Feeding History, Parental Stock, and Food Selection in Rainbow Trout

Behaviour ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 123-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Food Selection ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Further Training ◽  
Live Prey ◽  
Novel Food ◽  
Parental Stock ◽  
Continuous Feeding ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractFeeding history and parental stock were manipulated to determine whether they could influence food selection in young trout, Salmo gairdrceri Richardson. After 9 training meals of one food, trout selected that food, the familiar one, when given a choice between it and a novel food. (Most choice situations used high and equal densities of unconcealed foods). Selection of the familiar food occurred with several kinds of non-living food. Trout trained on live prey, however, did not always select the familiar one when botli prey were alive, although they did when both prey were dead. Some characteristics of the training effect were investigated. As they became satiated, trout consumed relatively more of the novel food. Duration of food deprivation before a choice test did not change the degree of selection for the familiar food. In addition to eating more of the familiar food, trout struck but rejected relatively more of the novel food. Individual trout trained on two foods ate them in proportions which were characteristic for an individual. After they had learned to select one food, trout were given further training on one of the following: the familiar food, a novel food, or both. Further training on the familiar food did not change the proportion selected. Trout trained on one food for 12 meals and then on a second food for 12 meals selected the second food when given a choice. When the initial training was followed by continuous feeding of both familiar and novel food, trout continued to select the familiar food for 14 to 23 meals. All results suggested that effects of such feeding history would not greatly influence food selection in natural situations. Progeny of different parental stocks were tested to determine whether parental food can influence food selected by offspring. Eggs from trout which ate different kinds of food were hatched in the laboratory. For their first meal, trout were given choices of the kinds of food eaten by the parental stocks. In three main experiments, the young trout did not select the type of food commonly eaten by their parents.

Influence of morphological, chemical and physical leaf traits on food selection of a herbivorous iguana from The Bahamas

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Knapp ◽  
Silvia Alvarez-Clare
Keyword(s):  
Food Preference ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
The Bahamas ◽  
Leaf Toughness ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Leaf Density ◽  
Physical Traits ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract:Herbivores are predicted to forage on a variety of plants in order to obtain a nutritionally sufficient diet. Most herbivores, however, forage non-randomly and may be influenced by morphological, chemical and physical traits in their food. We examined the influence of several leaf traits on food selection for the Exuma rock iguana (Cyclura cychlura figginsi). We expected the iguana to prefer leaves with higher nutrient concentration and lower physical defences, such as reflected by high N, P, Ca, K, Mg concentrations and low leaf density and per cent concentrations of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, respectively. We quantified selection by examining 30 faecal samples and analysing traits of leaves from the 10 most common plants on the island. Our results showed substantial variability in all measured traits among species but food preference only for less-dense leaves, a good indicator of low leaf toughness. Our results are the first to demonstrate that physical leaf traits can influence food selection in a true herbivorous lizard and offer a basis for future testing.

Can Social Behaviour Influence Food Preference of Wild Mice, Mus Domesticus, in Confined Field Populations?

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Valsecchi ◽  
GR Singleton ◽  
WJ Price
Keyword(s):  
Food Preference ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Wild Mice ◽  
Novel Food ◽  
Novel Foods ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Eastern Australia

The role of social transmission in directing food preference was assessed in adult wild mice living in seminatural outdoor enclosures located in south-eastern Australia. We first examined whether mice recently fed one novel food and then released back into the enclosure (demonstrator mice) influenced the food preference of mice presented with a choice between that novel food and one other novel food. Then we examined the food preference of mice presented with a novel food and their staple food, after demonstrator mice were fed with the novel food and returned to the enclosure. The main results were as follows: (i) mice given a choice between two novel foods, in the presence of demonstrator mice, consumed significantly more of the novel food to which demonstrator mice had been exposed; and (ii) mice given a choice of one novel food and their staple food, in the presence of demonstrator mice that had been exposed to the novel food, ate similar amounts of the two foods. The adaptive value of different strategies of food selection is discussed.

Food and cultural norms: rural mothers' selection of nutrition intake for their young children

2020 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-106
Author(s):  
Fozia Ahmed Baloch ◽  
Nazir Ahmed Jogezai ◽  
Shaik Abul Malik Mohamed Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Food Selection ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Nutrition Intake ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
Rural Mothers ◽  
Selection Of

