A Machine Learning-based Approach to Identify Therapists who can Perceive Client-Side Effects in Psychotherapy

Background: Side effects in psychotherapy are sometimes unavoidable. Therapists play a significant role in the side effects of psychotherapy, but there have been few quantitative studies on the mechanisms by which therapists contribute to them. Methods: We designed the Psychotherapy Side Effects Questionnaire-Therapist Version (PSEQ-T) and released it online through an official WeChat account, where 530 therapists participated in the cross-sectional analysis. The therapists were classified into groups with and without perceptions of clients’ side effects. A number of features were selected to distinguish the therapists by category. Six machine learning–based algorithms were selected and trained by our dataset to build classification models. To make the prediction model interpretable, we leveraged the Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method to quantify the importance of each feature to the therapist categories.Results: Our study demonstrated the following: 1) Of the therapists, 316 perceived the side effects of the clients in the ongoing psychotherapy sessions, with a 59.6% incidence of side effects. Among all 7 perception types of the side effects, the most common type was “make the clients or patients feel bad” (49.8%). 2) A random forest–based machine-learning classifier offered the best predictive performance to distinguish the therapists with and without perceptions of clients’ side effects, with an F1 score of 0.722 and an AUC value of 0.717. 3) When “therapists’ psychological activity” was considered a possible cause of the side effects in psychotherapy by the therapists, it was the most relevant feature for distinguishing the therapist category.Conclusions: Our study revealed that the therapist's mastery of the limitations of psychotherapy technology and theory, especially the awareness and construction of their own psychological states, was the most important factor in predicting the therapist's perception of the side effects of psychotherapy.

Neural Responses to Mandatory and Voluntary Donation Impact Charitable Giving Decisions: An Event-Related Potentials Study

The present study aimed to explore the influence of donation amounts on donation decisions in different donation contexts and to reveal the psychological mechanisms. Furthermore, we focused on how to enhance individuals’ intention to donate voluntarily. We designed an experiment on donation decisions, employing event-related potentials (ERPs) to probe the effect of psychological mechanisms on donation decisions by detecting the neural basis of donation decision-making. Based on S-O-R (stimulus-organism-response) theory, we used donation contexts and donation amounts (stimuli) to induce psychological activity in the participants (organism) and then influence individual donation decision behaviors (response). Moreover, we applied psychological reactance (PR) theory to discuss the effect of donation context on decisions and the corresponding psychological process. The behavioral results showed that donation contexts (mandatory vs. voluntary) were significantly related to the donation amounts (i.e., less vs. more money that the charity received than money that the participants donated). At the ERP level, compared with mandatory donation, voluntary donation evoked a larger P2 amplitude when the charity received less money. In addition, a larger mean amplitude of LPP was elicited by voluntary donation compared to mandatory donation. This study provides practical implications for charity organizers to guide people to donate voluntarily.

Language and Socio-Cultural Adaptation of Children of Migrants in a Small Town

Children of migrants constitute a separate category of foreign citizens. Through children, their parents adapt more successfully to the host society. In the process of adaptation, migrants often have contradictions between the values of family education and the values of the host country. The issues of choosing the most appropriate ways of adapting children to work problems remain relevant in the context of migration movements. The purpose of the article is to show the features of working with children of migrants in the educational organization of a small town and the experience based on the specific mechanisms of the social and psychological activity of the school, using it to maintain psychological health and ensure the intergroup perception of schoolchildren. Methodologically, the article is based on analytical studies on the problems of adaptation and integration, sociological and statistical data, a review of regulatory legal acts. The conclusion is made about the essential features of the adaptation of children in an educational institution of a small city, associated with the compactness of living, the mentality of the local population, and the formation of an educational network.

An Analysis of Consumers’ Emotional Needs in the Multi-wear Design

Consumer demand is a kind of psychological activity; it has an important connection with consumer behavior. And human beings are emotional animals, their consumption behavior is driven by emotion. The study of consumers’ emotional needs, has a guiding and promoting role for product design. Based on consumers’ emotional needs, this paper studies the multi-wear design, analyzes the performance of consumers’ emotional needs in the multi-wear design, and puts forward the consumers’ emotional needs the method of multi-wear design. So as to provide consumers with better sense of use design, better meet the emotional needs of consumers, achieve the purpose of prolonging the service cycle of clothing, and also provide more considerations and methods for sustainable clothing design.

FEATURES OF SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SPORTS COACH

The basis of sports are interconnected activities: training, coaching, competitions. Achieving success in sports requires a high level of formation not only of physical qualities and motor skills, but also psychological readiness for training and competitiveloads. The inability to control one’s emotions can nullify years of training. The coach and the sports psychologist are key figures in preparing the athlete for the main starts. Their main professional responsibilities include: timely study of individual characteristics of the athlete’s psyche, development of an individual plan for the development of abilities, strategies of pre-competitive and competitive behavior, formation of necessary mental qualities to win, creating psychologically comfortable conditions in sports, identifying ways to overcome emotional burnout in crisis periods that are caused by various reasons: defeat in the competition, transfer to another team, change of coach, problems in personal life, etc. The tandem “athlete-coach” in the context of psychological interaction and mutual understanding is a basic lever in the education of personal qualities and achieving high sports results.In the context of our study, we distinguish a number of professional functions of a modern coach - educational, managerial, regulatory, formative, gnostic, socio-psychological. The main function that allows to exercise psychological influence and control over the condition of the athlete at different stages of sports training is socio-psychological. This function, on the one hand, requires the coach to be able to establish contact with students, clearly, accurately and clearly explain the requirements for athletes, and on the other - to provide psychological support, create a psychologically comfortable microclimate in the sports team and more.A detailed analysis of the socio-psychological function of the coach suggests that the coach must have a number of theoretical knowledge, professional and practical skills, language, public speaking, communication skills, ability to make managerial decisions, experience of their own sports, have a high level of empathy, stress, etc., the symbiosis of which allows him to have ahigh level of leadership, authority, competence.

