Abstract P676: Rates of Preventable Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakhee Lalla ◽  
Ryan Dunlow ◽  
Karen L Yarbrough ◽  
Prachi Mehndiratta ◽  
Michael S Phipps ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Antiplatelet Agent ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Vascular Risk Factors ◽  
Large Vessel ◽  
Favorable Outcome ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
History Of

Introduction: The AHA notes that more than 76% of strokes are the first occurrence. There are class 1 recommendations for the management of common risk factors such as atrial fibrillation (AF), hyperlipidemia (HLD), hypertension (HTN), diabetes (DM), and vascular disease. The purpose of this study is to investigate the percentage of large vessel strokes that are potentially preventable with adequate management of vascular risk factors. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on all patients undergoing endovascular therapy (EVT) from 2012-2019. Data was collected on vascular risk factors present prior to admission including HTN, DM, HLD, AF, and smoking. Preventable stroke was defined as having at least one of the following: untreated AF, untreated HLD, poorly controlled HTN (presence of left ventricular hypertrophy on transthoracic echo), history of vascular disease not on an antiplatelet agent, poorly controlled DM (A1c>10), current smoking. Groups were compared based on age, sex and 90 day functional outcomes, with favorable outcome defined as mRS ≤ 2. Results: Our sample included 396 patients who underwent EVT (mean age 65, 50% female). 42% of patients with Afib were not on anticoagulation, 31% of patients with HLD were untreated, 39% of patients with HTN were poorly controlled, 27% of patients with a history of vascular disease were not on an antiplatelet, 14% of patients with DM were poorly controlled, and 46% of all patients were smokers. In total, 78% of patients had at least 1 poorly controlled risk factor and 37% had at least 2. There was no difference in rates of preventable stroke between males and females (48% vs 52%, p=0.30) and between age groups above and below 70 (40% vs 60%, p=0.68). 64% of patients with well controlled risk factors had a favorable outcome compared to 51% with at least one poorly controlled risk factor (p=0.03). Conclusions: Our data suggests that despite guidelines on management of vascular risk factors, a large number of these are poorly controlled prior to admission for large vessel stroke, leading to a potentially preventable procedure. Not only could improved primary prevention save the wide array of resources utilized in EVT, but it could also influence long term outcomes in this cohort of patients.

Abstract WP244: Applicability of the Compass Trial Criteria Among Stable Outpatients With Established Atherothrombotic Disease or Major Risk Factors

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Cantu-Brito ◽  
Erwin Chiquete ◽  
Jose L Ruiz-Sandoval ◽  
Fernando Flores-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Vascular Risk Factors ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
History Of ◽  
Atherothrombotic Disease

Background and Purpose: The objective of this study were to describe the proportion of patients eligible for the COMPASS trial among stable outpatients with either established atherothrombotic disease or major vascular risk factors, and to analyze 6-month incident stroke risk according vascular risk factors at baseline. Methods: We prospectively recruited 5,101 stable outpatients in 172 sites, within the Mexican INDAGA cohort study. Inclusion criteria were age >18 years and established atherothrombotic disease [history of either acute coronary syndromes (ACS), acute ischemic stroke (AIS)/transient ischemic attack (TIA) or peripheral artery disease (PAD)] or major vascular risk factors (age <55 years plus ≥2 major vascular risk factors, or age ≥55 years plus ≥1 vascular risk factors). Among these patients, we applied the selection criteria of the COMPASS trial for analysis, dividing the population in no COMPASS criteria met and COMPASS criteria met, and this last group subdivided among patients with previous AIS/TIA and without this antecedent, in order to stratify the risk for stroke during 6-month follow-up (incident AIS/TIA). Results: Among 5,101 stable outpatients with either established atherothrombotic disease (n=2,827) or major vascular risk factors (n=2,274), a total of 1,927 (37.8%) met COMPASS trial criteria: 1,054 (54.7%) with established cerebrovascular disease (past history of AIS/TIA) and 873 (45.3%) without. During 6-month follow-up, there were 89 incident AIS/TIA (39 AIS and 54 TIA): 1.7% among the whole population and 2.2% among the COMPASS subgroup. AIS/TIA occurred in a similar frequency among the COMPASS subgroup with established cerebrovascular disease (1.6%) and COMPASS without cerebrovascular disease (0.9%) (P=0.18). After a Cox-proportional hazards model, independent predictors of incident AIS/TIA were age ≥65 years (HR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.29-3.07) and established cerebrovascular disease at baseline (HR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.02-2.53). Conclusions: The majority of stable outpatients at vascular risk met COMPASS selection criteria and could be good candidates for low-dose rivaroxaban in addition to aspirin. Short-term predictors of AIS/TIA were old age and history of cerebrovascular disease

