Morphologie comparée et répartition de Vipera seoanei Lataste, 1879, en Espagne

1984 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 395-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bea ◽  
S. Bas ◽  
F. Braña ◽  
H. Saint Girons

The study of the external morphology and the geographic distribution of 260 specimens of Vipera seoanei allows the recognition of four more or less distinct morphs. The first one, characterized by a "classical" colouration (see fig. 3, A), barely fragmented cephalic scales and a rather low number of ventral scales is represented on the maps (fig. 1 and 2) by the groups numbered 1, 2 and 3. The second morph (group numbered 4) only differs from the first one by a more fragmented number of cephalic scales. The third one (on the map group number 5) is characterized by the "cantabrica" type of colouration (fig. 3, D), by the strong tendency to melanism in the mountains, by a higher number of ventral scales and by a still more fragmented number of cephalic scales than in morph 4. The fourth morph, which is more or less intermediate in scaling between the neighbouring morphs is only characterized by its "bilineata" or "uniform" type of colouration (fig. 3, B, C). These two types of colouration dominate for 100% on the northern side of the Covadonga massif (marked 7a on the map) but although the percentages of these types of colouration diminish rather strongly outside the mentioned area, one can find them in the main part of the distribution area of the species. The morphs seem to have been formed during periods of geographic isolation caused by climatic variations during the Quaternary Period. They are, however, linked today by more or less large secondary interbreeding zones (numbered 8, 6, 7b and 7c on the maps) and therefore they have not reached the stage of reproductive isolation. Only the third morph (group 5 on the map) taxonomically merits the status of subspecies, which has been named Vipera seoanei cantabrica Braña & Bas, 1983. L'étude de la morphologie externe et de la répartition géographique de 260 spécimens de Vipera seoanei permet de reconnaître 4 ensembles plus ou moins bien individualisés. Le premier, caractérisé par une coloration de type "classique" (fig. 3, A), des écailles céphaliques peu divisées et des plaques ventrales peu nombreuses, correspond aux groupes marqués 1, 2 et 3 sur les cartes. Le second (groupe 4) ne diffère du précédent que par une division plus poussée des écailles céphaliques. Le troisième (groupe 5) est caractérisé par une coloration de type "cantabrica" (fig. 3, D), avec une forte tendance au mélanisme en montagne, et par un nombre de plaques ventrales plus élevé, les écailles céphaliques étant encore un peu plus divisées que dans le groupe 4. Un quatrième ensemble, plus ou moins intermédiaire entre les groupes géographiquement voisins en ce qui concerne l'écaillure, n'est individualisé que par la coloration, de type "bilineata" ou "uniforme" (fig. 3, B, C). Ces deux types de coloration dominent a 100% sur le flanc nord du Massif de Covadonga (7a sur la carte), mais si leur proportion dirninue assez rapidement au-delà, on peut les retrouver dans la majeure partie de l'aire de répartition de l'espèce. Ces ensembles paraissent s'être individualisés au cours de périodes d'isolement géographiques lors des fluctuations climatiques du Quaternaire, mais ils sont actuellement réunis par des zones d'intergradation secondaire plus ou moins larges (8, 6 et 7b sur les cartes) et n'ont donc pas atteint le stade d'isolement reproducteur. D'un point de vue taxonomique, seul le groupe 5, décrit sous le nom de Vipera seoanei cantabrica Braiia et Bas, 1983, mérite un statut sub-spécifique. El estudio de la morfologia extema y de la distribution geografica de 260 ejemplares de Vipera seoanei permite su agrupaciôn en cuatro conjuntos mas o menos individualizados. El primero, caracterizado por una coloration del tipo "clasico" (fig. 3, A), con escamas cefalicas poco divididas y placas ventrales poco numerosas, corresponde a los grupos marcados 1, 2 y 3 sobre los mapas. El segundo (grupo 4) difiere del anterior, unicamente, en presentar una division de las escamas cefalicas algo mas marcada. El tercero (grupo 5) se caracteriza por una coloracion del tipo "cantabrica" (fig. 3, D), con marcada tendencia al melanismo en montana, y por un numero mas elevado de placas ventrales, siendo la division de las escamas cefalicas algo mayor que la observada en el grupo 4. El cuarto conjunto, mas o menos intermedio entre los grupos geogrificamente cercanos por lo que concierne a la folidosis, se caracteriza, unicamente, por la coloracion, tipo "bilineata" o "uniforme" (fig. 3, B, C). Ambos tipos de coloracion dominan el 100% al norte del Macizo de Covadonga (7a, en el mapa) y, aunque su proportion disminuye ripidamente fuera de este area, se puede encontrar en la mayor parte del area de distribucion de la especie. Los diferentes conjuntos parecen haberse individualizado durante periodos de aislamiento geografico originados por variaciones climaticas durante el Cuaternario ; en la actualidad, éstos estan unidos por zonas de intergradacion secundaria mas o menos extensas (8, 6 y 7b, en el mapa) aunque no han alcanzado el estado de aislamiento reproductor. Desde el punto de vista taxonomico, unicamente el grupo 5 merece el status de subespecie y ha sido descrito bajo el nombre de Vipera seoanei cantabrica Braiia y Bas, 1983.