PurposeThis study aimed at exploring food related cultural norms that influence rural mothers' food selection for their primary school aged children (aged 4–7 years).Design/methodology/approachThis is a qualitative study conducted in northern parts of Balochistan province of Pakistan. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was applied as the theoretical framework of the study. Within a qualitative research method four focused group interviews with 30 rural mothers were employed to generate data.FindingsThe study found that mothers’ food selection for their children was heavily influenced by certain cultural norms that have become taboos with the passage of time. It is evident through findings that subjective norms have a greater influence on mothers' behaviour than their attitude and perceived behavioural control (PBC).Originality/valueWe ensure originality of this research paper as fewer researches have been conducted to further elaborate the link between socio-cultural norms and food selection. In particular, the influence of this close relationship on child health has been of limited consideration in a developing context. This paper has neither been published elsewhere, nor it is currently under consideration for publication in any other journal.

scholarly journals Impact of increasing the availability of healthier vs. less-healthy food on food selection: a randomised laboratory experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Pechey ◽  
Olivia Sexton ◽  
Saphsa Codling ◽  
Theresa M. Marteau
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Equal Condition ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Direction Of Effects ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Background Environmental cues shape behaviour, but few studies compare the impact of targeting healthier vs. less-healthy cues. One online study suggested greater impact on selection from increasing the number of less-healthy (vs. healthier) snacks. The current study aimed to: (1) extend the previous study by using physically-present snacks for immediate consumption; (2) explore responsiveness by socio-economic position; (3) investigate possible mediators (response inhibition, food appeal) of any socio-economic differences in selection. Methods In a between-subjects laboratory experiment UK adults (n = 417) were randomised according to their ID number (without blinding) to one of three ranges of options: Two healthier, two less-healthy [“Equal”] (n = 136); Six healthier, two less-healthy [“Increased Healthier”] (n = 143); Two healthier, six less-healthy [“Increased Less-Healthy”] (n = 138). Participants completed measures of response inhibition and food appeal, and selected a snack for immediate consumption from their allocated range. The primary outcome was selection of a healthier (over less-healthy) snack. Results The odds of selecting a less-healthy snack were 2.9 times higher (95%CIs:1.7,5.1) in the Increased Less-Healthy condition compared to the Equal condition. The odds of selecting a healthier snack were 2.5 times higher (95%CIs:1.5,4.1) in the Increased Healthier (vs. Equal) condition. There was no significant difference in the size of these effects (− 0.2; 95%CIs:-1.1,0.7). Findings were inconclusive with regard to interactions by education, but the direction of effects was consistent with potentially larger impact of the Increased Healthier condition on selection for higher-educated participants, and potentially larger impact of the Increased Less-Healthy condition for less-educated participants. Conclusions A greater impact from increasing the number of less-healthy (over healthier) foods was not replicated when selecting snacks for immediate consumption: both increased selections of the targeted foods with no evidence of a difference in effectiveness. The observed pattern of results suggested possible differential impact by education, albeit not statistically significant. If replicated in larger studies, this could suggest that removing less-healthy options has the potential to reduce health inequalities due to unhealthier diets. Conversely, adding healthier options could have the potential to increase these inequalities. Trial registration ISRCTN: ISRCTN34626166; 11/06/2018; Retrospectively registered.

scholarly journals Impact of increasing the availability of healthier vs. less-healthy food on food selection: A randomised laboratory experiment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Pechey ◽  
Olivia Sexton ◽  
Saphsa Codling ◽  
Theresa Marteau
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Equal Condition ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Direction Of Effects ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Background. Environmental cues shape behaviour, but few studies compare the impact of targeting healthier vs. less-healthy cues. One online study suggested greater impact on selection from increasing the number of less-healthy (vs. healthier) snacks. The current study aimed to: (1) extend the previous study by using physically-present snacks for immediate consumption; (2) explore responsiveness by socio-economic position; (3) investigate possible mediators (response inhibition, food appeal) of any socio-economic differences in selection. Methods. In a between-subjects laboratory experiment UK adults (n=417) were randomised according to their ID number (without blinding) to one of three ranges of options: Two healthier, two less-healthy [“Equal”] (n=136); Six healthier, two less-healthy [“Increased Healthier”] (n=143); Two healthier, six less-healthy [“Increased Less-Healthy”] (n=138). Participants completed measures of response inhibition and food appeal, and selected a snack for immediate consumption from their allocated range. The primary outcome was selection of a healthier (over less-healthy) snack.Results. The odds of selecting a less-healthy snack were 2.9 times higher (95%CIs:1.7,5.1) in the Increased Less-Healthy condition compared to the Equal condition. The odds of selecting a healthier snack were 2.5 times higher (95%CIs:1.5,4.1) in the Increased Healthier (vs. Equal) condition. There was no significant difference in the size of these effects (-0.2; 95%CIs:-1.1,0.7). Findings were inconclusive with regard to interactions by education, but the direction of effects was consistent with potentially larger impact of the Increased Healthier condition on selection for less-educated participants, and potentially larger impact of the Increased Less-Healthy condition for higher-educated participants. Conclusions. A greater impact from increasing the number of less-healthy (over healthier) foods was not replicated when selecting snacks for immediate consumption: both increased selections of the targeted foods with no evidence of a difference in effectiveness. The observed pattern of results suggested possible differential impact by education, albeit not statistically significant. If replicated in larger studies, this could suggest that removing less-healthy options has the potential to reduce health inequalities due to unhealthier diets. Conversely, adding healthier options could have the potential to increase these inequalities. Trial registration: Retrospectively registered on ISRCTN 11/06/2018 (https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN34626166).