Abstract 3358: Sex Differences in Vascular Risk Factors in a Multi-ethnic, Medically Underserved Stroke Population

Stroke ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne Antillon ◽  
Natalie Valle ◽  
Kaiwen Lin ◽  
Waimei Tai ◽  
Mary Ann Gallup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Alcohol Abuse ◽  
Vascular Risk Factors ◽  
Medically Underserved ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Low Hdl ◽  
History Of

Background: Recent nationally representative studies of stroke patients have revealed that vascular risk factors are not as aggressively controlled in women compared to men. Medically underserved minority populations are at particularly high risk for poor control of vascular risk factors; however, little is known about sex differences in this population. Methods: Sex-specific vascular risk factors and admission medications were assessed for 440 consecutive ischemic stroke patients (39% female) admitted to a safety-net public hospital in Los Angeles County. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine sex differences in vascular risk factors, adjusting for age and race. Results: The mean age was 58.9 (SE 10.6) years, 58% were Hispanic, 7% were white, 13% were black, 20% were Asian, and 1% were Native American. Stroke classification (using modified TOAST) revealed the following distribution: 35% small vessel, 20% large vessel, 7% cardioembolic, 23% cryptogenic, 13% >1 possible etiology, and 3% other mechanisms (e.g. drug use). Women had higher mean glycosylated hemoglobin levels than men (8.0% vs 7.4%, p<0.01) and were more likely than men to have a history of type 2 diabetes (49% vs. 40% male, p=0.04), systolic blood pressure > 140 mm Hg (72% vs. 62%, p=0.03), total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL (46% vs. 36%, p=0.04), and low HDL levels (<40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women)(83% vs. 79%, p <0.01). Men were more likely than women to have a previous history of stroke (19% vs. 13%, p = 0.05), smoking (49% vs 19%, p<0.01), and alcohol abuse (28% vs. 7%, p<0.01). After adjustment for race and age, women were more likely than men to have total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.05-2.31), BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.03-2.34), systolic blood pressure >140 mm Hg (OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.96-2.22), low HDL (1.26, 95% CI 0.76-2.08), and triglyceride level > 150 mg/dL (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.74-1.63); however, the latter 3 were not significant. After adjustment for race and age, men were more likely than women to have a history of smoking (OR 4.54, 95% CI 2.78-7.14) and alcohol abuse (OR 5.56, 95% CI 2.86-11.11). Conclusions: In this multi-ethnic population with inadequate access to care, women are more likely than men to have obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia while men are more likely than women to smoke or abuse alcohol. Larger studies are necessary to validate these findings. In the meantime, interventions aimed at reducing the incidence of metabolic syndrome components among women and smoking and alcohol abuse among men in underserved communities are likely warranted.

scholarly journals Vascular risk at younger ages most strongly associates with current and future brain volume

Neurology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (16) ◽  
pp. e1479-e1486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Pase ◽  
Kendra Davis-Plourde ◽  
Jayandra J. Himali ◽  
Claudia L. Satizabal ◽  
Hugo Aparicio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Stroke Risk ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Vascular Risk Factor ◽  
Vascular Risk Factors ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Strength Of Association ◽  
Risk Factor Burden

ObjectiveGiven the potential therapeutic effect of vascular disease control timing to reduce dementia risk, we investigated the age-related influences of vascular risk factor burden on brain structure throughout the lifespan.MethodsWe studied participants from the community-based prospective Framingham Heart Study. Overall vascular risk factor burden was calculated according to the Framingham Stroke Risk Profile, a validated algorithm that predicts stroke risk. Brain volume was estimated by MRI. We used cross-sectional data to examine how the strength of association between vascular risk factor burden and brain volume changed across each age decade from age 45–54 years through to 85–94 years (N = 2,887). Second, we leveraged up to 40 years of longitudinal data to determine how the strength of association between vascular risk factor burden and brain volume changed when vascular risk factors were examined at progressively earlier ages (N = 7,868).ResultsIn both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, higher vascular risk factor burden was associated with lower brain volume across each age decade. In the cross-sectional analysis, the strength of this association decreased with each decade of advancing age (p for trend < 0.0001). In longitudinal analysis, the strength of association between vascular risk factor burden and brain volume was stronger when vascular risk factors were measured at younger ages. For example, vascular risk factor burden was most strongly associated with lower brain volume in later life when vascular risk factors were measured at age 45 years.ConclusionVascular risk factors at younger ages appear to have detrimental effects on current and future brain volume.

