DIFFERENT LEVELS OF VARIABILITY IN THE FEMALE SONG OF WILD SILVERY GIBBONS (HYLOBATES MOLOCH)

Behaviour ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Dallmann ◽  
Thomas Geissmann
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Individual Recognition ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Introductory Note ◽  
Hylobates Moloch ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Great Call

AbstractGibbon songs are known to include species- and sex-specific characteristics. It has been suggested frequently that these songs also exhibit a high degree of individuality, but quantifying individuality has rarely been attempted. Because the statistical methods used in earlier studies were highly dependent on sample size (Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks), it was not possible to compare results among studies directly. We introduce a mean pairwise difference (MPD) of scaled variables in order to quantify great-call variability and individuality. Because of its construction as simple normalised difference, the MPD is largely independent of sample size. This makes it possible to compare results directly with those of other studies on other populations or species. Even various levels of variability (intra- vs. inter-individual, intra- vs. inter-population variability) can be determined and compared with this method. In addition, the MPD can be calculated independently for any acoustic variable. This opens up a broad variety of research options in the area of comparative analysis of acoustic communication. For instance, variability in various parts of a phrase, in various parts of a song bout, in various contexts or in various seasons can be compared, and this is possible even if the variables under comparison are not the same. As an example we analysed female great-call phrases of wild silvery gibbons in Java (Indonesia). We found that inter-individual variability is significantly higher than intra-individual variability. This implies that females can be distinguished by their great-calls, although this was not examined during the present study. Additionally, variability of female songs was found to be significantly lower within one population than among any two populations. The various sections of the great-call differ in their variability. The first half of the great-call (excluding the introductory note) shows the highest potential for individual recognition.

scholarly journals Individuality in the female songs of wild Silvery Gibbons (Hylobates moloch) on Java, Indonesia

2001 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Dallmann ◽  
Thomas Geissmann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Male Song ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Hylobates Moloch ◽  
Working Hypotheses ◽  
Great Call

This is the first study comparing individuality in the songs among several gibbon species. All gibbon species produce loud, long and elaborate song bouts in the early morning. Silvery gibbons (Hylobates moloch) differ from other hylobatids, however, in that duet song bouts are absent, male singing appears to be uncommon and most song bouts are female solo songs. Consistent individual differences easily distinguish neighboring females m the field, and it has been suggested that female individuality is particularly high in H. moloch in order to compensate for the lack of a family-labeling male song. The aim in this study is to test this hypothesis by quantifying individuality in H. moloch and comparing it with data on song individuality in two other gibbon species, H. agilis and H. klossii, available from earlier studies (Haimoff and Gittins, 1985; Haimoff and Tilson, 1985). The focus in those studies had been on the great call (i.e. the most stereotypical song phrase produced by gibbon females) and individual variation of several variables (such as duration and frequency range of selected great call notes) had been determined. We exactly replicated each of those studies with great calls of H. moloch, which were tape-recorded in Ujung Kulon and Gunung Pangrango. According to the working hypotheses, individuality should be highest in H. moloch, lower in H. klossii (male singing is common) and lowest in H. agilis (male singing and duets are common). Results: We found a statistically-significant degree of inter-individual variability in most great call variables of H. moloch, which is higher than that of H. klossii, but lower than that of H. agilis. Our results do not support the hypothesis that H. moloch females compensate for the rarity of male song contributions with an elevated degree of individuality in their singing. Instead, we suggest that the amount of great call individuality may be compromised by the amount of a trill component exhibited by various species of the lar group of gibbons.

Bayesian approach to discriminant problems for count data with application to multilocus short tandem repeat dataset

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Tsukuda ◽  
Shuhei Mano ◽  
Toshimichi Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Bayes Factor ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Previous Method ◽  
Threshold Adjustment ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Short Tandem

AbstractShort Tandem Repeats (STRs) are a type of DNA polymorphism. This study considers discriminant analysis to determine the population of test individuals using an STR database containing the lengths of STRs observed at more than one locus. The discriminant method based on the Bayes factor is discussed and an improved method is proposed. The main issues are to develop a method that is relatively robust to sample size imbalance, identify a procedure to select loci, and treat the parameter in the prior distribution. A previous study achieved a classification accuracy of 0.748 for the g-mean (geometric mean of classification accuracies for two populations) and 0.867 for the AUC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve). We improve the maximum values for the g-mean to 0.830 and the AUC to 0.935. Computer simulations indicate that the previous method is susceptible to sample size imbalance, whereas the proposed method is more robust while achieving almost identical classification accuracy. Furthermore, the results confirm that threshold adjustment is an effective countermeasure to sample size imbalance.

scholarly journals Residual Brewing Yeast as Substrate for Co-Production of Cell Biomass and Biofilm Using Candida maltosa SM4

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Vidal Flores-Copa ◽  
Luis Romero-Soto ◽  
Danitza Romero-Calle ◽  
María Teresa Alvarez-Aliaga ◽  
Felipe Orozco-Gutierrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Model ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Candida Maltosa ◽  
Brewing Yeast ◽  
Cell Biomass ◽  
Glycosidic Bonds ◽  
Biofilm Production ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Maximal Production ◽  
Different Levels

