Degradation of Great Tit (Parus Major) Song Before And After Foliation: Implications for Vocal Communication in a Deciduous Forest

Behaviour ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 141 (8) ◽  
pp. 935-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Blumenrath ◽  
Torben Dabelsteen
Keyword(s):  
Information Transfer ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Parus Major ◽  
Great Tit ◽  
Transmission Experiment ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSongbirds living in temperate forests experience great seasonal changes in habitat acoustics during the part of the breeding season when singing activity is high. These changes, which are brought about by accelerated vegetation growth and leaf burst in spring, affect sound propagation and potentially render vocal communication more difficult as the total number of scattering and absorbing obstacles increases. We investigated this in a sound transmission experiment in which representative great tit (Parus major) songs were broadcast in a typical forest habitat before and after foliation. Speaker and microphone were placed at natural separation distances and in typical sender and receiver positions. For each song note we quantified several aspects of sound degradation and found that they all increased considerably when leaves were present. Before foliation the same amount of degradation would only be obtained by doubling the transmission distance, i.e. foliage shortens the active space of great tit song. This inevitably alters distance information, provided that distance-dependent, structural changes of received songs are used as ranging cues. Moreover, sender and receiver positions within the canopy become unfavourable compared to heights just below the canopy when the aim is to maximise song propagation distances. Altogether, the presence of foliage greatly affects the potential for vocal information transfer in great tits and requires behavioural and/or perceptual adjustment of the communicating individuals to counteract or reduce the impact of foliage on signal degradation.

scholarly journals The Influence of Natural and Man-Made Landscape Conditions on the Formation of Biological Heterogeneity in the Population of the Great Tit (Parus major L.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 051-059
Author(s):  
M. A. Miklyaeva ◽  
◽  
A. Yu. Okolelov ◽  
O. M. Zolotova ◽  
E. E. Popova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Parus Major ◽  
Great Tit ◽  
Morphometric Features ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Biological Heterogeneity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Number Of Individuals

The paper studies the size of the clutch and morphometric features of eggs, the growth and development of chicks of the great tit. Their dependence on many factors regulating the number of individuals and influencing the formation of the population as a whole is shown. The impact of exogenous factors on birds is perceived differently, due to their heterogeneity, which subsequently manifested itself in the ratio of large and small clutches, and a decrease in their number.

scholarly journals The Impact of Political Events - “Name Issue” on an Emerging Macedonian Stock Market

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julijana Angelovska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Candidate Country ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Impact

The objective of the research is to investigate the impact of political events – “name issue” on the Macedonian Stock Exchange (MSE). Structural changes in volatility of Macedonian capital market seems to be more a consequence of political changes, especially from the perspective of international politics and the association of the country into NATO and the European Union. The research analyzes the response of capital markets to political events. Such an event is the summit in Bucharest as the day D (03/04/2008) which certainly had an impact because of prolonged unresolved problem of the name imposed by Greece. Visa liberalization and the day of solving the status of candidate country for accession to the European Union will be discussed too. An event methodology is employed, and the results suggest that the market respond to all political events connected “name issue”. The results also indicate that there is no difference between the means of abnormal returns before and after the event. Sensitivity of the Macedonian investor related to any information connected to the word "name" is enormous. The Macedonian investor belief is that if “name” issue would be solved, regardless of possible negative real economic flows stock exchange will increase. The paper provides information regarding the effects of solving this name issue on Macedonian investor, and his expectation on this issue. But even if it is solved, the global economic crises and difficult economic situation in Macedonia especially this situation will be temporary and due to low liquidity, foreigners may use local optimism to sell their shares.

scholarly journals Competition in a Wholesale Fuel Market—The Impact of the Structural Changes Caused by COVID-19

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4211
Author(s):  
Sylwester Bejger
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Wholesale Market ◽  
Potential Market ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Energy Products ◽  
The Impact

Liquid fuels obtained in refining crude oil are one of the most important energies in economic activity. The domestic wholesale market for liquid fuels is of decisive importance for price formation in the national economy. The noncompetitive behavior of the market players at this level of the distribution chain can significantly affect all downstream price levels and the producer–consumer surplus balance. Therefore, the competitiveness of this market should be screened and assessed regularly, especially when significant external factors change. This article attempts to evaluate the impact of structural changes on the global market of crude oil and energy products after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic on the competitiveness of the wholesale fuel market in Poland. Using asymmetry of the reaction of product prices to changes in the prices of inputs as a marker of noncompetitive behavior and the NARDL model as a test specification, the price paths of market players before and after the occurrence of structural changes in the inputs’ processes were examined. Significant changes in the competitive behavior of players were revealed after the occurrence of structural changes at the beginning of the pandemic period in the year 2020. These changes may indicate enhanced competition and mitigation of potential market power abuse.

