Sonification of a 3-D Spider Web and Reconstitution for Musical Composition Using Granular Synthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-59
Author(s):  
Isabelle Su ◽  
Zhao Qin ◽  
Tomás Saraceno ◽  
Ally Bisshop ◽  
Roland Mühlethaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Musical Composition ◽  
Web Data ◽  
Spider Webs ◽  
Spider Web ◽  
Granular Synthesis ◽  
The Web

Abstract Three-dimensional spider webs feature highly intricate fiber architectures, which can be represented via 3-D scanning and modeling. To allow novel interpretations of the key features of a 3-D Cyrtophora citricola spider web, we translate complex 3-D data from the original web model into music, using data sonification. We map the spider web data to audio parameters such as pitch, amplitude, and envelope. Paired with a visual representation, the resulting audio allows a unique and holistic immersion into the web that can describe features of the 3-D architecture (fiber distance, lengths, connectivity, and overall porosity of the structure) as a function of spatial location in the web. Using granular synthesis, we further develop a method to extract musical building blocks from the sonified web, transforming the original representation of the web data into new musical compositions. We build a new virtual, interactive musical instrument in which the physical 3-D web data are used to generate new variations in sound through exploration of different spatial locations and grain-processing parameters. The transformation of sound from grains to musical arrangements (variations of melody, rhythm, harmony, chords, etc.) is analogous to the natural bottom–up processing of proteins, resembling the design of sequence and higher-level hierarchical protein material organization from elementary chemical building blocks. The tools documented here open possibilities for creating virtual instruments based on spider webs for live performances and art installations, suggesting new possibilities for immersion into spider web data, and for exploring similarities between protein folding, on the one hand, and assembly and musical expression, on the other.

scholarly journals In situ three-dimensional spider web construction and mechanics

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (33) ◽  
pp. e2101296118
Author(s):  
Isabelle Su ◽  
Neosha Narayanan ◽  
Marcos A. Logrono ◽  
Kai Guo ◽  
Ally Bisshop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Spider Webs ◽  
Spider Web ◽  
Web Geometry ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
The Web

Spiders are nature’s engineers that build lightweight and high-performance web architectures often several times their size and with very few supports; however, little is known about web mechanics and geometries throughout construction, especially for three-dimensional (3D) spider webs. In this work, we investigate the structure and mechanics for a Tidarren sisyphoides spider web at varying stages of construction. This is accomplished by imaging, modeling, and simulations throughout the web-building process to capture changes in the natural web geometry and the mechanical properties. We show that the foundation of the web geometry, strength, and functionality is created during the first 2 d of construction, after which the spider reinforces the existing network with limited expansion of the structure within the frame. A better understanding of the biological and mechanical performance of the 3D spider web under construction could inspire sustainable robust and resilient fiber networks, complex materials, structures, scaffolding, and self-assembly strategies for hierarchical structures and inspire additive manufacturing methods such as 3D printing as well as inspire artistic and architectural and engineering applications.

scholarly journals High-performance spider webs: integrating biomechanics, ecology and behaviour

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (57) ◽  
pp. 457-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron M. T. Harmer ◽  
Todd A. Blackledge ◽  
Joshua S. Madin ◽  
Marie E. Herberstein
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spider Webs ◽  
Spider Dragline Silk ◽  
Spider Web ◽  
Web Spider ◽  
Species Invasions ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Orb Web ◽  
Spider Silks

Spider silks exhibit remarkable properties, surpassing most natural and synthetic materials in both strength and toughness. Orb-web spider dragline silk is the focus of intense research by material scientists attempting to mimic these naturally produced fibres. However, biomechanical research on spider silks is often removed from the context of web ecology and spider foraging behaviour. Similarly, evolutionary and ecological research on spiders rarely considers the significance of silk properties. Here, we highlight the critical need to integrate biomechanical and ecological perspectives on spider silks to generate a better understanding of (i) how silk biomechanics and web architectures interacted to influence spider web evolution along different structural pathways, and (ii) how silks function in an ecological context, which may identify novel silk applications. An integrative, mechanistic approach to understanding silk and web function, as well as the selective pressures driving their evolution, will help uncover the potential impacts of environmental change and species invasions (of both spiders and prey) on spider success. Integrating these fields will also allow us to take advantage of the remarkable properties of spider silks, expanding the range of possible silk applications from single threads to two- and three-dimensional thread networks.

scholarly journals Structural properties and their influence on the prey retention in the spider web

2018 ◽  
Vol 377 (2138) ◽  
pp. 20180271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeevan Jyoti ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Piyush Lakhani ◽  
Navin Kumar ◽  
Bharat Bhushan
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Spider Webs ◽  
Spider Web ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Transmission Capability ◽  
Gradient Variation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Web

