Studies On the Behaviour of Cyprinodont Fish. Ii the Evolution of Aggressive Behaviour in Old World Rivulins

Behaviour ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 52 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 172-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.W. Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Transition Matrices ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractThe aggressive behaviour of eighteen species of Old World rivulins is described. The phylogenetic relationship of these species is known and thus the evolution of the behaviour patterns can be elucidated. Comparisons of behaviour were made using transition matrices and the changes in behaviour that occurred during the course of aggressive encounters. It is possible to construct an archetypal pattern of aggressive behaviour from which all existing patterns can be derived. The following types of behavioural change have occurred during evolution. a. Changes in the importance and thus the frequency of occurrence of individual elements of the behaviour. In some species certain of the elements have become eliminated from the repertoire. However the order in which the individual components of aggression reach maximum frequency during the course of encounters is essentially the same in all the species. b. The acquisition of novel transitions between elements often in the form of higher order interactions involving more than two elements. c. Changes in the form and orientation of the elements. Differences between closely related species are mainly in minor variations in frequency of elements and transitions between them; more distantly related species differ more fundamentally and thus the differences in behaviour are in accordance with the taxonomic status of the species.

scholarly journals Taxonomic revision of the Campoplex difformis group (Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae), with particular reference to species of economic importance

2021 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Di Giovanni ◽  
Pier Luigi Scaramozzino ◽  
Augusto Loni ◽  
Andrea Lucchi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Host Record ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Closely Related Species

Despite their importance as potential biological control agents, species of the campoplegine genus Campoplex Gravenhorst, 1829 are hard to identify. Previous works provided short descriptions or poor illustrations of crucial characters, meaning it is often impossible to distinguish closely related species. We provide illustrations to identify species of the Campoplex difformis group and redescriptions of and illustrations for C. difformis (Gmelin, 1790), C. capitator Aubert, 1960, C. dubitator Horstmann, 1985, C. formosanae Horstmann, 2012, and C. unicingulatus (Schmiedeknecht, 1909). In addition, the taxonomic status of C. difformis is clarified; a lectotype is designated for C. capitator in Aubert’s collection in Lausanne and the host record for this species on Ancylis mitterbacheriana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) is queried; Campoplex corsicator Aubert, 1960 stat. nov. is removed from synonymy with Campoplex tibialis (Szépligeti, 1916) and redescribed.

scholarly journals Targets, Tactics, and Cooperation in the Play Fighting of Two Genera of Old World Monkeys (Mandrillus and Papio):Accounting for Similarities and Differences

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly L. Kraus ◽  
Vivien C. Pellis ◽  
Sergio M. Pellis
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
The Body ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Competition And Cooperation ◽  
Play Fighting ◽  
Attack And Defense ◽  
Bodily Contact

Play fighting in many species involves partners competing to bite one another while avoiding being bitten. Species can differ in the body targets that are bitten and the tactics used to attack and defend those targets. However, even closely related species that attack and defend the same body target using the same tactics can differ markedly in how much the competitiveness of such interactions is mitigated by cooperation. A degree of cooperation is necessary to ensure that some turn-taking between the roles of attacker and defender occurs, as this is critical in preventing play fighting from escalating into serious fighting. In the present study, the dyadic play fighting of captive troops of 4 closely related species of Old World monkeys, 2 each from 2 genera of Papio and Mandrillus, was analyzed. All 4 species have a comparable social organization, are large bodied with considerable sexual dimorphism, and are mostly terrestrial. In all species, the target of biting is the same – the area encompassing the upper arm, shoulder, and side of the neck – and they have the same tactics of attack and defense. However, the Papio species exhibit more cooperation in their play than do the Mandrillus species, with the former using tactics that make biting easier to attain and that facilitate close bodily contact. It is possible that species differences in how rigidly dominance relationships are maintained are expressed in the play of juveniles by altering the balance between competition and cooperation.