scholarly journals Contribution of OqxAB Efflux Pump in Selection of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orsolya Szabo ◽  
Bela Kocsis ◽  
Nikolett Szabo ◽  
Katalin Kristof ◽  
Dora Szabo
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Selection Of

The role of OqxAB efflux pump in Klebsiella pneumoniae was investigated in correlation with ciprofloxacin exposure. K. pneumoniae SE23 and K. pneumoniae SE191 were isolated from urinary tract infections and were analyzed in this study. Each carried oqxAB resistance determinant and exhibited ciprofloxacin MIC of 0.06 and 0.5 mg/L, respectively. Tested strains were initially exposed to their ciprofloxacin MIC values for 24 hours. Later on, the ciprofloxacin exposition has been increased to a daily 1, 2, 4, and to a final 8 mg/L. Total cellular RNA was extracted at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes of initial exposure and after every 24 hours. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR was performed from each RNA sample. Mutation in gyrA and parC genes was analyzed in each strain and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed. Ciprofloxacin exposure selected resistant strain from K. pneumoniae SE191; by contrast, K. pneumoniae SE23 was not adjustable to the increasing ciprofloxacin concentrations. During initial exposure, both oqxA and oqxB expression remained low (2−ΔCt = 1-2.03). However, increasing ciprofloxacin promoted oqxB expression as it reached fold increase of 15.8–22.8, while oqxA expression was maintained (2−ΔCt = 2-2.15). An amino acid substitution Ser83Tyr in gyrA was detected in K. pneumoniae SE191, but no additional mutations occurred as consequence to ciprofloxacin exposure. MLST identified K. pneumoniae SE191 as ST274, while K. pneumoniae SE23 belonged to the novel ST2567. Ciprofloxacin concentration-dependent upregulation of oqxAB efflux pump in K. pneumoniae is clonally related and contributes to selection for higher level of fluoroquinolone resistance.

scholarly journals PSV-23 The influence of prior experience on dietary diversity in sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 217-218
Author(s):  
Mariana Pedernera ◽  
Alejandra Vulliez ◽  
Juan J Villalba
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Shannon’S Diversity Index ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract The objective of this study was to explore the influence of prior dietary experiences on intake and selection of novel feeds by lambs. Twenty lambs housed in individual pens were assigned to two groups (10lambs/group): Negative (NE) and Positive (PE) Experiences, in a split-plot design. Lambs were offered a nutritive novel feed followed by intra-ruminal infusions of lithium chloride-LiCl (150 mg/kg BW), a toxicant that causes food aversions (NE), or vehicle (water; PE). The feed was offered daily and infusions were delivered only when intake was ≥50g, when the protocol was repeated with another novel feed until 4 feeds (oats, wheat bran, corn, beep pulp) were offered. After exposure, all lambs were tested for their acceptance of single novel feeds, each offered during 2 consecutive days: sorghum grain, rice bran, Calfmanna® pellets and soybean meal. Subsequently, all lambs were offered a 5-way choice among these feeds and alfalfa (familiar feed). Intake data, preference and Shannon’s diversity index (5-way choices) were analyzed with a Mann-Whiney U test. During exposure, the NE group ate less of the 4 feeds than the PE group (P < 0.05). Moreover, as exposure progressed, it took more days for NE lambs to reach the 50 g intake threshold, suggesting that neophobia in this group increased with negative experiences. During testing, NE lambs ate less (P < 0.05) of the novel feeds, except soybean meal, than the PE lambs. During the 5-way-choice test, preference for alfalfa was 63.6±3.5% for NE and 45.2±2.6% for PE (P < 0.001). The Shannon’s index was 0.85±0.05 for NE and 1.24±0.03 for PE (P < 0.001), suggesting that lambs in NE selected a less diverse diet. Thus, prior experience influenced neophobia and dietary diversity, an outcome that could impact the nutrition and welfare of grazing animals introduced to novel environments and the diversity of plant communities.