Author(s):  
Didier Debaise

Which kind of relation exists between a stone, a cloud, a dog, and a human? Is nature made of distinct domains and layers or does it form a vast unity from which all beings emerge? Refusing at once a reductionist, physicalist approach as well as a vitalistic one, Whitehead affirms that « everything is a society » This chapter consequently questions the status of different domains which together compose nature by employing the concept of society. The first part traces the history of this notion notably with reference to the two thinkers fundamental to Whitehead: Leibniz and Locke; the second part defines the temporal and spatial relations of societies; and the third explores the differences between physical, biological, and psychical forms of existence as well as their respective ways of relating to environments. The chapter thus tackles the status of nature and its domains.


2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-224
Author(s):  
ʿĀʾiḍ B. Sad Al-Dawsarī

The story of Lot is one of many shared by the Qur'an and the Torah, and Lot's offer of his two daughters to his people is presented in a similar way in the two books. This article compares the status of Lot in the Qur'an and Torah, and explores the moral dimensions of his character, and what scholars of the two religions make of this story. The significance of the episodes in which Lot offers his daughters to his people lies in the similarities and differences of the accounts given in the two books and the fact that, in both the past and the present, this story has presented moral problems and criticism has been leveled at Lot. Context is crucial in understanding this story, and exploration of the ways in which Lot and his people are presented is also useful in terms of comparative studies of the two scriptures. This article is divided into three sections: the first explores the depiction of Lot in the two texts, the second explores his moral limitations, and the third discusses the interpretations of various exegetes and scholars of the two books. Although there are similarities between the Qur'anic and Talmudic accounts of this episode, it is read differently by scholars from the two religions because of the different contexts of the respective accounts.


Author(s):  
Barbara K. Gold

This chapter discusses the key issues surrounding Perpetua’s life and her narrative, the Passio Sanctarum Perpetuae et Felicitatis. It introduces the most perplexing circumstances around her life and times: the authorship of her Passio (which is written in at least three different hands); her life and family; the conditions of her martyrdom and of martyrdoms during the pre-Constantinian period; the status of martyrdom texts as personal, social, or historical documents; whether persecutions can be historically verified or were exaggerated by the Christians and others; and the afterlife of Perpetua and her text in writers from the third century to contemporary times. The introduction lays out the arguments for these thorny issues and tries to find a reasonable position on each one.


2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-95
Author(s):  
Rubin Patterson ◽  
James Bozeman

AbstractIncreased economic integration throughout the world, the growing dominance of foreign affiliate production over international exports, the routinization of innovation, and amplified knowledge-intensiveness of FDI collectively characterize the new global economic environment in which SADC nations are attempting to develop and compete. This paper provides a detailed summary of the global economic context and one of its leading engines, namely, science and technology (S&T). Analysis of Africa's post-independence S&T travails and successes constitutes the second section of the paper. Various factors that have collectively arrested S&T growth are discussed. The third and largest section is the analysis of commonalities and particularities of S&T needs and activities by the SADC secretariat and member states. Focused analytical reports on the status of S&T development efforts in Botswana and Zimbabwe comprise the final section. Based on the contextual threats and opportunities discussed above, the paper concludes with two concrete recommendations: integrating and adopting the elements suggested in the paper for a long-term S&T development model, and pursuing state-sponsored or quasi-state-sponsored reverse engineering campaigns.


1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-301
Author(s):  
Wesley D. Chapin

At the beginning of 1995, nearly two million Turkish nationals were living in Germany. While this represents only about 2.5% of the total population, the Turkish minority significantly influences German politics. As the single largest group of “foreigners” living in Germany, the Turkish population is a prime target of rightwing violence. Questions regarding Turkish rights to residency, work permits, and citizenship are controversial domestic political issues and their presence affects international relations between Germany and Turkey. This article examines the Turkish diaspora in Germany and its implications for Germany’s domestic and international politics. The first section identifies the status of the Turks living in Germany. The second traces the growth of the Turkish population in Germany. The third evaluates the domestic political and economic effects that the Turkish presence engenders, as well as prospects for assimilation. The fourth section identifies ways that international relations are influenced by the Turkish minority in Germany.


2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 237802311877175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Emanuelson ◽  
David Willer

Status characteristics theory and elementary theory are applied to explain developments through three structural forms that chiefdoms are known to take. Theoretic models find that downward mobility inherent in the first form, the status-lineage structure, destabilizes its system of privilege. As a consequence, high-status actors are motivated to find mechanisms to preserve and enhance privilege. By engaging in hostile relations with other chiefdoms, high-status actors offer protection to low-status others from real or imagined threats. Through that protection, they gain tribute and support. The result is structural change from influence based on status to power exercised through indirect coercion, the second structural form. In settled societies, accumulation through war and selective redistribution contribute to separation of warrior and commoner rankings. That separation leads to the third structural form, direct coercive chiefdom.