Orb webs absorb the impact energy of prey and transmit vibratory information to the spider with minimal structural damage. The structural properties of the web and the arrangement of threads within the web affect transmission time during the prey impact. The objective of the present study is to determine damping, stiffness, and transmissibility of healthy and damaged spider webs. Experimental results show that stiffness and transmissibility diminish from the inner to outer spiral threads and gradient variation in the structural properties of spiral threads enhances signal transmission capability toward the centre regardless of the position of prey impact within the healthy web. Spiral threads exhibit excellent prey retention properties due to their stretching capability. Kinetic energy produced by prey is absorbed in the threads, which help the spider to analyse the prey retention properties and also determine the response time. The minor damage (up to 25%) does not alter the basic characteristics of the web due to self-adjustment of tension within the web. Damping, natural frequency, stiffness and transmissibility decrease with the increase in the percentage of damaged web. The present study addresses the structural sustainability of the spider web irrespective of minor damages and also provides guidance in designing the structures under impact. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bioinspired materials and surfaces for green science and technology’.

scholarly journals Lath Martensite Microstructure Modeling: A High-Resolution Crystal Plasticity Simulation Study

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 691
Author(s):  
Francisco-José Gallardo-Basile ◽  
Yannick Naunheim ◽  
Franz Roters ◽  
Martin Diehl
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Crystal Plasticity ◽  
Lath Martensite ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Quantitative Agreement ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Plastic Behavior ◽  
Austenitic Phase

Lath martensite is a complex hierarchical compound structure that forms during rapid cooling of carbon steels from the austenitic phase. At the smallest, i.e., ‘single crystal’ scale, individual, elongated domains, form the elemental microstructural building blocks: the name-giving laths. Several laths of nearly identical crystallographic orientation are grouped together to blocks, in which–depending on the exact material characteristics–clearly distinguishable subblocks might be observed. Several blocks with the same habit plane together form a packet of which typically three to four together finally make up the former parent austenitic grain. Here, a fully parametrized approach is presented which converts an austenitic polycrystal representation into martensitic microstructures incorporating all these details. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) Representative Volume Elements (RVEs) are generated based on prior austenite microstructure reconstructed from a 2D experimental martensitic microstructure. The RVEs are used for high-resolution crystal plasticity simulations with a fast spectral method-based solver and a phenomenological constitutive description. The comparison of the results obtained from the 2D experimental microstructure and the 2D RVEs reveals a high quantitative agreement. The stress and strain distributions and their characteristics change significantly if 3D microstructures are used. Further simulations are conducted to systematically investigate the influence of microstructural parameters, such as lath aspect ratio, lath volume, subblock thickness, orientation scatter, and prior austenitic grain shape on the global and local mechanical behavior. These microstructural features happen to change the local mechanical behavior, whereas the average stress–strain response is not significantly altered. Correlations between the microstructure and the plastic behavior are established.

scholarly journals Mechanical Behavior of Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite: Effect of Processing Parameters

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Hamid Ait Said ◽  
Hassan Noukrati ◽  
Hicham Ben Youcef ◽  
Ayoub Bayoussef ◽  
Hassane Oudadesse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Composite Effect ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
The Impact

Three-dimensional hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HA-CS) composites were formulated via solid-liquid technic and freeze-drying. The prepared composites had an apatitic nature, which was demonstrated by X-ray diffraction and Infrared spectroscopy analyses. The impact of the solid/liquid (S/L) ratio and the content and the molecular weight of the polymer on the composite mechanical strength was investigated. An increase in the S/L ratio from 0.5 to 1 resulted in an increase in the compressive strength for HA-CSL (CS low molecular weight: CSL) from 0.08 ± 0.02 to 1.95 ± 0.39 MPa and from 0.3 ± 0.06 to 2.40 ± 0.51 MPa for the HA-CSM (CS medium molecular weight: CSM). Moreover, the increase in the amount (1 to 5 wt%) and the molecular weight of the polymer increased the mechanical strength of the composite. The highest compressive strength value (up to 2.40 ± 0.51 MPa) was obtained for HA-CSM (5 wt% of CS) formulated at an S/L of 1. The dissolution tests of the HA-CS composites confirmed their cohesion and mechanical stability in an aqueous solution. Both polymer and apatite are assumed to work together, giving the synergism needed to make effective cylindrical composites, and could serve as a promising candidate for bone repair in the orthopedic field.

A comparison between the CS-TOF and the CTA/DSA for WEB device management

2021 ◽  
pp. 159101992110147
Author(s):  
Oktay Algin ◽  
Gokhan Yuce ◽  
Ural Koc ◽  
Gıyas Ayberk
Keyword(s):  
Mr Angiography ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Morphological Parameters ◽  
Perfect Agreement ◽  
Device Management ◽  
Web Device ◽  
Sensing Time ◽  
The Web

Purpose There is no study on the role of three-dimensional compressed sensing time of flight MR angiography (3D-CS-TOF) in the management of the WEB device. We evaluated the efficacy of 3-tesla 3D-CS-TOF for the management and follow-up of the WEB device implantations. Materials and methods Seventy-three aneurysms of 69 patients treated with the WEB device were retrospectively examined. Morphological parameters and embolization results of the aneurysms were assessed and compared on 3D-CS-TOF, CTA, and DSA images. Results Occluded, neck remnant, and recurrent aneurysms were observed in 61 (83.6%), 7 (9.6%), and 5 (6.8%) aneurysms, respectively. Inter- and intra-reader agreement values related to aneurysm size measurements were perfect. Aneurysms size, age, and proximal vessel tortuosity were negatively correlated with the visibility of the aneurysms and parent vessels on 3D-CS-TOF images (p = 0.043; p = 0.032; p < 0.001, respectively). Subarachnoid hemorrhage and age are associated with 3D-CS-TOF artifacts (p = 0.031; p = 0.005, respectively). 3D-CS-TOF findings are in perfect agreement with DSA or CT angiography (CTA) results (p < 0.001). Conclusion According to our results, 3D-CS-TOF can be an easy, fast, and reliable alternative for the management or follow-up of WEB assisted embolization.

