Allozyme variation and geographic differentiation in the Chilean leptodactylid frog Batrachyla taeniata (Girard, 1854)

AbstractElectrophoretic variation in proteins encoded by 15 loci was analyzed in nine populations of the Chilean leptodactylid frog Batrachyla taeniata. The overall proportion of polymorphic loci was estimated to be 16.2% and the average number of alleles per locus, 1.18. The mean observed and expected heterozygosities for the populations were 0.9% and 5.9%, respectively. The average Rogers genetic distance among pairs of populations was 0.105. F statistics analysis showed high levels of genetic subdivision (Fst = 0.450). An isolation-by-distance test indicated significant correlation between genetic and geographical distance. Resumen. Se analizó la variabilidad electroforética de proteínas codificadas por 15 loci en nueve poblaciones de la rana leptodactílida chilena Batrachyla taeniata. La proporción general de loci polimórficos se estimó en 16,2% y el número promedio de alelos por locus en 1,18. Las heterocigosidades observadas y esperadas promedio fueron 0,9% y 5,9% respectivamente. El promedio de la distancia de Rogers entre pares de poblaciones fue 0,105. El análisis estadístico de F mostró altos niveles de subdivisión genética (Fst = 0,450). El análisis del aislamiento por distancia indicó una correlación significativa entre la distancia genética y la distancia geográfica.

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Population genetics of the Chilean frog Batrachyla Leptopus (Leptodactylidae)

Genetics and Molecular Biology ◽

10.1590/s1415-47572000000100007 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 43-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J.R. Formas ◽

L.M. Brieva

Keyword(s):

Population Genetics ◽

Genetic Differentiation ◽

Genetic Distance ◽

Inbreeding Coefficient ◽

Genetic Identity ◽

Electrophoretic Variation ◽

Polymorphic Loci ◽

Continental Group ◽

Insular Populations ◽

F Statistics

Electrophoretic variation of proteins encoded by 14 loci was analyzed in eight (five continental and three insular) populations of the Chilean leptodactylid frog Batrachyla leptopus. The overall proportion of polymorphic loci was estimated to be 18.7% and the average number of alleles per locus, 1.2, while observed and expected heterozygosities were 1.7 and 5.1%, respectively. The estimated coefficient of genetic identity was 0.940; the corresponding figure for genetic distance was 0.063. F-statistics analysis showed a total inbreeding coefficient (Fit) of 0.855 and high levels of genetic subdivision (Fst = 0.596) as well as of inbreeding within populations (Fis = 0.640). However, there was only a moderate level of genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.181) between the insular group of populations and the continental group.

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Genetic variability in four samples of Neoplecostomus yapo (Teleostei: Loricariidae) from the rio Paranapanema basin, Brazil

Neotropical Ichthyology ◽

10.1590/s1679-62252009000100004 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 25-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Juliana S. Philippsen ◽

Erasmo Renesto ◽

Ana Maria Gealh ◽

Roberto F. Artoni ◽

Oscar A. Shibatta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variability ◽

Genetic Distance ◽

Corn Starch ◽

The Other ◽

Allozyme Electrophoresis ◽

Polymorphic Loci ◽

Two Samples ◽

Starch Gel ◽

The Mean ◽

Electrophoresis Technique

Four samples of Neoplecostomus yapo were analyzed through the allozyme electrophoresis technique in corn starch gel. The allozyme pattern was similar to those found in N. paranensis with 24 loci scored. Two samples (ribeirão Atlântico and ribeirão Uraí) showed monomorphic bands for all 24 loci, whereas the other two (rio Verde and rio Fortaleza) showed 8.3% of polymorphic loci. The He genetic variability estimates for the rios Verde and Fortaleza populations were 0.0195 and 0.0179, respectively, too much inferior to the mean heterozygosity summed to species from the whole world (0.051). The Wright statistical values F IS = 0.5181, F IT = 0.5681 and F ST = 0.1039 and the genetic distance of Nei values showed that the four samples are genetically very similar to each other and that there is homozygote excess in the polymorphic loci.