2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Emundts

AbstractThis paper suggests an understanding of the concept of “Gewissen” (conscience) according to which Gewissen is best understood as a receptivity to moral principles that corresponds to certain moral feelings. In the first part of the paper this suggestion is spelled out and alternatives to it are discussed. As is shown in the second part, this suggestion goes back to the thought of Immanuel Kant, but it can be developed even if one does not follow Kant in his understanding of the categorical imperative as an a priori principle. However, if one does not follow Kant with respect to the status of the categorical imperative, there are some interesting consequences for our understanding of conscience and especially for our understanding of its relation to knowledge and certainty. These consequences are discussed in the third part of this paper.


2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-150
Author(s):  
Ioan Bojoagă

Abstract The Stemnic river (Buda) is a right side affluent of Bârlad river, with the surface of the catchment basin of 15,662.5 ha. Situated in the central part of the Central Moldavian Plateau, the catchment of the Stemnic (Buda) is characterized by an oblong form (30.5 km, respectively 8.5 km), having a lithologic homogeneity, but also by a diversity of the superficial deposits (eluvia, diluvia, colluvia and proluvia, alluvia). The fields in the catchment basin of the Stemnic (Buda) have been analyzed from the point of view of the soils’ quality, that have been classified into five quality classes. Besides the intrinsic characteristics of the soils, their classification included also the pedo-chemical properties of the lands, geomorphologic or climatic properties of the area. First, second and the third quality classes are predominant in the lower half of the catchment basin, less fragmentary, with prolonged cuesta reverses, corresponding to the distribution area of the chernosols. The lands that form part of the fourth quality class are distributed, in a great percentage, on the same types of soil, but represent greater constrains because of the abrupt cliffs. The fourth class is made up of the lands with severe limitations that reduce the range of agricultural crops or that need special measures or work in order to protect and ameliorate the soil’s resources. This class cumulates a percentage of 9%, being characteristic for the area affected by landslides, prevalent mainly in North-West part of the catchment of the Stemnic (Buda). In the fifth class there are included soils with major constrains for agricultural use. From this perspective, in the catchment, there are predominant the soils in the third quality class (37%), being followed by the second class (26%) and the first class (23%). The main limitative factors for the agricultural production of the lands in the catchment of the Stemnic (Buda) are the erosion in surface, the landslides, humidity excess and the small quantity of nutritive elements.


Author(s):  
Andrea Corral ◽  
Silvia Perea ◽  
Anabel Perdices ◽  
Ignacio Doadrio

We studied the population genetic structure of Cobitis vettonica, an endangered freshwater fish species endemic to the Iberian Peninsula in order to propose a biogeographic model of the responses of species to the multiple changes that occurred in the Iberian hydrological system during the Quaternary period. We also deciphered the relationship of C. vettonica with its sister species C. paludica, particularly in sympatric areas and provide genetic information for conservation purposes. To achieve this end, we analysed both mitochondrial and nuclear data (the cytochrome b and the nuclear recombination activating 1 genes) and a battery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 248 individuals of C. vettonica or C. paludica from 38 localities, including some sympatric ones, covering the entire distribution area of C. vettonica. We highlight the important role played by the hydrogeomorphological processes and climatic changes that occurred in the Iberian Peninsula during the Quaternary on both the population structure of C. vettonica and its relationship with its sister species C. paludica. Our results support the genetic introgression of populations at the eastern limit of the distribution of C. vettonica. Furthermore, we postulate genetic introgression in sympatric areas. Finally, we propose the establishment or expansion of four OCUs for C. vettonica, and highlight the threat faced by its populations due to the low level of genetic diversity detected for some of its populations and genetic introgression with C. paludica, which could eventually displace C. vettonica, resulting in a loss of diversity in this species.


HISTOREIN ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Brzechczyn

<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">This paper has two main purposes. Its primary purpose is to present the reception of the discussion between positivism and narrativism in the Polish methodology of history. A secondary one is to paraphrase, using the notion apparatus of the idealisational theory of science, the issue of the accuracy of explanation. The article consists of six parts. In the first part, Hempel’s deductive-nomological (or covering-law) model of explanation is presented. In the second part, the main tenets and assumptions of the Poznań school of methodology are presented. The emergence of this school at the end of the 1960s delayed the popularisation of narrativism in Polish methodology of history. In the third part, the manifold reasons of this delayed reception are analysed. The popularization of narrativism was only possible in Poland after 1989, but it had a primarily imitative character. This outline of cultural and scientific context allows Chris Lorenz’s proposals (on the problem of the accuracy of explanation) to be put in a wider perspective (part four). Namely, this author describes “a theoretical historical debate” on the status of scientific laws and refers to a post-positivistic approach to science represented by Nancy Cartwright. This approach was to introduce new perspectives to the understanding of lawfulness. In the fifth part, the main assumptions and tenets (for example, modes of explanation) of another post-positivistic approach to science, namely the idealisational theory of science, are presented and compared with the Hempelian model of explanation. In the sixth part, Hempel’s explanatory sketch is paraphrased using the notion apparatus of the idealisational model of science which provides a solution in this theoretical framework, to the problem of accuracy of explanation posed by Lorenz.</p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id=ieooui></object> <mce:style><! st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } --> <!--[endif] --><!--[if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Standardowy; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} --> <!--[endif] -->


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document