New record of Thor hainanensis Xu & Li, 2014 and taxonomical remarks on Lysmata ternatensis de Man, 1902 (Decapoda: Thoridae & Lysmatidae) from the Lakshadweep Islands, India

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4624 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-364
Author(s):  
MANU MADHAVAN ◽  
P. PURUSHOTHAMAN ◽  
S. AKASH ◽  
S. BHARATHI ◽  
SHEENA JOSE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
New Record ◽  
Hainan Island ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
Taxonomic Description ◽  
Coi Sequences ◽  
De Man ◽  
Relationship Of

The present study reports the new record of Thor hainanensis Xu & Li, 2014, on the basis of material from Agatti Islands in the Lakshadweep, India. This species was recently described from Hainan Island, China. Relationship of this species to two closely related species (T. paschalis and T. amboinensis) is discussed in this manuscript. Similarly, the present study also reports the rediscovery of other species, Lysmata ternatensis De Man, 1902 from the Lakshadweep waters with detailed taxonomic description. The present specimens were found to occur in the intertidal region in small crevices and rocks at a depth of 0.5-2.0 m. Genetic analysis using the mitochondrial COI sequences for both the species reveals close agreement for the morphological identification and showed the significant variation from the closely related species. 

scholarly journals Aggression and discrimination among closely versus distantly related species of Drosophila

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 190069
Author(s):  
Tarun Gupta ◽  
Sarah E. Howe ◽  
Marlo L. Zorman ◽  
Brent L. Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Future Study ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Male Aggression ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Heterospecific Aggression

Fighting between different species is widespread in the animal kingdom, yet this phenomenon has been relatively understudied in the field of aggression research. Particularly lacking are studies that test the effect of genetic distance, or relatedness, on aggressive behaviour between species. Here we characterized male–male aggression within and between species of fruit flies across the Drosophila phylogeny. We show that male Drosophila discriminate between conspecifics and heterospecifics and show a bias for the target of aggression that depends on the genetic relatedness of opponent males. Specifically, males of closely related species treated conspecifics and heterospecifics equally, whereas males of distantly related species were overwhelmingly aggressive towards conspecifics. To our knowledge, this is the first study to quantify aggression between Drosophila species and to establish a behavioural bias for aggression against conspecifics versus heterospecifics. Our results suggest that future study of heterospecific aggression behaviour in Drosophila is warranted to investigate the degree to which these trends in aggression among species extend to broader behavioural, ecological and evolutionary contexts.

Inosperma subsphaerosporum (Inocybaceae), a new species from Hainan, tropical China

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 502 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-178
Author(s):  
LUN-SHA DENG ◽  
WEN-JIE YU ◽  
NIAN-KAI ZENG ◽  
LI-JIE LIU ◽  
LI-YUE LIU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Hainan Province ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Tropical China ◽  
A New Species

Inosperma subsphaerosporum sp. nov. is described from Hainan Province of China, based on morphological features and molecular phylogeny. The new species is characterized by a medium-sized basidioma, a scaly-fibrillose to rimulose pileus, subglobose to globose basidiospores, and thin-walled cheilocystidia. Moreover, I. subsphaerosporum is phylogenetically placed in an Old World tropical clade, in which all members described are from South Asia. Detailed descriptions, color photographs as well as comparisons between the new species and its closely related species are provided.

First records raise questions: DNA barcoding of Odonata in the middle of the Mediterranean

Genome ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Rewicz ◽  
Arnold Móra ◽  
Grzegorz Tończyk ◽  
Ada Szymczak ◽  
Michal Grabowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Index Number ◽  
Reference Library ◽  
Nuclear Markers ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Maltese Islands ◽  
Morphological Species

We present the results of the first-ever DNA barcoding study of odonates from the Maltese Islands. In total, 10 morphologically identified species were collected during a two-week long expedition in 2018. Eighty cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcodes were obtained from the collected specimens. Intra- and interspecific distances ranged from 0.00% to 2.24% and 0.48% to 17.62%, respectively. Successful species identification based on ascribing a single morphological species to a single Barcode Index Number (BIN) was achieved for eight species (80%). In the case of two species, Ischnura genei and Anax parthenope, BINs were shared with other closely related species. The taxonomic status of I. genei is questionable and the phylogenetic relationship between A. imperator/parthenope is not clear. Further studies involving a series of adult specimens collected in a wide spatial range and nuclear markers are necessary to resolve these cases. Therefore, this dataset serves as an initial DNA barcode reference library for Maltese odonates, within a larger project: Aquatic Macroinvertebrates DNA Barcode Library of Malta.