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Allozyme variation in three closely related species of Caucasian rock lizards (Lacerta)

Amphibia-Reptilia ◽

10.1163/156853895x00415 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 331-340 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ross D. MacCulloch ◽

F.D. Danielyan ◽

Ilya S. Darevsky ◽

Robert W. Murphy ◽

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Variability ◽

Genetic Distance ◽

Related Species ◽

Allozyme Variation ◽

Direct Count ◽

Closely Related Species ◽

Polymorphic Loci ◽

Allozyme Loci ◽

Insular Populations

AbstractGenetic diversity at 37 allozyme loci was surveyed from Lacerta valentini (4 populations), L. portschinskii and L. rudis (1 population each). The number of polymorphic loci ranged from 1 (L. valentini) to 11 (L. rudis). Mean heterozygosity (direct count) ranged from 0.003 (L. valentini) to 0.071 (L. rudis). Nei's (1978) genetic distance ranged from 0-0.03 among populations of L. valentini, 0.127-0.163 between L. valentini and L. rudis and 0.366-0.487 between L. portschinskii and the two other taxa. Indices of genetic variability for species having disjunct distributions were lower than in species with contiguous distributions, similar to the case of insular populations, which have lower values than do mainland populations.

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Electrophoretic, Chromosomal and Morphometric Studies on the Red-Necked Wallaby, Macropus Rufogriseus (Desmarest).

Australian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1071/zo9790433 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 433 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

PG Johnston ◽

GB Sharman

Keyword(s):

Genetic Differentiation ◽

Geographic Variation ◽

Preliminary Data ◽

Genetic Similarity ◽

Chromosomal Variation ◽

Electrophoretic Variation ◽

Genetic Loci ◽

Polymorphic Loci ◽

The Mean

Geographic variation in island and mainland Australian populations of M. rufogriseus was investigated by electrophoretic, chromosomal and skull morphometric studies. Electrophoretic variation was observed at 9 of the 21 genetic loci examined. The mean proportion of polymorphic loci per population was 0.230 and individuals were on the average heterozygous at 6.5% of their loci. Coefficients of genetic similarity between populations ranged from 0.925 to 0.986, which is indicative of little genetic differentiation between populations. No chromosomal variation was observed in animals from the mainland, Tasmania and the Bass Strait islands. Preliminary data on breeding patterns suggest that females from King I. and Flinders I. are seasonal breeders, as has been reported for M. rufogriseus from Tasmania. It is concluded that M. rufogriseus should be divided into two subspecies: M. r. rufogriseus from Tasmania and the Bass Strait islands; M. r. banksianus from mainland Australia.

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Molecular Characterization and Genetic Diversity Study in F3 Population of Rice

Progressive Agriculture ◽

10.3329/pa.v20i1-2.16839 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 20 (1-2) ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

MM Rahman ◽

L Rahman ◽

SN Begum ◽

F Nur

Keyword(s):

Genetic Distance ◽

Gene Diversity ◽

Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽

Molecular Genetic ◽

Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽

Polymorphic Loci ◽

Rice Genotypes ◽

High Level ◽

Genetic Diversity Study ◽

Diversity Study

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay was initiated for molecular genetic analysis among 13 F3 rice lines and their parents. Four out of 15 decamer random primers were used to amplify genomic DNA and the primers yielded a total of 41 RAPD markers of which 37 were considered as polymorphic with a mean of 9.25 bands per primer. The percentage of polymorphic loci was 90.24. The highest percentage of polymorphic loci (14.63) and gene diversity (0.0714) was observed in 05-6 F3 line and the lowest polymorphic loci (0.00) and gene diversity (0.00) was found in 05-12 and 05-15 F3 lines. So, relatively high level of genetic variation was found in 05-6 F3 line and it was genetically more diverse compared to others. The average co-efficient of gene differentiation (GST) and gene flow (Nm) values across all the loci were 0.8689 and 0.0755, respectively. The UPGMA dendrogram based on the Neis genetic distance differentiated the rice genotypes into two main clusters: PNR-519, 05-19, 05-14, 05-12 and 05-17 grouped in cluster 1. On the other hand, Baradhan, 05-9, 05-13, 05-11, 05-5, 05-6, 05-1, 05-4, 05-15 and 05-25 were grouped in cluster 2. The highest genetic distance (0.586) was found between 05-4 and 05-17 F3 lines and they remain in different cluster.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v20i1-2.16839 Progress. Agric. 20(1 & 2): 1 8, 2009