ZOOTHERAPY AS A METHOD OF A POSITIVE INFLUENCE ON PEOPLE WITH ANXIETY

Various stressful factors of everyday life cannot be ignored when solving key tasks. Due to the fast pace, modern people are very susceptible to stress, which often leads to terrible consequences (depression, nervous stress, loss of physical and psychological activity). Animals, as the most "pure" creatures, are able to help any person in acquiring positive emotions. Proper therapy can lead to positive results that promote productivity, good mood and a more relaxed attitude to things around you.

Reading Aloud as a Leading Activity With Preschool Students

We examine a teacher’s read-aloud activity with her preschool students in India. Three vignettes show how this leading activity helps young children take part in socio-dramatic play, fostering their cultural-historical development. Collaborating as teacher and researcher, we consider students’ use of words, instances of object substitution, and exploration of social roles in the story being read aloud, to demonstrate the development of their higher psychological activity. Moreover, we contend that read-aloud activities in preschool are crucial for developing student learning during middle childhood.

Identity Lost and Regained: A Postcolonial Analysis of Don Shirley’s Dilemma in Green Book

Images of black men in movies have been depicted negatively as brutal rioters or silly clowns at large for centuries, consolidating the stereotype that black man is inferior and subordinate compared with the white. Green Book, an Oscar-winning movie in 2019, subverts the traditional images of black men and white men, successfully portraying a well-educated black intellectual and a vulgar white driver. The present study aims to decode its success in characterizing positive images of black men, and reveal the psychological activity and identity dilemma of the hero, Don Shirley. Based on Fanon’s psychoanalysis and Bhabha’s hybridity theory, this paper probes into the following questions: Firstly, what kind of psychological trauma did the black hero suffer due to his black identity? Secondly, what leads to the hybrid identity of Don Shirley? The result shows that the black hero experienced the psychological trauma of inferiority complex and delusion of becoming white. He first mistook himself as a white man, then he lost his identity and finally regained a hybrid identity. Hybrid identity is attributed to cultural assimilation and otherness, which is a common phenomenon under the backdrop of colonialism. By an in-depth analysis of Don Shirley’s identity dilemma, this paper hopes to shed light on racial discrimination from the perspective of post-colonialism.

Features of Willed Self-Regulation of Students In the Conditions of Distance Learning

Problem and purpose. The article actualizes the problem of the features of volitional self-regulation of girls studying in the specialties of secondary professional education in the context of distance learning. The purpose of the article is to study the psychological characteristics of volitional self-regulation in students in conditions of distance learning using information technologies. Methodology. Methods of empirical research of psychological characteristics of volitional self-regulation of personality, statistical and comparative methods of analysis were used in the work. The study of the problem of volitional self-regulation of the personality allows to solve the problems of correcting the psycho-functional structure of the personality on the basis of which students build an algorithm for the upcoming information, technical and educational activities. In the context of distance learning, volitional self-regulation becomes a decisive condition for the successful mastering of knowledge in solving educational problems and improving professional skills. The results of the study show that most of the students in the specialties of secondary professional education consciously relate to the distance learning mode, show persistence, active independent initiative in mastering the educational material. A low level of volitional self-regulation, self-control, psychological activity and reflection of students causes a decrease in working capacity, does not ensure the sustainability of interest in educational activities, interferes with the implementation of educational tasks, makes it difficult to independently control personal motives for learning, coordinate their actions in accordance with changing conditions. Conclusion. It was revealed that students in the process of adaptation to the conditions of distance learning, depending on the individual, psychophysiological characteristics of the body, use the possibilities of changing the level of volitional self-regulation and psychological activity, which allows them, first of all, to maintain the mental state of emotional comfort, reduce the level of psycho-emotional stress and respond adequately to new learning conditions.

ERROR MANAGEMENT AS A COMPONENT OF THE CORRECTION OF THE RESULTS OF LEARNING WITHIN THE MATHEMATICS LESSONS SYSTEM

An important component of correcting students' learning outcomes in mathematics is to eliminate errors and gaps in their knowledge and skills. The analysis of scientific research has allowed to identify the approaches to studying students' mathematical errors and to carry out their group distribution (into the corresponding sections of the program, in accordance with the certain types of educational activities, due to external circumstances of their detection, the peculiarities of psychological activity of students, causes of occurrence). The main causes of mathematical errors made by students that was discovered during the research are psychological, methodological, and other specific causes, conditioned by the peculiarities of mathematics as an educational subject. In the process of development of methods for correcting the results of students' training in mathematics, the classification of errors as situational and systemic was taken into account. Situational errors indicate students' lack of knowledge of particular facts or inability to perform particular operations, while system errors indicate significant gaps in the knowledge and skills of students, lack of understanding of general methods of working with mathematical objects or the lack of a general vision of the educational material. Methods and means of correction were defined and clustered into 4 groups according to the situation and the subject of correction. The article reviews didactic models of basic mathematics lessons in the context of correction of students' knowledge and skills. The characteristics of each lesson contain a detailed description of the main didactic characteristics of the type of correction, adapted to the specifics of teaching mathematics.