scholarly journals Importance of Food Selection for Celiac Sprue Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 202-207
Author(s):  
O. Faměra ◽  
I. Hálová ◽  
L. Kouřimská
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Free Food ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Dietary Restrictions ◽  
Food Species ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Major Nutrients ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract A questionnaire survey was conducted among people with celiac disease. Questions were focused on dietary foods available and the preference of suitable grain food species. A one-week diet menu was prepared for the participants of the survey. Daily intake of major nutrients and energy was determined. Supermarkets have the largest selection of dietary foods, although in a narrow range. Celiac patients often rely on themselves to make and prepare food. The majority of respondents (57%) considered dietary restrictions as burdening; 43% have adapted to this situation. Food made of rice was the most popular among cereal foods for 50% of respondents, corn for 39%, and buckwheat and millet for only 7% of respondents. Nobody classified amaranth as the most popular food. The model diet for people with celiac disease exceeded the recommended daily intake of protein and undervalued lipid ingestion. This problem was mainly caused by the food composition of the evening meal. Total daily energy intake of 9900 kJ met the women’s needs. There were still 2100 kJ missing for men. The terms ‘gluten-free food or diet’ and ‘gliadin content’, which generally relate to the products of wheat, rye, oats, and triticale, are not accurate.

Identifying Measurement Invariant Item Sets in Cross-Cultural Settings Using an Automated Item Selection Procedure

Methodology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schultze ◽  
Michael Eid
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Item Selection ◽  
Ant System ◽  
Item Quality ◽  
Ant System Algorithm ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract. In the construction of scales intended for the use in cross-cultural studies, the selection of items needs to be guided not only by traditional criteria of item quality, but has to take information about the measurement invariance of the scale into account. We present an approach to automated item selection which depicts the process as a combinatorial optimization problem and aims at finding a scale which fulfils predefined target criteria – such as measurement invariance across cultures. The search for an optimal solution is performed using an adaptation of the [Formula: see text] Ant System algorithm. The approach is illustrated using an application to item selection for a personality scale assuming measurement invariance across multiple countries.

ESTIMASI NILAI HERITABILITAS BOBOT IKAN MAS VARIETAS PUNTEN DALAM PROGRAM SELEKSI INDIVIDU

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Estu Nugroho ◽  
Budi Setyono ◽  
Mochammad Su’eb ◽  
Tri Heru Prihadi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Base Population ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Body Weight Trait ◽  
Population Selection ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Weight Trait ◽  
Selection Of

Program pemuliaan ikan mas varietas Punten dilakukan dengan seleksi individu terhadap karakter bobot ikan. Pembentukan populasi dasar untuk kegiatan seleksi dilakukan dengan memijahkan secara massal induk ikan mas yang terdiri atas 20 induk betina dan 21 induk jantan yang dikoleksi dari daerah Punten, Kepanjen (delapan betina dan enam jantan), Kediri (tujuh betina dan 12 jantan), Sragen (27 betina dan 10 jantan), dan Blitar (15 betina dan 11 jantan). Larva umur 10 hari dipelihara selama empat bulan. Selanjutnya dilakukan penjarangan sebesar 50% dan benih dipelihara selama 14 bulan untuk dilakukan seleksi dengan panduan hasil sampling 250 ekor individu setiap populasi. Seleksi terhadap calon induk dilakukan saat umur 18 bulan pada populasi jantan dan betina secara terpisah dengan memilih berdasarkan 10% bobot ikan yang terbaik. Calon induk yang terseleksi kemudian dipelihara hingga matang gonad, kemudian dipilih sebanyak 150 pasang dan dipijahkan secara massal. Didapatkan respons positif dari hasil seleksi berdasarkan bobot ikan, yaitu 49,89 g atau 3,66% (populasi ikan jantan) dan 168,47 g atau 11,43% (populasi ikan betina). Nilai heritabilitas untuk bobot ikan adalah 0,238 (jantan) dan 0,505 (betina).Punten carp breeding programs were carried out by individual selection for body weight trait. The base population for selection activities were conducted by mass breeding of parent consisted of 20 female and 21 male collected from area Punten, eight female and six male (Kepanjen), seven female and 12 male (Kediri), 27 female and 10 male (Sragen), 15 female and 11 male (Blitar). Larvae 10 days old reared for four moths. Then after spacing out 50% of total harvest, the offspring reared for 14 months for selection activity based on the sampling of 250 individual each population. Selection of broodstock candidates performed since 18 months age on male and female populations separately by selecting based on 10% of fish with best body weight. Candidates selected broodstocks were then maintained until mature. In oder to produce the next generation 150 pairs were sets and held for mass spawning. The results revealed that selection response were positive, 49.89 g (3.66%) for male and 168.47 (11.43%) for female. Heritability for body weight is 0.238 (male) and 0.505 (female).

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