Personal Bests and Gender

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Julio González-Díaz ◽  
Ignacio Palacios-Huerta ◽  
José M. Abuín
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Extensive Margin ◽  
Intensive Margin ◽  
The Social ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Universe

Abstract We connect two large bodies of scientific inquiry. First, important theories in the social sciences establish that human preferences are reference-dependent. Second, a separate field of research documents substantial differences in preferences and attitudes across genders. Specifically, we examine the universe of official classic chess games (more than 250,000 subjects and 22 million games). This allows us to study differences across genders both in cognitive performance (intensive margin) and in competitive participation (extensive margin), using the fact that personal bests act as reference points. We find that males and females behave very differently around their personal bests in both margins.

scholarly journals Exploring Aging Masculinities From Different Disciplines and Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 825-825
Author(s):  
Liat Ayalon ◽  
Josep Armengol ◽  
Michael Kimmel
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
American Literature ◽  
Successful Aging ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Contemporary American Literature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Aging Men ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Types Of Information

Abstract Traditionally, gerontology research has been relatively genderless. When the intersection of age and gender was explored, this was done primarily by focusing on the experiences of older women. Much less is known about the experiences of older men. The present symposium brings together work from the humanities and the social sciences in order to explore societal images and personal experiences of aging men. The paper by Maierhofer and Ratzenböck provides a theoretical outlook on this intersection from the humanities perspective, followed by empirical applications from the social sciences. Next, Armengol uses contemporary American literature to challenge the traditional stereotype of decline in sexuality and masculinity. The paper by Ni Leime & O’Neill examines stereotypes of aging masculinities, but this time from the perspective of older men as the audience who react to their portrayal in visual culture. Finally, Ayalon and Gweyrtz-Meydan present ethical dilemmas faced by physicians who treat older men’s sexuality in light of active marketing campaigns of the pharmaceutical industry, which advocate for a model of successful aging and ongoing sexual intercourse. The discussant, Kimmel, will conceptualize the four papers by stressing the different types of information that can be obtained via different methods of inquiry. The complementary information provided by the different papers and the integration of methods and findings from the humanities with the social sciences will be discussed.

The Effects of College Music Instruction, Gender, and Musician Type on Income from Performing Music

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
Kris Chesky ◽  
Karendra Devroop
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Music Performance ◽  
Music Instruction ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
The Social ◽  
College Music ◽  
And Gender

Studies in the social sciences imply a relationship between levels of employment and potential adverse effects on health. The lack of information regarding musicians makes it difficult to describe and prepare for the potential adverse relationships between musicians’ economic patterns and health. The purpose of this study was to characterize economic patterns of musicians and to investigate the relationships between income from performing music and college music instruction, age, and gender. A total of 4,017 subjects participated in an Internet-based musician survey. Data analysis included the use of descriptive statistics, analysis of covariance, and multiple regression analysis. Results support the view that many musicians hold multiple jobs and that income from music performance is often a secondary source of income. Musicians with ≥4 years of college music instruction earned higher levels of income from performing music compared with musicians with less college music instruction. This study recognizes the need to consider the economic patterns of musicians and how these patterns may affect health adversely.

Determinism, Predictions, and Probabilism

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-88
Author(s):  
Francois Dépelteau
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Biological Determinism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Social Cause ◽  
Social Causes ◽  
The Universe

This chapter addresses determinism, which has been the predominant mode of perceiving the universe in modern sciences. The basic assumption is that any event is the effect of an external cause. Generally speaking, biological determinism focuses on the biological causes of events, whereas social sciences focus on the social causes. This mode of perceiving the social universe is typically associated with positivism and, more specifically, social naturalism — or the idea that there is no significant difference between social phenomena and natural phenomena. In this logic, it is assumed that social scientists can and should discover ‘social laws’ — or universal relations of causality between a social cause and a social effect. However, determinism in the social sciences has been criticized since its very beginning. In response to these critiques, many social scientists have adopted various forms of ‘soft’ determinism. The chapter then considers social predictions and probabilism.