scholarly journals Information Spillover and Demand Shock Effect of the IPOs on the Stock Price of the Competitors: Evidence From the Korean Stock Market

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jae Hoon Min
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Stock Prices ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Share Price ◽  
Korean Stock Market ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Information Spillover ◽  
Public Offering ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the impact of IPOs on the stock prices of competing companies in the same industry in the Korean stock market. By observing the stock price responses of competitors at the time of IPO announcement and listing, this study attempts to separately examine the effect of IPO's information transfer and its impact on the stock demand of competitors. Before and after the IPO announcement, the stock prices of competitors did not change significantly. On the other hand, during the period surrounding the IPO stock listing, the stock price of competitors showed a significantly negative decline. This suggests that as the IPO stock related information was revealed through the public offering process, it negatively affected the stock price of competing companies. Also, the listing of IPO stocks seems to have adversely affected the stock demand for competing companies. In particular, among the effects of information transfer, the competitive effect is overwhelming, and the factors that influence relative competitiveness in the industry between competitors and an IPO company, such as operating profitability and R&D investment, are found to have a substantial influence on the share price of competitors.

scholarly journals Influence of reduction conditions of NiO on its mechanical and electrical properties

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yehor Brodnikovskyi ◽  
Bogdan Vasyliv ◽  
Viktoriya Podhurska ◽  
Mariusz Andrzejczuk ◽  
Nikkia McDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Reduction Stage ◽  
Mechanical And Electrical Properties ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mechanical Durability ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Volume Decrease

<p class="PaperAbstract"><span lang="EN-GB">Yttria stabilized zirconia with a nickel catalyst (Ni-YSZ) is the most developed, widely used cermet anode for manufacturing Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). Its electro-catalytic properties, mechanical durability and performance stability in hydrogen-rich environ­ments makes it the state of the art fuel electrode for SOFCs. During the reduction stage in initial SOFC operation, the virgin anode material, a NiO-YSZ mixture, is reduced to Ni-YSZ. The volume decrease associated with the change from NiO-YSZ to Ni-YSZ creates voids and causes structural changes, which can influence the physical properties of the anode. In this work, the structural, mechanical and electrical properties of NiO samples before and after reduction in pure H<sub>2</sub> and a mixture of 5 vol. % H<sub>2</sub>-Ar were studied. The NiO to Ni phase transformations that occur in the anode under reducing and Reduction-Oxidation (RedOx) cycling conditions and the impact on cell microstruc­ture, strength and electrical conductivity have been examined. Results show that the RedOx treatment of the NiO samples influence on their properties controversially, due to structural transfor­mation (formation of large amount of fine pores) of the reduced Ni. It strengthened the treated samples yielding the highest mechanical strength values of 25.7 MPa, but from another side it is resulting in lowest electrical conductivity value of 1.9×10<sup>5</sup> S m<sup>-1</sup> among all reduced samples. The results of this investigation shows that reduction conditions of NiO is a powerful tool for influence on properties of the anode substrate.</span></p>

International trade: Research of the reasons for the fall

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Nazarov ◽  
S. S. Lazaryan ◽  
I. V. Nikonov ◽  
A. I. Votinov
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Negative Contribution ◽  
Basic Commodity ◽  
The Impact

The article assesses the impact of various factors on the growth rate of international trade. Many experts interpreted the cross-border flows of goods decline against the backdrop of a growing global economy as an alarming sign that indicates a slowdown in the processes of globalization. To determine the reasons for the dynamics of international trade, the decompositions of its growth rate were carried out and allowed to single out the effect of the dollar exchange rate, the commodities prices and global value chains on the change in the volume of trade. As a result, it was discovered that the most part of the dynamics of international trade is due to fluctuations in the exchange rate of the dollar and prices for basic commodity groups. The negative contribution of trade within global value chains in 2014 was also revealed. During the investigated period (2000—2014), such a picture was observed only in the crisis periods, which may indicate the beginning of structural changes in the world trade.

