Some Issues in the Study of Language Contact

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Winford
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Mixed Languages

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of various approaches to contact-induced change, and assesses their contribution to a unified theory of the processes involved in such change, and the outcomes they produce. I argue that clarification of the terminology and classifications we apply to contact languages can lead to better understanding of the types of contact languages, and the kinds of process that produce them. I further suggest that van Coetsem's framework offers a more uniform terminology and classification, and that it clarifies the distinction between the two major transfer types involved in contact induced change – borrowing via recipient language agentivity, and imposition via source language agentivity. Failure to distinguish these two mechanisms accurately has negative implications for our understanding of the processes by which various contact languages are created. I apply this model to two broad categories of contact languages, bilingual mixed languages, and creoles, and I argue that the differences in transfer type identified by Van Coetsem correspond to differences in the language production processes underlying the two broad types of contact-induced change. Finally, I suggest that psycholinguistic models of language or speech production can contribute significantly to our understanding of the different processes involved in the creation of different types of contact languages.

Theories of Language Contact

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-74
Author(s):  
Donald Winford
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Mechanisms Of Change ◽  
Processes Of Change ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Principled Explanation

This chapter depicts major theories of language contact, including those relating to the outcomes of borrowing, creole formation and other bilingual mixtures, with special emphasis on the framework proposed by Frans van Coetsem. This framework is multi-disciplinary in nature, built around linguistic, sociolinguistic, and psycholinguistic approaches. I first discuss the contributions of sociolinguistic approaches to our understanding of the ways in which social contexts and social factors influence the outcomes of language contact. I then evaluate various linguistic frameworks that have been proposed for describing the linguistic outcomes of language contact, the mechanisms involved, and the classification of contact phenomena. I argue that van Coetsem’s (1988, 2000) model of language contact offers a more consistent, accurate and principled explanation of the processes of change associated with different types of contact. Following that, I show how a wide variety of contact phenomena can be accounted for in terms of just two universal mechanisms of change—borrowing and imposition. Finally, I discuss ways in which psycholinguistic models of language production can contribute to our understanding of these mechanisms of contact-induced change.

The Interaction of Borrowing and Word Formation

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Source Language ◽  
New Name ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Creation

When a new name is necessary for a concept, word formation and borrowing are possible ways to produce one. As such, they are in competition for the creation of neologisms. However, borrowings can also interact with existing word formation rules. The reanalysis of a borrowing can result in its attribution to an existing word formation rule. The reanalysis of a number of formally similar borrowings can even result in a new word formation rule. Word formation and borrowing both have an inherently diachronic component to them. Historically, Latin was an important source language for borrowing. The effects are found in neoclassical word formation and in many internationalisms. Nowadays, anglicisms have become the most frequent kind of borrowings. Word formation rules may be activated to counter the prevalence of borrowing by creating alternative designations, but they may also be used to integrate borrowings into the lexical and grammatical system of the borrowing language. After an introduction with some theoretical background, twelve case studies present particular situations illustrating different types of interaction of word formation and borrowing in a range of European languages. The concluding chapter describes some general trends that emerge from these case studies.

The Need for a Broad-Based Model of Phonological Disorders

1992 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan G. Kamhi
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Phonological Disorders ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Speech Delays ◽  
Explanatory Adequacy ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
Treatment Procedures

My response to Fey’s article (1985; reprinted 1992, this issue) focuses on the confusion caused by the application of simplistic phonological definitions and models to the assessment and treatment of children with speech delays. In addition to having no explanatory adequacy, such definitions/models lead either to assessment and treatment procedures that are similarly focused or to procedures that have no clear logical ties to the models with which they supposedly are linked. Narrowly focused models and definitions also usually include no mention of speech production processes. Bemoaning this state of affairs, I attempt to show why it is important for clinicians to embrace broad-based models of phonological disorders that have some explanatory value. Such models are consistent with assessment procedures that are comprehensive in nature and treatment procedures that focus on linguistic, as well as motoric, aspects of speech.

The Role of Evaluative Tools in the Creation of the Memorial Media Portrait of Jacques Chirac (1932—2019)

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
E. N. Mikhailova ◽  
V. A. Telegina
Keyword(s):  
Print Media ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Political Orientations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Entire Text

The article is devoted to the study of evaluative tools used in modern French media in order to form the media image of a representative of the political elite. The techniques used in the creation of a memorial media portrait of Jacques Chirac (1932—2019), President of France from 1995 to 2007 are considered. The research material was the most prestigious French print media of various political orientations, published in late September — early October 2019 in connection with the death of the ex-President of the French Republic. The relevance of the research topic is dictated by the close attention of modern linguistics to axiological phenomena, differently presented in different types of discursive practices. The novelty of the study is due to the appeal to the analysis of the complex of evaluation tools used in the French print media when characterizing the former leader of the state during the nation’s farewell period. The estimated potential of the title of the article and its influence on the formation of the estimated vector of the entire text of the publication are shown. A systematic analysis of the assessment expression means, reflected in the memorial media portrait of the politician, is given. The factors that influenced the peculiarities of their use in this type of media portrait are revealed.