scholarly journals Vascular Events, Vascular Disease and Vascular Risk Factors—Strongly Intertwined with COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Scutelnic ◽  
Mirjam R. Heldner
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Vascular Risk Factors ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Vascular Events ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Clinical Benefits ◽  
Infection And Inflammation ◽  
Unhealthy Diet ◽  
New Perspective

Abstract Purpose of review To elucidate the intertwining of vascular events, vascular disease and vascular risk factors and COVID-19. Recent findings Strokes are a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. Vascular risk factors are important drivers of strokes. There are unmodifiable vascular risk factors such as age and ethnicity and modifiable vascular risk factors. According to the INTERSTROKE study, the 10 most frequent modifiable vascular risk factors are arterial hypertension, physical inactivity, overweight, dyslipidaemia, smoking, unhealthy diet, cardiac pathologies, diabetes mellitus, stress/depression and overconsumption of alcohol. Also, infection and inflammation have been shown to increase the risk of stroke. There is high-quality evidence for the clinical benefits of optimal primary and secondary stroke prevention. The COVID-19 pandemic brought a new perspective to this field. Vascular events, vascular disease and vascular risk factors—and COVID-19—are strongly intertwined. An increased risk of vascular events—by multifactorial mechanisms—has been observed in COVID-19 patients. Also, a higher rate of infection with COVID-19, severe COVID-19 and bad outcome has been demonstrated in patients with pre-existing vascular disease and vascular risk factors. Summary At present, we suggest that regular interactions between healthcare professionals and patients should include education on COVID-19 and on primary and secondary vascular prevention in order to reduce the burden of disease in our ageing populations.

scholarly journals The comparison of traditional vascular risk factor between hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic stroke

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
Rizaldy Taslim Pinzon ◽  
Rosa De Lima Renita Sanyasi ◽  
Andre Dharmawan Wijono
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Sample Size Calculation ◽  
Vascular Risk Factor ◽  
Vascular Risk Factors ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Stroke Registry

Background: Understanding about risk factors of stroke based on its pathology is very important. Previous study about the vascular risk factors in patients with stroke in Indonesia is very limited.Aims and Objective: Measure the comparison between traditional vascular risk factors in patients with hemorrhagic stroke and non-hemorrhagic (ischemic) stroke.Materials and Methods: This was a nested case-control study using secondary data from electronic medical record and electronic stroke registry of Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta Indonesia. The stroke was diagnosed with standard way by well-trained neurologist and confirmed with CT Scan. The traditional risk factors were defined systematically. We used Dupont Power and Sample Size calculation software and StatCal EpiInfo software with significance level 0,05.Result: The data of 200 subjects consisted of 100 patients with hemorrhagic stroke and 100 patients with non-hemorrhagic stroke. Hypertension was main vascular risk factor in both Group but it was more common in hemorrhagic stroke (OR: 2,528, 95% CI: 0,069 ; 0,316, p < 0,002). Dyslipidemia was a protective factor against hemorrhagic stroke (OR: 0,147, 95% CI: 1,415 ; 4,516, p < 0,001). Diabetes was more common in ischemic stroke compared with hemorrhagic stroke (68% and 32%) respectively.Conclusion: Hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes were modifiable traditional vascular risk factors which significantly had effect on stroke. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(6) 2017 5-8

scholarly journals Predictors for carotid and femoral artery intima-media thickness in a non-diabetic sleep clinic cohort

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252569
Author(s):  
Christopher Lambeth ◽  
Rita Perri ◽  
Sharon Lee ◽  
Manisha Verma ◽  
Nicole Campbell-Rogers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Intervention Study ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Vascular Risk Factor ◽  
Vascular Risk Factors ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Media Thickness ◽  
Continuous Positive Pressure