Candida maltosa was cultivated in the liquid phase of residual brewing yeast, a major brewery residue, to produce biomass and biofilm. Using response surface methodology, the effect of two variables at two different levels was investigated. The independent variables were agitation speed (at 100 and 200 rpm), and aeration (at 1 and 3 L min−1). Aeration was identified to be important for the production of both biomass and biofilm, while agitation was the only factor significantly affecting biofilm production. The maximal production of biofilm (2.33 g L−1) was achieved for agitation of 200 rpm and aeration of 1 L min−1, while the maximum for biomass (16.97 g L−1) was reached for 100 rpm agitation and 3 L min−1 air flow. A logistic model applied to predict the growth of C. maltosa in the exponential phase and the biofilm production, showed a high degree of agreement between the prediction and the actual biomass measured experimentally. The produced biofilms were further characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). FTIR allowed the identification of methyl, carbonyl ester and sulfate groups, and revealed the presence of uronic acid moieties and glycosidic bonds. Water-retention ability up to relatively high temperatures was revealed by TGA, and that makes the produced biofilm suitable for production of hydrogels. SEM also gave indications on the hydrogel-forming potential of the biofilm.

Determination of Sample Size in Service Inspection

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
S. Qin ◽  
G. E. O. Widera
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Large Volume ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Impossible Task ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Service Inspection ◽  
False Rejection

When performing inservice inspection on a large volume of identical components, it becomes an almost impossible task to inspect all those in which defects may exist, even if their failure probabilities are known. As a result, an appropriate sample size needs to be determined when setting up an inspection program. In this paper, a probabilistic analysis method is employed to solve this problem. It is assumed that the characteristic data of components has a certain distribution which can be taken as known when the mean and standard deviations of serviceable and defective sets of components are estimated. The sample size can then be determined within an acceptable assigned error range. In this way, both false rejection and acceptance can be avoided with a high degree of confidence.

scholarly journals Study of the current vegetation of the historical lava flows of the Arafo Volcano, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-212
Author(s):  
Victoria Eugenia Martín Osorio ◽  
Wolf Hermann Wildpret Martín ◽  
Rocío González Negrín ◽  
Wolfredo Wildpret De la Torre
Keyword(s):  
Canary Islands ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Lava Flows ◽  
Pinus Canariensis ◽  
Healthy Tree ◽  
New Associations ◽  
Colonization Dynamics ◽  
Vegetation Complex ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Two Populations

Vegetation research on the lava flows of the historic volcanic eruption of 1705 in Arafo, Tenerife, Canary Islands, is presented. The study area located in the 830000-year-old valley of Güímar was created after a massive landslide 47 km3 in volume. The research is divided into three parts, which cover an altitudinal range from around 35 to 1583 m a.s.l. from the Lower-semiarid Inframediterranean up to the Lower-dry lower-Mesomediterranean bioclimatic belts. First, a phytosociological study of the vegetation present in the area was made and concluded that richness in pioneer communities form a vegetation complex with a high degree of endemicity. Two new associations and four pioneer communities are proposed. Especially notable are the communities of Stereocauletum vesuviani and the pioneer communities of Pinus canariensis. The second part of the research was a field sampling study of 450 individuals of Pinus canariensis, which were measured at different altitudes to obtain data about the colonization dynamics of this species on this 300 years old substrate. We found that stem diameter seems to be a good indicator for healthy tree development at a range between 700 to 1300 m asl, which corresponds to the pine forest as potential vegetation and that many individuals show signs of nutrient deficiency. The third part consists of the publication of two new populations of the Canarian endemism Himantoglossum metlesicsianum, a highly endangered orchid. The monitoring of these two populations has recently begun, and further research will be conducted on all three aspects of this publication, which will be presented and expanded upon in the future.

scholarly journals Predictors of proximity to others in colony housed shelter cats (Felis silvestris catus)

2016 ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Suchak ◽  
Michael Piombino ◽  
Kalina Bracco
Keyword(s):  
Past History ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Felis Silvestris Catus ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Stress Behaviors ◽  
High Degree

Colony housing of cats allows shelters to maximize the number of cats housed in limited space. Most research on colony-housed cats examines stress in relation to group size or enclosure size.  While this is important for evaluating welfare, it is equally important to understand how cats are interacting socially in these colonies. We observed 259 adult cats housed in groups of two to eight individuals. Scan samples were used to assess how frequently individual cats were in close proximity to other cats. These data were used to measure individual differences in sociability and patterns of proximity to certain partners. We used information about the past history of the cat, which was collected upon admission to the shelter to identify predictors of time spent in proximity. There was a high degree of inter-individual variability in sociability. Strays tended to spend less time in proximity to other cats, and this effect was most pronounced in females.However, none of the information collected upon admission predicted patterns of proximity to certain partners, or which cats spent time in association witheach other. Future studies should explore the implications of differences in sociability by associating observations of social behavior and stress behaviors.