Strategic Role of Zakat in Multidimensional Quality of Life in Sijunjung, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Herlin Hamimi ◽  
Abdul Ghafar Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Hasbi Zaenal
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Being There ◽  
The Impact

Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam which has a function of faith, social and economic functions. Muslims who can pay zakat are required to give at least 2.5 per cent of their wealth. The problem of poverty prevalent in disadvantaged regions because of the difficulty of access to information and communication led to a gap that is so high in wealth and resources. The instrument of zakat provides a paradigm in the achievement of equitable wealth distribution and healthy circulation. Zakat potentially offers a better life and improves the quality of human being. There is a human quality improvement not only in economic terms but also in spiritual terms such as improving religiousity. This study aims to examine the role of zakat to alleviate humanitarian issues in disadvantaged regions such as Sijunjung, one of zakat beneficiaries and impoverished areas in Indonesia. The researcher attempted a Cibest method to capture the impact of zakat beneficiaries before and after becoming a member of Zakat Community Development (ZCD) Program in material and spiritual value. The overall analysis shows that zakat has a positive impact on disadvantaged regions development and enhance the quality of life of the community. There is an improvement in the average of mustahik household incomes after becoming a member of ZCD Program. Cibest model demonstrates that material, spiritual, and absolute poverty index decreased by 10, 5, and 6 per cent. Meanwhile, the welfare index is increased by 21 per cent. These findings have significant implications for developing the quality of life in disadvantaged regions in Sijunjung. Therefore, zakat is one of the instruments to change the status of disadvantaged areas to be equivalent to other areas.

THE IMPACT OF UKRAINE'S EXCISE DUTY POLICY ON THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES OF THE TOBACCO MARKET

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10) ◽  
pp. 19-33
Author(s):  
Nadiia NOVYTSKA ◽  
◽  
Inna KHLIEBNIKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Excise Duty ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Transformation Processes

The market of tobacco products in Ukraine is one of the most dynamic and competitive. It develops under the influence of certain factors that cause structural changes, therefore, the aim of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of transformation processes in the market of tobacco and their alternatives in Ukraine and identify the factors that cause them. The high level of tax burden and the proliferation of alternative products with a potentially lower risk to human health, including heating tobacco products and e-cigarettes, are key factors in the market’s transformation process. Their presence leads to an increase in illicit turnover of tobacco products, which accounts for 6.37% of the market, and the gradual replacement of cigarettes with alternative products, which account for 12.95%. The presence on the market of products that are not taxed or taxed at lower rates is one of the reasons for the reduction of excise duty revenues. According to the results of 2019, the planned indicators of revenues were not met by 23.5%. Other reasons for non-fulfillment of excise duty revenues include: declining dynamics of the tobacco products market; reduction in the number of smokers; reorientation of «cheap whites» cigarette flows from Ukraine to neighboring countries; tax avoidance. Prospects for further research are identified, namely the need to develop measures for state regulation and optimization of excise duty taxation of tobacco products and their alternatives, taking into account the risks to public health and increasing demand of illegal products.

ANALISIS PENGARUH PEMBANGUNAN JALAN LAYANG JANTI TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN TATA RUANG KAWASAN JANTI STUDI KASUS : KAWASAN JANTI, DESA CATURTUNGGAL, KABUPATEN SLEMAN, D. I. YOGYAKARTA

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Jeky El Boru
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
The Road ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Linkage Method ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Parking Place

Abstract: This research aims to analyze the impact of Janti Flyover Construction toward the growth of layout at Janti Urban Area, including structured space, open space, and linkage. Method used for data collecting are observation, air photograph monitoring, and interview, whereas the analysis method is qualitative description, which is the superimposed method of two layers, that are the layout condition before and after flyover construction. The result shows that the impact of Janti Flyover construction can be seen on building mass (solid), the increasing number of open spaces, including the road network, parking place, and park, whereas the relation between spaces, visually and structurally, can be seen on the growth of buildings which have new shapes and styles, therefore the performance of the overall building does not have a proportional shape. Considering Janti Street at the collective relation, its role is getting stronger as the main frame road network.Keywords: Flyover construction, layout changing, Janti AreaAbstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh pembangunan Jalan Layang Janti terhadap perkembangan tata ruang Kawasan Janti, meliputi ruang terbangun, ruang terbuka, serta hubungan antar ruang (“linkage”). Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, pengamatan foto udara, dan wawancara; sedangkan metode analisis melalui deskripsi secara kualitatif yang berupa “superimposed method” dari dua lapisan kondisi lahan, yakni kondisi tata ruang sebelum dan sesudah pembangunan jalan layang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh pembangunan Jalan Layang Janti terdapat pada massa bangunan (“solid”), pertambahan ruang terbuka yang berupa jaringan jalan, parkir, dan taman; sedangkan pada hubungan antar ruang ̶ secara visual dan struktural ̶ yakni tumbuhnya bangunan dengan bentuk dan gaya baru, sehingga bentuk tampilan bangunan secara keseluruhan tidak proporsional. Pada hubungan kolektif, Jalan Janti semakin kuat perannya sebagai kerangka utama jaringan jalan.Kata kunci : Pembangunan jalan layang, tata ruang, Kawasan Janti

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