Introduction The impact of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) on arterial intima-media thickness (IMT), a surrogate measure for cardiovascular disease, remains uncertain, in part because of the potential for non-SDB vascular risk factor interactions. In the present study, we determined predictors for common carotid (CCA) and femoral (CFA) artery IMT in an adult, sleep clinic cohort where non-SDB vascular risk factors (particularly diabetes) were eliminated or controlled. Methods We recruited 296 participants for polysomnography (standard SDB severity metrics) and CCA/CFA ultrasound examinations, followed by a 12 month vascular risk factor minimisation (RFM) and continuous positive pressure (CPAP) intervention for participants with a range of SDB severity (RFM Sub-Group, n = 157; apnea hyponea index [AHI]: 14.7 (7.2–33.2), median [IQR]). Univariable and multivariable linear regression models determined independent predictors for IMT. Linear mixed effects modelling determined independent predictors for IMT change across the intervention study. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results Age, systolic blood pressure and waist:hip ratio were identified as non-SDB predictive factors for CCA IMT and age, weight and total cholesterol:HDL ratio for CFA IMT. No SDB severity metric emerged as an independent predictor for either CCA or CFA IMT, except in the RFM Sub-Group, where a 2-fold increase in AHI predicted a 2.4% increase in CFA IMT. Across the intervention study, CCA IMT decreased in those who lost weight, but there was no CPAP use interaction. CFA IMT, however, decreased by 12.9% (95%CI 6.8, 18.7%, p = 0.001) in those participants who both lost weight and used CPAP > = 4hours/night. Conclusion We conclude that SDB severity has little impact on CCA IMT values when non-SDB vascular risk factors are minimised or not present. This is the first study, however, to suggest a potential linkage between SDB severity and CFA IMT values. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12611000250932 and ACTRN12620000694910.

Vascular White Matter Lesions in Young Adults: A Neurology Outpatient Clinic Registry

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Miguel Viana-Baptista ◽  
Vera Cruz-e-Silva ◽  
André Caetano ◽  
João Pedro Marto ◽  
Elsa Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Previous History ◽  
White Matter Lesions ◽  
Vascular Risk Factors ◽  
Outpatient Clinics ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
History Of

Introduction: Although frequently assumed to be age-related changes, vascular white matter lesions (WML) are sometimes found in young adults. Etiology is usually attributed to sporadic small vessel disease; nevertheless, genetic disorders may also be implicated. We aimed to characterize the population of young adults with vascular WML in Neurology outpatient clinics. Methods: Neurologists from 12 Portuguese hospitals were invited to include patients aged 18–55 years evaluated in consultation, with vascular WML on MRI, scoring II or III in the Fazekas scale. Central imaging validation was performed by 2 independent, blinded, Neuroradiologists. Demographic and clinical data were collected as well as results of investigations performed. Results: During 2 years, 77 patients were included (mean age 47.7 years). Vascular risk factors were present in 88.3% patients (hypertension in 53.2%) and previous history of stroke in 36.4%. Patients without history of stroke were younger (46.6 ± 7.2 vs. 49.6 ± 3.9 years, p = 0.045) and had fewer vascular risk factors (p < 0.001). They were more frequently females (87.8 vs. 46.4%, p < 0.001), and headache (30.6 vs. 3.6%, p = 0.007), contrary to focal symptoms (16.3 vs. 53.6%, p = 0.001), was the most frequent reason of referral. Etiological investigations performed differed between Neurologists. A genetic disorder was identified in 6 out of 58 patients (CADASIL n = 5; COL4A1 n = 1). Conclusion: Young adults with vascular WML evaluated in Neurology outpatient clinics concentrate in the oldest age groups. Vascular risk factors should be screened carefully in this population. Among patients without history of stroke, females largely outweigh males. Diagnostic investigations performed do not follow a standardized protocol.

Abstract WP229: Young African Americans With Stroke Have a Greater Burden of Multiple Risk Factors Than Their White Counterparts

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prachi Mehndiratta ◽  
Kathleen Ryan ◽  
John W Cole ◽  
Marcella Wozniak ◽  
Seemant Chaturvedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Vascular Risk Factors ◽  
Factor Group ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Multiple Risk ◽  
Group D