The Unified Theory of Tubesheet Design - Part III: Comparison with ASME Method and Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Song Zhu ◽  
Jinguo Zhai ◽  
Guo-Yan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Comparison ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Simplified Mechanical Model

Abstract Based on the unified theory of tubesheet (TS) design for fixed TS heat exchangers (HEX), floating head and U-tube HEX presented in Part I and Part II, theoretical and numerical comparisons with ASME method are performed in this paper as Part III. Theoretical comparison shows that ASME method can be obtained from the special case of the simplified mechanical model of the unified theory. Numerical Comparison results indicate that predictions given by the unified theory agree well with finite element analysis (FEA), while ASME results are not accurate or not correct. Therefore, it is concluded that the unified theory deals with different types of HEX in equal detail with confidence to predict design stresses.

scholarly journals Hörer- und Sprechertypen in Bremen und Hamburg. Eine Untersuchung zu Sprachwissen, Sprachwahrnehmung und Sprachgebrauch

2017 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Hettler
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Language Awareness ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Individual Features ◽  
Metalinguistic Knowledge

Regarding the perception of regional speech and the salience of language variants it is to as-sume, that they are being influenced by individual features of the specific speaker/listener. However, most recent studies dealing with the salience of language phenomena neglect factors like, for example, language awareness or the profession of speakers. This article focuses on the correlation between speech perception, speech production and individual characteristics of speakers like the metalinguistic knowledge they have. It presents selected results of a study dealing with the perception and production of regional speech in Bremen and Hamburg and discusses different types of speaker/listener profiles.

scholarly journals The language of mental images: Characterizing hippocampal contributions to imageable word use during event construction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Race ◽  
Camille Carlisle ◽  
Ruchi Tejwani ◽  
Mieke Verfaellie
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Hippocampal Damage ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Word Use ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Imageable Word

AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests that the hippocampus plays a critical role in the creative and flexible use of language. For example, amnesic patients with hippocampal damage produce less coherent and cohesive verbal discourse when constructing narratives about the past, present, and future. A recent study by Hilverman and colleagues (2017) found that amnesic patients with hippocampal damage also use less imageable words during narrative construction compared to healthy controls. These results suggest that in addition to supporting language use at the discourse level, the hippocampus also influences the quality of language at the single word level. However, the generalizability of these results to different types of language production tasks and the relationship to patients’ broader impairments in episodic memory have yet to be examined. In the current study, we investigated whether amnesic patients with hippocampal damage produce less imageable words compared to healthy controls in two different types of language production tasks. In Experiment 1, participants constructed narratives about events depicted in visually presented pictures (picture narratives). In Experiment 2, participants constructed verbal narratives about remembered events from the past or simulated events in the future (past/future narratives). Across all types of narratives, patients produced words that were rated as having similar levels of imageability compared to controls. Importantly, this was the case both in patients’ picture narratives, which did not require generating details from long-term memory and were matched to controls’ with respect to narrative content, and in patients’ narratives about past/future events, which required generating details from long-term memory and which were reduced in narrative content compared to those of controls. These results reveal that the hippocampus is not necessary for the use of imageable representations at the linguistic level, and that hippocampal contributions to imageable word use are independent of hippocampal contributions to episodic memory.

Perceptions About the Criminalization of Elder Abuse among Police Chiefs and Ombudsmen

2003 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian K. Payne ◽  
Bruce L. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Elder Abuse ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Mandatory Reporting ◽  
Police Chiefs ◽  
Offense Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Creation

The 1990s witnessed the criminalization of elder abuse. This criminalization included the creation of mandatory-reporting legislation, increased penalties for elder abusers, and modifications in criminal procedures for older victims. Little attention has been given to those officials actually involved in deciding how elder abuse cases should be handled. This research considers the sanctions recommended by police chiefs and ombudsmen for six different types of offenses against seniors. Attention is also directed toward potential differences between the groups' attitudes about elder abuse. Results indicate that ombudsmen see nursing home offenses as more severe than street offenses or white-collar offenses. Police chiefs see street offenses as the most severe offense type. Implications are provided.

One Plan, Four Libraries

2016 ◽  
pp. 166-183
Author(s):  
Allison Galloup
Keyword(s):  
Academic Library ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Emergency Plan ◽  
Creation Process ◽  
Recovery Plan ◽  
Continuity Of Operations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The University ◽  
And Training

The University of North Georgia, a recently consolidated university, has four libraries of varying sizes with different types of collections – ranging from libraries with larger sized book collections to libraries that rely on electronic resources. In addition to the differences in size and collections, the libraries also face the challenge of distance. This chapter follows the creation of an emergency plan, a recovery plan, and a continuity of operations plan for an academic library with four unique campus locations. The creation process begins with risk assessments of all four libraries, creating a team to write the plan, writing the plan and implementation and training for faculty and staff. The policies were written by a committee of five and included at least one representative from each campus.

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