scholarly journals EPCO-31. EPIGENOMIC INTRATUMORAL HETEROGENEITY OF GLIOBLASTOMA IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii76-ii76
Author(s):  
Radhika Mathur ◽  
Sriranga Iyyanki ◽  
Stephanie Hilz ◽  
Chibo Hong ◽  
Joanna Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Therapy Resistance ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Chromatin Accessibility ◽  
Intratumoral Heterogeneity ◽  
Tumor Evolution ◽  
Open Chromatin

Abstract Treatment failure in glioblastoma is often attributed to intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH), which fosters tumor evolution and generation of therapy-resistant clones. While ITH in glioblastoma has been well-characterized at the genomic and transcriptomic levels, the extent of ITH at the epigenomic level and its biological and clinical significance are not well understood. In collaboration with neurosurgeons, neuropathologists, and biomedical imaging experts, we have established a novel topographical approach towards characterizing epigenomic ITH in three-dimensional (3-D) space. We utilize pre-operative MRI scans to define tumor volume and then utilize 3-D surgical neuro-navigation to intra-operatively acquire 10+ samples representing maximal anatomical diversity. The precise spatial location of each sample is mapped by 3-D coordinates, enabling tumors to be visualized in 360-degrees and providing unprecedented insight into their spatial organization and patterning. For each sample, we conduct assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-Seq), which provides information on the genomic locations of open chromatin, DNA-binding proteins, and individual nucleosomes at nucleotide resolution. We additionally conduct whole-exome sequencing and RNA sequencing for each spatially mapped sample. Integrative analysis of these datasets reveals distinct patterns of chromatin accessibility within glioblastoma tumors, as well as their associations with genetically defined clonal expansions. Our analysis further reveals how differences in chromatin accessibility within tumors reflect underlying transcription factor activity at gene regulatory elements, including both promoters and enhancers, and drive expression of particular gene expression sets, including neuronal and immune programs. Collectively, this work provides the most comprehensive characterization of epigenomic ITH to date, establishing its importance for driving tumor evolution and therapy resistance in glioblastoma. As a resource for further investigation, we have provided our datasets on an interactive data sharing platform – The 3D Glioma Atlas – that enables 360-degree visualization of both genomic and epigenomic ITH.

scholarly journals Engineering Comprehensive Model of Complex Wind Fields for Flight Simulation

Aerospace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Jianwei Chen ◽  
Liangming Wang ◽  
Jian Fu ◽  
Zhiwei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Wind Field ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Flight Simulation ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Flight Trajectory ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Wind Field Simulation ◽  
Low Level Jet

A complex wind field refers to the typical atmospheric disturbance phenomena existing in nature that have a great influence on the flight of aircrafts. Aimed at the issues involving large volume of data, complex computations and a single model in the current wind field simulation approaches for flight environments, based on the essential principles of fluid mechanics, in this paper, wind field models for two kinds of wind shear such as micro-downburst and low-level jet plus three-dimensional atmospheric turbulence are established. The validity of the models is verified by comparing the simulation results from existing wind field models and the measured data. Based on the principle of vector superposition, three wind field models are combined in the ground coordinate system, and a comprehensive model of complex wind fields is established with spatial location as the input and wind velocity as the output. The model is applied to the simulated flight of a rocket projectile, and the change in the rocket projectile’s flight attitude and flight trajectory under different wind fields is analyzed. The results indicate that the comprehensive model established herein can reasonably and efficiently reflect the influence of various complex wind field environments on the flight process of aircrafts, and that the model is simple, extensible, and convenient to use.

Process Modeling in Laser Deposition of Multilayer SS410 Steel

2007 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 1028-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Wang ◽  
Sergio Felicelli
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Traverse Speed ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Dimensional Finite Element ◽  
Net Shaping ◽  
Three Dimensional Finite Element ◽  
Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagram

A three-dimensional finite element model was developed to predict the temperature distribution and phase transformation in deposited stainless steel 410 (SS410) during the Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™) rapid fabrication process. The development of the model was carried out using the SYSWELD software package. The model calculates the evolution of temperature in the part during the fabrication of a SS410 plate. The metallurgical transformations are taken into account using the temperature-dependent material properties and the continuous cooling transformation diagram. The ferritic and martensitic transformation as well as austenitization and tempering of martensite are considered. The influence of processing parameters such as laser power and traverse speed on the phase transformation and the consequent hardness are analyzed. The potential presence of porosity due to lack of fusion is also discussed. The results show that the temperature distribution, the microstructure, and hardness in the final part depend significantly on the processing parameters.

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