Morphological and molecular characterisation of Aporcelaimellus nigeriensis sp. n. (Dorylaimida: Aporcelaimidae), a remarkable dorylaim from Nigeria

Nematology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 867-877
Author(s):  
Milad Rashidifard ◽  
Tesleem T. Bello ◽  
Hendrika Fourie ◽  
Danny L. Coyne ◽  
Reyes Peña-Santiago
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Molecular Characterisation ◽  
Neck Length ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
A New Species

Summary A new species of Aporcelaimellus, collected in a watermelon field in Nigeria, is described, including its morphological and molecular (D2-D3 28S-rDNA, 18r-DNA) characterisation. Aporcelaimellus nigeriensis sp. n. is distinguishable by its 2.76-3.55 mm length, very coarse ventral body pores, lip region offset by deep constriction and 24-27 μm broad odontostyle 30-36 μm long at its dorsal and 28-31 μm at its ventral side, neck 648-779 μm long, pharyngeal expansion occupying 54-60% of total neck length, uterus 300-473 μm or 2.1-3.2 body diam. long and tripartite, V = 49-54, tail short and convex conoid (27-41 μm, c = 72-115, c′ = 0.5-0.7), spicules 108-137 μm long, and 9-10 spaced ventromedian supplements with hiatus. LSU analysis revealed a close relationship of A. nigeriensis sp. n. with other Aporcelaimellus species and questioned, once more, the monophyly of Aporcelaimidae. SSU phylogenetic tree was not able to resolve the relationship between the new species and other closely related species.

KARYOLOGY OF NORTH AMERICAN NATRICINE SNAKES (FAMILY COLUBRIDAE) OF THE GENERA NATRIX AND REGINA

1973 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. William Kilpatrick ◽  
Earl G. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
North American ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Related Genus ◽  
Chromosomal Variation ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Water Snake ◽  
The Family

Four species of the water snake genus Natrix have a distinctly different pattern of chromosomal morphology than found in two species of the related genus Regina. Natrix all have a karyotype with seven pairs of large or medium-sized submetacentric autosomes, three pairs of medium-sized subtelocentric autosomes, and seven pairs of small metacentric autosomes. All have a 2n of 36 with a submetacentric Z and submetacentric or subtelocentric W. The autosomal complement of Regina consists of seven pairs of large to medium-sized submetacentrics, five pairs of medium-sized submetacentrics, and five pairs of small metacentrics. The Z and W are both submetacentric chromosomes. The sex chromosomes are easily distinguished in both genera. The relationships of Natrix and Regina and Old World Natrix are discussed, as well as chromosomal variation in closely related species in the family Colubridae.

Revision of the European Aethes rubigana complex with a description of genetically confirmed Aethes kyrkii sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pekka Lankinen ◽  
Juhani Itämies ◽  
Marko Mutanen
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Enzyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Genetic Isolation ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Palearctic Region ◽  
A New Species

AbstractThe Aethes rubigana complex is shown to comprise four closely related species in the Palearctic region: Eurasian Aethes cnicana (Westwood, 1854), European A. rubigana (Treitschke, 1830), Asiatic A. citreoflava V. I. Kuznetsov, 1966, and A. kyrkii, here described as a new species from northern Finland. A. kyrkii is morphologically most close to A. cnicana, but enzyme electrophoresis revealed complete genetic isolation between them. Descriptions are given of the three species occurring in Europe, and their respective biologies are outlined. Statistical analyses of traits of the forewing are given. The taxonomic status of A. arcticana (Brandt, 1937) is revised.

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