scholarly journals Multimodal analgesia in bariatric surgery

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-261
Author(s):  
M. I Neimark ◽  
Roman V. Kiselev
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Regional Anesthesia ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Multimodal Analgesia ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Perioperative Analgesia ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Mandatory Use ◽  
Different Levels

This review is devoted to the treatment of postoperative pain in bariatric surgery. At present, the prevalence of patients with a high degree of obesity is an epidemic that leads steadily growing number of bariatric operations. Showing the risk factors in the traditional approach to the use of opioids in these patients, as well as the consequences of inadequate analgesia in these patients. Details are presented modern pharmacological agents acting on different levels nociceptive system. Substantiates the role of a multi-modal approach to perioperative analgesia, mandatory use of regional anesthesia. The attention to the visualization neuroaxial structures using ultrasound in the context of the implementation of the efficacy and safety of regional anesthesia in patients with morbid obesity. Possible prospects for pain control in bariatric surgery.

scholarly journals Institutions, Norms, and Accountability: A Corruption Experiment with Northern and Southern Italians

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Institutional Environments ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Group I ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Quality Enforcement

AbstractAnti-corruption research has highlighted the potential for grassroots monitoring to improve governance outcomes, but the conditions under which citizens are willing to report bribery remain under-studied. Are individuals from some societies socialized into a “culture of corruption” that makes them more accepting of malfeasance, or is the failure to denounce wrongdoing simply a response to low-quality enforcement institutions? I conduct a laboratory experiment to examine how the propensity to report corruption differs between Northern and Southern Italians, two populations experiencing different levels of corruption in everyday life. For each group, I experimentally manipulate the quality of enforcement institutions. When given high-quality institutions, all participants are more willing to report corruption. Moreover, Southerners and Northerners behave similarly when placed within the same institutional environments. These results suggest that high-corruption societies are not “culturally” predisposed to tolerate malfeasance. Rather, improving the capacity of enforcement institutions may significantly strengthen accountability norms.

scholarly journals Required sample size for comparing two independent means

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-113
Author(s):  
A. M. Grjibovski ◽  
M. A. Gorbatova ◽  
A. N. Narkevich ◽  
K. A. Vinogradov
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Type I Error ◽  
Sample Size Calculation ◽  
Biomedical Literature ◽  
Type I ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
False Null Hypothesis ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Russian Research

Sample size calculation in a planning phase is still uncommon in Russian research practice. This situation threatens validity of the conclusions and may introduce Type I error when the false null hypothesis is accepted due to lack of statistical power to detect the existing difference between the means. Comparing two means using unpaired Students’ ttests is the most common statistical procedure in the Russian biomedical literature. However, calculations of the minimal required sample size or retrospective calculation of the statistical power were observed only in very few publications. In this paper we demonstrate how to calculate required sample size for comparing means in unpaired samples using WinPepi and Stata software. In addition, we produced tables for minimal required sample size for studies when two means have to be compared and body mass index and blood pressure are the variables of interest. The tables were constructed for unpaired samples for different levels of statistical power and standard deviations obtained from the literature.

Handling Quantity in Variability Models for System-of-Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (05) ◽  
pp. 693-724
Author(s):  
Daisuke Shimbara ◽  
Motoshi Saeki ◽  
Shinpei Hayashi ◽  
Øystein Haugen
Keyword(s):  
System Of Systems ◽  
Tree Structure ◽  
Entire System ◽  
Simple Experiment ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Variability Model ◽  
Very High ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Parent Node

Problem: Modern systems contain parts that are themselves systems. Such complex systems thus have sets of subsystems that have their own variability. These subsystems contribute to the functionality of a whole system-of-systems (SoS). Such systems have a very high degree of variability. Therefore, a modeling technique for the variability of an entire SoS is required to express two different levels of variability: variability of the SoS as a whole and variability of subsystems. If these levels are described together, the model becomes hard to understand. When the variability model of the SoS is described separately, each variability model is represented by a tree structure and these models are combined in a further tree structure. For each node in a variability model, a quantity is assigned to express the multiplicity of its instances per one instance of its parent node. Quantities of the whole system may refer to the number of subsystem instances in the system. From the viewpoint of the entire system, constraints and requirements written in natural language are often ambiguous regarding the quantities of subsystems. Such ambiguous constraints and requirements may lead to misunderstandings or conflicts in an SoS configuration. Approach: A separate notion is proposed for variability of an SoS; one model considers the SoS as an undivided entity, while the other considers it as a combination of subsystems. Moreover, a domain-specific notation is proposed to express relationships among the variability properties of systems, to solve the ambiguity of quantities and establish the total validity. This notation adapts an approach, named Pincer Movement, which can then be used to automatically deduce the quantities for the constraints and requirements. Validation: The descriptive capability of the proposed notation was validated with four examples of cloud providers. In addition, the proposed method and description tool were validated through a simple experiment on describing variability models with real practitioners.

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