Subcortical Loop Activation during Selection of Currently Relevant Memories

Clinical studies on spontaneous confabulation and imaging studies with healthy subjects indicate that the anterior limbic system, in particular, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), is necessary to adjust thought and behavior to current reality. It appears to achieve this by continuously suppressing activated memories that do not pertain to ongoing reality, even before their content is consciously recognized. In the present study, we explored through what anatomical connections the OFC exerts this influence. Healthy subjects were scanned with H2 15O PET as they performed four blocks of continuous recognition tasks, each block composed of a different type of stimuli (meaningful designs, geometric designs, words, nonwords). Within each block, three runs composed of exactly the same picture series, arranged in different order each time, were made. Subjects were asked to indicate item recurrences only within the currently ongoing run and to disregard familiarity from previous runs. In the combined first runs, in which all items were initially new and responses could be based on familiarity judgement (with repeated items) alone, we found medial temporal and right orbitofrontal activation. In the combined third runs, when all items were already known and selection of currently relevant memories was required, we found left orbitofrontal activation contingent with distinct activation of the ventral striatum, head and body of the caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, and medial thalamus. The study indicates that the OFC influences the cortical representation of memories through subcortical connections including the basal ganglia and the thalamus. The data are compatible with a role of the dopaminergic reward system in the monitoring of ongoing reality in thinking.

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thymos

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8180 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Douglas Cairns

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Psychological Process ◽

Mental Functioning ◽

Fundamental Point ◽

The Individual ◽

Psychological Activity ◽

Different Order ◽

Selection Of ◽

Point Of Reference

Thymos (or thumos), cognate with Indo-European words meaning “smoke,” is one of a number of terms in Greek which associate psychological activity with air and breath. In the Homeric poems, thymos is one of a family of terms associated with internal psychological process of thought, emotion, volition, and motivation. Though the range of the term’s applications in Homer is wide, that in itself gives us a sense of the unity of cognitive, affective, and desiderative processes in Homeric psychology. No post-Homeric author can rival that range, but something of the richness of the Homeric conception of thymos as an interrelated set of motivations re-emerges in Plato’s conception of the tripartite soul in the Republic and the Phaedrus. Plato’s thymos represents a pared-down model of human agency typified by one central desire or aim in life but also exhibiting whatever further capacities of persons are necessary to enable it to pursue that aim in interaction with the other elements of the personality. As in Homer, the metaphorical agency of Plato’s thymos does not detract from the notion of the individual as the real centre of agency. Plato’s conception of thymos, in turn, is a fundamental point of reference for Aristotle’s treatment of thymos as a type of desire (orexis). Though Aristotle tends more generally to use the term as a synonym for orgē (anger), there are also traces of older associations between thymos and qualities such as assertiveness and goodwill towards others. Elsewhere, thymos tends to mean “heart” or “mind” (as aspects of mental functioning), “spirit,” “inclination,” or “anger.” A selection of these uses is surveyed, but the article overall concentrates on Homer, Plato, and Aristotle, where the role of thymos is of a different order of importance.

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New Directions in Self-Regulation: The Role of Metamotivational Beliefs

Current Directions in Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0963721418790549 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 437-442 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Abigail A. Scholer ◽

David B. Miele ◽

Kou Murayama ◽

Kentaro Fujita

Keyword(s):

Intrinsic Motivation ◽

Self Regulation ◽

Future Directions ◽

Motivational States ◽

Regulatory Strategies ◽

New Directions ◽

And Behavior ◽

Selection Of

Research on self-regulation has primarily focused on how people exert control over their thoughts, emotions, and behavior. Less attention has been paid to the ways in which people manage their motivational states in the service of achieving valued goals. In this article, we explore an emerging line of research that focuses on people’s beliefs about their own motivation (i.e., their metamotivational knowledge), as well as the influence these beliefs have on their selection of regulatory strategies. In particular, we review evidence showing that people are often quite sensitive to the fact that distinct motivational states (e.g., eagerness vs. vigilance) are adaptive for different kinds of tasks. We also discuss how other metamotivational beliefs are inaccurate on average (e.g., beliefs about how rewards affect intrinsic motivation). Finally, we consider the implications of metamotivation research for the field of self-regulation and discuss future directions.

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Algorithm of diagnostics of cognitive functions development violation in children born extremally premature

Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) ◽

10.21508/1027-4065-2019-64-6-39-44 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (6) ◽

pp. 39-44

Author(s):

E. S. Keshishyan ◽

G. A. Alyamovskaya ◽

E. S. Sakharova ◽

S. G. Vorsanova ◽

I. A. Demidova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Developmental Disorders ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Pregnancy And Delivery ◽

Genetic Examination ◽

And Behavior ◽

The Brain ◽

General Care ◽

Selection Of

A qualitative improvement in the management of pregnancy and delivery, optimization of General care and provision of intensive care for children born prematurely, particularly with low and extremely low body weight, significantly reduced the risk of damage to the nervous system of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic genesis. At the same time, there is a significant number of children born at low gestational age, with a significant violation of intellectual, cognitive development and behavior change. One of the assumptions about cause of improper maturation of the brain is the role of unbalanced chromosomal and genomic micro anomalies. There is provided the data on the survey of 22 children with approximately the same clinic of developmental disorders, 19 of which revealed various structural micro-damages of genesis, but their interpretation is difficult today. The algorithm of selection of children for the extended genetic examination is given.

