestock grazing. These new management practices involve thinning of existing woodlands to prescribed densities to maximize biomass and timber quality. Although presently infrequent, the wide scale adoption of this practice could affect invertebrate community diversity. The impact of these changes in management on Staphylinidae and Carabidae (Coleoptera) in 19 woodlands in Aberdeenshire, north-east Scotland was investigated. Grazing and logging practices were important determinants of beetle community structure. Woodland area had no effect on any measure of beetle community structure, although isolation did influence the abundance of one carabid species. Changes towards timber production forestry will influence the structure of invertebrate communities, although the scale at which this occurs will determine its effect.

Can dung beetles (Scarabaeinae) indicate the status of Amazonia’s ecosystems? Insights integrating anthropogenic disturbance with seasonal patterns

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 301-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinaldo L. Cajaiba ◽  
Eduardo Périco ◽  
Wully B. da Silva ◽  
Mário Santos
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Dung Beetles ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
The Status ◽  
Northern Brazil ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Ecological Drift

Temporal and spatial variation in dung beetles abundances is a pattern observed in many tropical forests. The present study evaluated the seasonal patterns of dung beetles in a range of increasingly disturbed ecosystems of the state of Pará, northern Brazil, to identify valuable disturbance indicators. The areas included native forest, agriculture, pasture for extensive livestock grazing and secondary forests. Fieldwork was carried out encompassing the complete range of environmental conditions encountered during the year. In total, 13,649 individuals were captured within 23 genera and 99 species but with pronounced differences among ecosystems and seasons. The obtained results seem to demonstrate that dung beetles can be used to help identify ecosystems under very complex and variable environmental conditions. The ecological drift observed also demonstrates the possibility of using dung beetles as ecological indicators of disturbance in Amazonia.

scholarly journals The status of a rare phylogeographic lineage of the Vulnerable European souslik Spermophilus citellus, endemic to central Macedonia

Oryx ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Kryštufek ◽  
Peter Glasnović ◽  
Svetozar Petkovski
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Conservation Management ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Tree Line ◽  
Large Colony ◽  
Independent Unit ◽  
The Status ◽  
Spermophilus Citellus

AbstractThe conversion of grasslands for agriculture has triggered a serious decline of the European ground squirrel or souslik Spermophilus citellus, categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 1996. The Jakupica phylogeographic lineage of central Macedonia is the smallest of the three major evolutionary lines of the European souslik. This lineage is an important reservoir of within-species diversity and should be regarded as an independent unit for conservation management purposes. It is endemic to Mount Jakupica, where it lives in mountain pastures at 1,500–2,250 m altitude. The total area occupied by sousliks (884 ha) is fragmented and 94% of individuals occur in four colonies. Densities (0.8–5.5 adults ha−1) are lower than those reported elsewhere for the species, with the total population probably <2,000 adults. One large colony, reportedly of c. 1,000 sousliks, was decimated in 2007 by a catastrophic fire and had still not recovered by 2010. A steady decline in livestock grazing, together with the predicted advance of the tree line as a consequence of climate change, will probably reduce the optimal habitat for the souslik and negatively affect population fitness. Monitoring needs to be implemented, at least for the largest colonies, to provide early warning of any declines.

Density estimates of cane toads from native populations based on mark-recapture data

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Lampo ◽  
P Bayliss
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Cane Toad ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Density Estimates ◽  
Mark Recapture ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Native Populations

The cane toad (Bufo marinus) has received considerable attention because of its rapid spread in Australia and the potential threat it may represent to native species. Although the introduction of pathogens from native populations is now being considered to control this species, population estimates based on comparable methods that demonstrate that native populations are in fact less dense than the introduced ones are not available. Accurate population estimates are necessary to evaluate potential techniques for the control of the cane toad. We estimated population densities of cane toads over a wide range of habitat types and climate conditions by means of mark-recapture data. The capture history and location of toads each night were analysed to explore the validity of some of the assumptions of mark-recapture models. Because migrations, deaths and recruitment over three nights appear to be unimportant, populations may be legitimately regarded as closed for that period. However, cane toads seem highly sensitive to disturbance effects due to trapping andlor handling. Consequently, density estimates based on removal methods seem the most reliable because they are not sensitive to handling and trapping effects. Similarly, analyses of residuals of regressions between 1-night counts and density estimates suggested that toad nightly activity is affected by the air temperature during sampling. However, only 60% of the variation in estimated densities can be predicted by 1-night counts and air temperature. Estimates of population density over a wide range of habitats in South America were one order of magnitude lower than estimates in Australia. We speculate on the possible factors that may account for the lower densities in populations in the native range of the species.

scholarly journals Notes on Singaporean native Zingiberales II: revision of Marantaceae, with a new generic record and notes on naturalised and commonly cultivated exotic species

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 289 (3) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTI A. NIISSALO ◽  
GILLIAN S. KHEW ◽  
EDWARD L. WEBB ◽  
JANA LEONG-ŠKORNIČKOVÁ
Keyword(s):  
Exotic Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Red List ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
The Status ◽  
Generic Record

An illustrated revision of Marantaceae in Singapore with an identification key and proposed national IUCN Red List assessments is presented here. In total three genera and four species are considered native to Singapore (Donax canniformis, Phrynium hirtum, Stachyphrynium parvum, and Stachyphrynium latifolium) representing 33 % of diversity currently known to occur in Peninsular Malaysia. Although the genus Phrynium Willdenow (1797: 1) was previously reported for Singapore based on the presence of P. villosulum, we show that this species is, contrary to previous accounts, not native but introduced. Newly reported Phrynium hirtum therefore represents a new native generic record for the country. We are changing the status of Schumannianthus benthamianus, previously considered native, to cultivated, as there are no historic or recent collections of this species. Non-native species commonly employed in Singapore streetscapes and parks are also briefly discussed and illustrated in this paper. Actoplanes ridleyi, Donax grandis, Donax parviflora, Maranta tonchat, Phrynium latifolium and Phrynium sumatranum are lectotypified and Maranta arundinacea Blanco (non L.) is neotypified.

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