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The Ancestry of a Sample of Sequences Subject to Recombination

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/151.3.1217 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 151 (3) ◽

pp. 1217-1228 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carsten Wiuf ◽

Jotun Hein

Keyword(s):

Genetic Distance ◽

Population Size ◽

Upper Bound ◽

Recombination Rate ◽

Common Ancestor ◽

Recent Common Ancestor ◽

Sequence Length ◽

Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Time

Abstract In this article we discuss the ancestry of sequences sampled from the coalescent with recombination with constant population size 2N. We have studied a number of variables based on simulations of sample histories, and some analytical results are derived. Consider the leftmost nucleotide in the sequences. We show that the number of nucleotides sharing a most recent common ancestor (MRCA) with the leftmost nucleotide is ≈log(1 + 4N Lr)/4Nr when two sequences are compared, where L denotes sequence length in nucleotides, and r the recombination rate between any two neighboring nucleotides per generation. For larger samples, the number of nucleotides sharing MRCA with the leftmost nucleotide decreases and becomes almost independent of 4N Lr. Further, we show that a segment of the sequences sharing a MRCA consists in mean of 3/8Nr nucleotides, when two sequences are compared, and that this decreases toward 1/4Nr nucleotides when the whole population is sampled. A measure of the correlation between the genealogies of two nucleotides on two sequences is introduced. We show analytically that even when the nucleotides are separated by a large genetic distance, but share MRCA, the genealogies will show only little correlation. This is surprising, because the time until the two nucleotides shared MRCA is reciprocal to the genetic distance. Using simulations, the mean time until all positions in the sample have found a MRCA increases logarithmically with increasing sequence length and is considerably lower than a theoretically predicted upper bound. On the basis of simulations, it turns out that important properties of the coalescent with recombinations of the whole population are reflected in the properties of a sample of low size.

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Development of microsatellite markers at the National Agrobiodiversity Center in Korea for the genetic assessment of underutilized crops

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

10.1017/s1479262114000525 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 12 (S1) ◽

pp. S125-S129

Author(s):

Gi-An Lee ◽

Sok-Young Lee ◽

Ho-Sun Lee ◽

Kyung-Ho Ma ◽

Jae-Gyun Gwag ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Microsatellite Markers ◽

Germplasm Management ◽

Underutilized Crops ◽

Crop Species ◽

Closely Related Species ◽

Polymorphic Loci ◽

Allele Number ◽

The Mean ◽

Genetic Assessment

The RDA Genebank at the National Agrobiodiversity Center (NAAS, RDA, Republic of Korea) has conserved about 182,000 accessions in 1777 species and is working at preserving agricultural genetic resources for the conservation and sustainable utilization of genetic diversity. The detection of genetic variability in conserved resources is important for germplasm management, but the molecular evaluation tools providing genetic information are insufficient for underutilized crops, unlike those for major crops. In this regard, the Korean National Agrobiodiversity Center has been developing microsatellite markers for several underutilized crops. We designed 3640 primer pairs flanking simple sequence repeat (SSR) motifs for 6310 SSR clones in 21 crop species. Polymorphic loci were revealed in each species (7–36), and the mean ratio of polymorphic loci to all the loci tested was 12%. The average allele number was 5.1 (2.8–10.3) and the expected heterozygosity 0.51 (0.31–0.74). Some SSRs were transferable to closely related species, such as within the genera Fagopyrum and Allium. These SSR markers might be used for studying the genetic diversity of conserved underutilized crops.