Background: Stroke in young adults accounts for 15-18% of all ischemic stroke (IS) cases and disproportionately affects African Americans (AfrAm). While it is well known that a higher prevalence of vascular risk factors, particularly HTN and DM, contributes to this excess risk, few studies have examined the potential contribution of the synergistic risk from multiple vascular risk factors. Methods: A population-based case-control study with 582 cases and 727 controls ages 15-49 was used to investigate the relationship of multiple risk factors and IS in young adults and compare AfrAM and White cases for the prevalence of multiple risk factors. Logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age, sex, and race was used to evaluate the association between the following mutually exclusive risk factor groups and IS: (a) Smoking alone, (b) Smoking+ HTN only, (c) Smoking + HTN +Obesity only (d) Smoking + HTN + Obesity +DM. The reference group for these analyses was those with no risk factors. Logistic regression with adjustment for age only was also used to compare AfrAM vs White cases for their prevalence in each risk factor group. Results: There were a total 218 cases with no risk factors. The odds of having an IS increased exponentially as the number of risk factors increased (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.8 - 3.0, p <0.0001 for group a versus OR 16.5, 95% CI 4.8-56.1, p<0.0001 for group d). Young AfrAM cases were approximately 6 times more likely (25.3% vs. 4.3% p<0.0001) than White cases to be in the multiple risk factor group d. Conclusion: The risk of IS increases in an exponential manner in young adults with an increasing number of traditional risk factors. Compared to their White counterparts, young AfrAm IS cases are approximately 6 times more likely to have all 4 risk factors: smoking, HTN, DM and obesity. Risk factor synergy could contribute to the excess risk of IS among young AfrAm and our study emphasizes early screening for vascular risk factors in this subgroup.

Abstract 63: Basilar Artery Occlusion due to Vertebral or Basilar Dissection in the Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study (BASICS)

Stroke ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel R de Freitas ◽  
Stefan T Engelter ◽  
Volker Puetz ◽  
Wouter J Schonewille
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Vascular Risk Factors ◽  
Basilar Artery Occlusion ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Prodromal Symptoms ◽  
Poor Outcome ◽  
History Of

Introduction: Since there are few reports of patients with stroke secondary to basilar artery occlusion (BAO) due to dissection, there are scarce data on its risk factors, clinical presentation, prognosis and best treatment options. Methods: The Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study (BASICS) was a large prospective, observational registry of consecutive patients who presented with an acute symptomatic BAO. We assessed clinical, radiological and therapeutical data of patients with BAO secondary to radiologically confirmed vertebral or basilar artery dissection. Stroke severity at time of treatment was dichotomized as severe (coma, locked-in state, or tetraplegia) or mild to moderate (any deficit that was less than severe). Outcome was assessed at 1 month. Poor outcome was defined as a modified Rankin scale score of 4 or 5, or death. Patients were divided into three groups according to the treatment they received: antithrombotic treatment only (AT), which comprised antiplatelet drugs or systemic anticoagulation; primary intravenous thrombolysis (IVT), including subsequent intra-arterial thrombolysis; or intra-arterial therapy (IAT), which comprised thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, stenting, or a combination of these approaches. Results: In 32 (5.4%) of 592 patients with BAO, the stroke etiology was dissection. Twenty patients were men, mean age was 45.2 (± 12.7 SD) years. Fourteen patients had no vascular risk factors. Seven patients were current smokers; history of hypertension was present in 4, of dyslipidemia in 4 and other risk factors in 6 patients. Prodromal symptoms (e.g. headache, neck pain, vomiting) were present in 24 patients. History of TIA prior to BAO was recorded in 5 patients and minor stroke in 9. Twenty one patients had a progressive stroke, in 6 symptoms fluctuated and 4 presented with a maximum deficit from onset. Deficits at time of treatment were severe in 22 patients and mild to moderate in 10. Initial CT scan was normal in 9 patients, 13 had a dense basilar sign and 13 presented with early ischemic changes. In most (20) patients the BAO was in the proximal third, in 8 it was located in the distal third and in 4 in the middle third. Eleven patients were treated with only AT (3 antiplatelets, 8 anticoagulation), 9 with IVT and 12 with IA. Three patients- all treated with IA - had symptomatic hemorrhage. Overall, 18 (56%) patients had a poor outcome (AT 9 of 11, IVT 2 of 9, IA 7 of 12, p=0.03, Fisher’s exact test). Conclusions: Dissection is a rare cause of BAO that affects mainly younger patients, with few or no vascular risk factors. Patients often present with prodromal symptoms, and a progressive stroke. Initial CT changes are common and the proximal third of the basilar artery is the main localization of occlusion. As in other causes of BAO, prognosis is poor and in this registry patients treated with IVT had a lower rate of poor outcome.

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