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Democracy and cooperation in commons management: experimental evidence of representative and direct democracy from community forests in Ethiopia

Environment and Development Economics ◽

10.1017/s1355770x16000322 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 110-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tsegaye T. Gatiso ◽

Björn Vollan

Keyword(s):

Direct Democracy ◽

Representative Democracy ◽

Baseline Scenario ◽

Community Members ◽

Community Forests ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Forest Users ◽

And Behavior ◽

Selection Of

AbstractThe authors use dynamic lab-in-the-field common pool resource experiments to investigate the role of two forms of democracy on the cooperation of forest users in Ethiopia. In this experimental setup, participants can either directly select a rule (direct democracy) or elect a leader who decides on the introduction of rules (representative democracy). These two treatments are compared with the imposition of rules and imposition of leaders. It is found that both endogenous leaders elected by the community members and endogenous rules selected by the direct involvement of the participants are more effective in promoting cooperation among the community members compared to exogenous leadership, exogenous rule imposition and the baseline scenario without any of these modifications. However, no significant difference is found between representative democracy in the election of leadership and direct democracy in the selection of rules. Leadership characteristics and behavior are further analyzed. The results underline the importance of democratic procedures.

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Peran Penyuluh Pertanian dalam Pembinaan Kelompok Wanita Tani (KWT) (Kasus Pengolahan Kacang Kace Canavalia pada KWT Karang Sari dan KWT Merta Sari di Desa Nyanglan, Kecamatan Banjarangkan, Kabupaten Klungkung)

Jurnal Agribisnis dan Agrowisata (Journal of Agribusiness and Agritourism) ◽

10.24843/jaa.2017.v06.i03.p12 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 433

Author(s):

NI PUTU WULAN SUWARNINGMAS ◽

I DEWA PUTU OKA SUARDI ◽

I GEDE SETIAWAN ADI PUTRA

Keyword(s):

Information Dissemination ◽

Formal Education ◽

Monitoring And Evaluation ◽

Agricultural Extension ◽

Women Farmers ◽

Agricultural Communities ◽

And Behavior ◽

The Village ◽

Selection Of

The Role of Agricultural Extension in the Development of Women Farmers Group (KWT), (A Case on Kace Canavalia Bean Processing on the KWT of Karang Sari and KWT of Merta Sari in the Village of Nyanglan, Sub-District of Banjarangkan, Regency of Klungkung Agricultural extension is a non formal education conducted by farmers to change the behavior of farmers, so that farmers become more advanced. Effective communication can support the success of agricultural extension, more importantly is to change the attitude and behavior of agricultural communities so that they learn and want to apply the information provided by Agricultural Extension. The objective of the research was to identify the roles of agricultural extension officers in the promotion of Women Farmers Group, either their role as educator, information dissemination/innovator, facilitator, consultant, supervision, monitoring and evaluation. The research was conducted in the KWT of Karang Sari and Merta Sari, the location of the study was chosen by purposive sampling. Selection of respondents was by saturated sampling method in accordance with the number of members of KWT i.e. as many as 14 people, and by using descriptive qualitative analysis method, i.e. the research aimed to provide description and explanation of the variables studied. The findings of the research showed that the role of agricultural extension in the KWT guidance, especially in the processing of Canavalia bean at KWT Karang Sari and Merta Sari has been able to play well in carrying out their duties. Revenue of KWT member of respondent is still below the Minimum Wage of Regency / City (UMK), which is Rp. 1,839,750.00 per month. This means that the extension workers are expected to foster the group of women farmers in processing Canavalia bean to have a high selling value in order to create independence and creativity of farmers in innovating to develop processed Canavalia bean products.

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Girls' and Boys' Choices of Peer Behavioral Characteristics at Age Five

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.2012.40.10.1749 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 40 (10) ◽

pp. 1749-1759 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Francisco Braza ◽

José R. Sánchez-Martín ◽

Paloma Braza ◽

Rosario Carreras ◽

José M. Muñoz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Age Differences ◽

Behavioral Characteristics ◽

Maladaptive Behaviors ◽

Role Taking ◽

Subsequent Behavior ◽

Low Levels ◽

And Behavior ◽

Adaptive Role ◽

Selection Of

We analyzed age differences in the behavioral profiles of the girls and boys chosen as play partners by same- and cross-sex peers at age 5 and the influence of these choices on subsequent behavior at 9 in a sample of 107 Spanish children. Girls chose girls who had an interest in resources and affective leadership, whereas boys chose boys interested in sport and rejected those preferring role-taking play. Both girls and boys who were preferred by boys at 5 showed low levels of maladaptive behaviors. We suggest that children's selection of the type of play and behavior of their same-sex peers could be considered a relevant mechanism for explaining the adaptive role of sex segregation during childhood.

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Individual Differences in the Name Similarity Effect

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001/a000133 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 111-118

Author(s):

Daniel J. Howard ◽

Roger A. Kerin

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Impression Management ◽

Interactive Effect ◽

Purchase Intentions ◽

Brand Attitude ◽

Self Monitoring ◽

Similarity Effect ◽

And Behavior ◽

Usage Context

The name similarity effect is the tendency to like people, places, and things with names similar to our own. Although many researchers have examined name similarity effects on preferences and behavior, no research to date has examined whether individual differences exist in susceptibility to those effects. This research reports the results of two experiments that examine the role of self-monitoring in moderating name similarity effects. In the first experiment, name similarity effects on brand attitude and purchase intentions were found to be stronger for respondents high, rather than low, in self-monitoring. In the second experiment, the interactive effect observed in the first study was found to be especially true in a public (vs. private) usage context. These findings are consistent with theoretical expectations of name similarity effects as an expression of egotism manifested in the image and impression management concerns of high self-monitors.

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