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Optimal use of SSR markers for varietal identification of upland cotton

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2015000700007 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (7) ◽

pp. 571-581 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Guilherme da Silva Pereira ◽

Ana Luíza Ramos Cazé ◽

Michelle Garcia da Silva ◽

Vanessa Cavalcante Almeida ◽

Fernanda Oliveira da Cunha Magalhães ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Distance ◽

Ssr Markers ◽

Polymorphic Information Content ◽

Group Method ◽

Discrimination Power ◽

Arithmetic Average ◽

Pair Group ◽

Varietal Identification ◽

The World ◽

The Mean

Abstract: The objective of this work was to identify polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for varietal identification of cotton and evaluation of the genetic distance among the varieties. Initially, 92 SSR markers were genotyped in 20 Brazilian cotton cultivars. Of this total, 38 loci were polymorphic, two of which were amplified by one primer pair; the mean number of alleles per locus was 2.2. The values of polymorphic information content (PIC) and discrimination power (DP) were, on average, 0.374 and 0.433, respectively. The mean genetic distance was 0.397 (minimum of 0.092 and maximum of 0.641). A panel of 96 varieties originating from different regions of the world was assessed by 21 polymorphic loci derived from 17 selected primer pairs. Among these varieties, the mean genetic distance was 0.387 (minimum of 0 and maximum of 0.786). The dendrograms generated by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) did not reflect the regions of Brazil (20 genotypes) or around the world (96 genotypes), where the varieties or lines were selected. Bootstrap resampling shows that genotype identification is viable with 19 loci. The polymorphic markers evaluated are useful to perform varietal identification in a large panel of cotton varieties and may be applied in studies of the species diversity.

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POPULATION GENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF FEEDING HABITS IN SOME FOREST LEPIDOPTERA

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/92.3.1005 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 92 (3) ◽

pp. 1005-1021

Author(s):

Charles Mitter ◽

Douglas J Futuyma

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Environmental Heterogeneity ◽

Feeding Habits ◽

Functional Relation ◽

Allozyme Variation ◽

Unexpected Result ◽

Polymorphic Loci ◽

Allozyme Loci ◽

Race Formation ◽

Relationship Of

ABSTRACT By surveying variation at allozyme loci in several phytophagous lepidopteran species (Geometridae), we have tested two hypotheses about the relationship of genetic variation to environmental heterogeneity: (1) that allozyme polymorphisms may exist because of associations between genotypes and "niches" (different host plants, in this instance), and (2) that the overall genetic variation of a species is correlated with environmental heterogeneity (or breadth of the species' overall ecological niche) .—Genetic differentiation among samples of oligophagous or polyphagous species taken from different host species was observed in one of three species, at only one of seven polymorphic loci. The data thus provide no evidence for pronounced genetic sub-structuring, or "host race" formation in these sexually reproducing species, although host plant-genotype associations in a parthenogenetic moth give evidence of the potential for diversifying selection.—In a comparison of allozyme variation in polyphagous ("generalized") and oligophagous ("specialized") species, heterozygosity appeared to be higher in specialized species, at all polymorphic loci but one. I t is possible that this unexpected result arises from a functional relation between breadth of diet and genetic variation.

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Genetic analysis of silver-fir populations in the Beskids

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae ◽

10.5586/asbp.2003.015 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 115-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Leon Mejnartowicz

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Variation ◽

Genetic Analysis ◽

Abies Alba ◽

Genetic Distances ◽

Silver Fir ◽

Geographical Distance ◽

Polymorphic Loci ◽

Expected Heterozygosity ◽

Rare Alleles

Twenty-eight isozymic loci were studied in the Beskid Mts., in four populations of common silver-fir (Abies alba): one in Beskid Makowski (BM) and three populations in Beskid Sądecki (BS). Their genetic variation and diversity were analyzed, and Nei's genetic distances between the populations were calculated. The results show that the geographical distance between the BM population and the three BS populations is reflected in genetic distances. The BM population is clearly distinct from the others. It has the lowest genetic diversity (I = 0.42), percentage of polymorphic loci (%PoL = 64.29) and number of rare alleles (NoRa = 5). Besides, the BM population has the highest observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.291), which exceeds the expected heterozygosity (He = 0.254), estimated on the basis of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle. On the contrary, BS populations are in the state of equilibrium, which is manifested, in similar values of He = 0.262 and Ho = 0.264.

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