Cheating behaviour among accounting students: some Malaysian evidence

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhaiza Ismail ◽  
Salwa Hana Yussof
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Academic Dishonesty ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Accounting Students ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
Males And Females

Purpose This study aims to examine the cheating behaviour among accounting students in terms of the extent of neutralization of cheating and the effectiveness of deterrents to cheating of cheaters and non-cheaters. It also aims to examine the differences in the cheating behaviour between males and females of cheaters and non-cheaters groups. Design/methodology/approach Using a questionnaire survey on academic dishonesty developed by Haines et al. (1986) which was administered to accounting students, 435 usable responses were obtained and analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. In achieving the objectives, mean score, standard deviation and independent sample t-tests were performed. Findings The results on the extent of cheating neutralization revealed that cheaters have significantly greater excuses to cheat than the non-cheaters. In addition, males have greater neutralization for cheating than females. In terms of the effectiveness of the deterrent to cheating measures, there were significant differences between cheaters and non-cheaters on the effectiveness of two deterrents to cheating measures. The comparison between males and females reveals significant differences between the two genders for cheating neutralization as well as the three cheating deterrents for both cheaters and non-cheaters groups. Originality/value The present study does not only investigate the differences in the cheating behaviour between cheaters and non-cheaters in terms of neutralization and deterrents to cheating but also provides evidence on the cheating attitude based on gender.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary L. Hopcroft
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Ethnic Relations ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Race And Ethnic Relations ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender

This chapter provides an overview of The Oxford Handbook of Evolution, Biology, and Society. Chapters in the first part of this book address the history of the use of method and theory from biology in the social sciences; the second part includes chapters on evolutionary approaches to social psychology; the third part includes chapters describing research on the interaction of genes (and other biochemicals such as hormones) and environmental contexts on a variety of outcomes of sociological interest; and the fourth part includes chapters that apply evolutionary theory to areas of traditional concern to sociologists—including the family, fertility, sex and gender, religion, crime, and race and ethnic relations. The last part of the book presents two chapters on cultural evolution.

Complexity, Science and the Public

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 113-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Suteanu
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Unexpected Result ◽  
Multiple Relationships ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Measurability Problem ◽  
Rule Out ◽  
The Way

This article addresses complexity by selecting some of its key aspects that share a common feature: the power to change. They seem to change not only the way the world is approached by scientists, but also the way this approach, the resulting perspectives and their multiple relationships, are interpreted. These main aspects are: (1) the challenge of measurability, with an unexpected result that escapes the gravitational field of the measurability problem; (2) the meaning of reproducibility and the redrawn boundaries of scientific inquiry, with implications for the social sciences; (3) the altered expectations concerning prediction, which seem to break with a glorious tradition of unquestioned technological success; and (4) the discovery of all-embracing patterns of events that unavoidably include large events, possibly perceived as ‘crises’, which one may hope to understand and confront, rather than rule out. The resulting geography, with its new landmarks, new relationships among its elements and new means of orientation, is expected to reach the public sooner or later, even if the effect – according to complexity theory itself – cannot be foreseen in detail. All these fibres of change are considered in the context of a fresh meaning of time and of a topology dominated by network concepts.

scholarly journals Pro-european orientation and perception of European integrations as a threat in Serbia and Croatia - the importance of sociodemographic variables and different forms of national attachment

1970 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-77
Author(s):  
Vladimir Mihić ◽  
Dragana Jelić ◽  
Margareta Jelić
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
National Identity ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Sociodemographic Variables ◽  
National Pride ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
National Attachment ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Eu

For the past few decades, European integration has been one of the primary issues not just in politics, but also in the social sciences. This issue becomes even more important when research takes place in countries where the population is ambivalent in their support for the EU and European integration. The main aims of the study presented in this paper are to determine differences in Serbia and Croatia in pro-European orientation and the perception of European integration (EI) as a threat, and to determine the factors underlying both constructs by focusing on sociodemographic variables, the importance of religion, and different forms of national attachment. The results show that citizens of Croatia have a stronger pro-European orientation, but there is no difference in the perception of EI as a threat. Pro-European orientation is determined by the respondents’ national identity (in both countries) and gender, the importance of religion, and national pride in the state (only in Serbia). The significant predictors for the perception of EI as a threat were constructive patriotism and national pride in successful individuals (in Serbia), blind patriotism (in Croatia) and the importance of religion (in both countries).

scholarly journals A New Role for Management of the Social Sciences in an Age of Complexity

2016 ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
Jody Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
World View ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Inquiry Science ◽  
Organic World ◽  
Scientific World ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Way

A particular scientific world view has become dominant, influential and successful in modern sciences today. Science and technology have transformed the way we view ourselves, our societies and our place in the cosmos. However, just as science and technology seem to be at the peak of their power, unexpected problems are disrupting the sciences from within. This reflects a deeper and more serious problem regarding scientific inquiry. Science is being held back by old assumptions that have become dogmas, the biggest of which is that science already knows all the answers, and only the details need to be worked out. A transformational paradigm shift is required from a mechanistic world view to an organic world view to better address the challenges of the new millenium.

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