The scent of stress: Pintado catfish differentially respond to chemical cues from stressed conspecifics

Behaviour ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 149 (9) ◽  
pp. 941-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Percília C. Giaquinto ◽  
Anette Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Food Ingestion ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Confinement Stress ◽  
Predator Stress

We examined whether pintado catfish (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) can discriminate between scents of non-injured conspecifics stressed by a predator or by confinement and how fish use this information in the trade-off between feeding and predator avoidance. In the confinement stress condition, fish ingested the food, whereas in the predator stress condition, fish did not eat. This finding and comparisons of the latency to food ingestion and the time spent swimming between the confinement and predator-stress conditions indicated that pintado catfish can discriminate between conspecifics stressed by a predator or confinement using chemical cues, and use this information for adjusting the trade-off between food intake and predator avoidance.

scholarly journals Effects of parasites upon non-host predator avoidance behaviour in native and invasive gammarids

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Sajad Farahani ◽  
Per J. Palsbøll ◽  
Ido Pen ◽  
Jan Komdeur
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Gammarus Fossarum ◽  
Acanthocephalan Parasite

Abstract The acanthocephalan parasite, Polymorphus minutus, manipulates its intermediate hosts' (gammarids) behaviour, presumably to facilitate its transmission to the definitive hosts. A fundamental question is whether this capability has evolved to target gammarids in general, or specifically sympatric gammarids. We assessed the responses to chemical cues from a non-host predator (the three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus) in infected and non-infected gammarids; two native (Gammarus pulex and Gammarus fossarum), and one invasive (Echinogammarus berilloni) species, all sampled in the Paderborn Plateau (Germany). The level of predator avoidance was assessed by subjecting gammarids to choice experiments with the presence or absence of predator chemical cues. We did not detect any behavioural differences between uninfected and infected G. pulex and E. berilloni, but an elevated degree of predator avoidance in infected G. fossarum. Avoiding non-host predators may ultimately increase the probability of P. minutus' of predation by the definitive host. Our results suggested that P. minutus' ability to alter the host's behaviour may have evolved to specifically target sympatric gammarid host species. Uninfected gammarids did not appear to avoid the non-host predator chemical cues. Overall the results also opened the possibility that parasites may play a critical role in the success or failure of invasive species.

scholarly journals Effects of Acute Confinement Stress-induced Hypothalamic-pituitary Adrenal Axis Activation and Concomitant Peripheral and Central Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Measures in Nonhuman Primates

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 247054701668869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy D. Coplan ◽  
Srinath Gopinath ◽  
Chadi G. Abdallah ◽  
Jeffrey Margolis ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β1 ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Confinement Stress ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Tgf Β1

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional cytokine with anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and neuroprotective properties. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system exert bidirectional influences on each other, via cortisol and TGF-β1, but the exact nature of the interaction is not well characterized. The current study examined the effects, in bonnet macaques ( Macaca radiata), of two consecutive acute confinement stress periods in an unfamiliar room while mildly restrained, first without and then with dexamethasone pretreatment (0.01 mg/kg intramuscular). Preceding the confinement studies, a non-stress control condition obtained contemporaneous levels of cortisol and TGF-β1 in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid to match the confinement stress studies. Subjects were reared under either normative or variable foraging demand conditions. Since there were no rearing effects at baseline or for any of the conditions tested—either for cortisol or TGF-β—the study analyses were conducted on the combined rearing groups. The stress condition increased both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid cortisol levels whereas dexamethasone pretreatment decreased cortisol concentrations to below baseline levels despite stress. The stress condition decreased TGF-β1 concentrations only in cerebrospinal fluid but not in serum. Together, the data suggested that stress-induced reductions of a centrally active neuroprotective cytokine occur in the face of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, potentially facilitating glucocortoid-induced neurotoxicity. Stress-induced reductions of neuroprotective cytokines prompt exploration of protective measures against glucocorticoid-induced neurotoxicity.

The CRZ-1 Transcription Factor Regulates Hsp 80 Involves in the Acquisition of Thermotolerance, and NCA-2 for Calcium Stress Tolerance in Neurospora Crassa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avishek Roy ◽  
Ranjan Tamuli
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Start Codon ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Heat Shock Stress ◽  
Shock Proteins ◽  
Shock Stress

Abstract Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are molecular chaperones and required for survival of organisms under heat stress conditions. In this study, we studied Hsp80, a member of the Hsp90 family, in Neurospora crassa. The expression of hsp80 was severely reduced in the N. crassa calcineurin B subunit RIP-mutant (cnb-1RIP) strains under the heat shock conditions. Furthermore, the expression levels of cnb-1, hsp60, hsp80, and the calcineurin-regulated transcription factor crz-1 were increased, but expression levels were reduced in the presence of the calcineurin inhibitor FK506 under the heat shock stress in the N. crassa wild type. Therefore, the calcineurin-crz-1 signaling pathway transcriptionally regulates hsp60 and hsp80 under the heat shock stress condition in N. crassa. In addition, the transcript levels of trm-9 and nca-2, a Ca2+ sensor and a Ca2+ ATPase, respectively, were increased under the heat shock stress condition. Moreover, the expression of the hsp80, but not the hsp60, was reduced in the Δtrm-9, Δnca-2, and the Δtrm-9 Δnca-2 double mutants. These results suggested that hsp80, trm-9, and nca-2 play a role in coping the heat shock stress in N. crassa. We found that CRZ-1 binds to 5ʹ-CCTTCACA-3ʹ and 5ʹ-AGCGGAGC-3ʹ 8 bp nucleotide sequences, located about 1075 bp and 679 bp upstream of the ATG start codon, respectively, of hsp80. We also found that CRZ-1 binds to an 8 bp nucleotide sequence 5ʹ-ACCGCGCC-3ʹ, located 234 bp upstream of the ATG start codon of nca-2 under Ca2+ stress condition. Thus, cnb-1, hsp60, hsp80, and crz-1 are involved in the heat shock stress response in N. crassa. Moreover, CRZ-1 upregulates the expressions of hsp80 and nca-2 under the heat shock stress and Ca2+ stress conditions, respectively, in N. crassa.

scholarly journals Vigor and alpha-amylase activity in common bean seeds under salt stress conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 3633-3650
Author(s):  
Matheus Santin Padilha ◽  
◽  
Cileide Maria Medeiros Coelho ◽  
Natalia Carolina Moraes Ehrhardt-Brocardo ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Reserve Mobilization ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Seeds with high vigor have greater capacity for hydrolysis and mobilization of stored reserves, which results in the formation of vigorous seedlings, and this behavior is observed under abiotic stress conditions. This study proposes to investigate the relationship of the enzyme alpha-amylase in lots of common-bean seeds with contrasting vigor, when subjected to the absence and presence of salt stress, aiming to identify the relationship of this enzyme with the vigor of the seed lot under these conditions. Seven common-bean cultivars were used. Physiological quality was determined by germination, vigor index and seedling length. The mobilization of reserves was evaluated under absence and presence of salt stress simulated with a NaCl solution with a concentration of 50 mmol L-1. The analyzed variables regarding reserve mobilization were reserve reduction, reserve reduction rate, seedling dry weight, reserve mobilization rate, starch, starch reduction rate and alpha-amylase activity. Results showed that the stress condition negatively affected all the evaluated variables; however, the cultivars classified as having greater vigor showed better physiological performance under stress. Salt stress in common-bean seeds affects seedling performance and reduces alpha-amylase activity during germination, and high-vigor seed lots exhibited higher enzyme activity in the no-stress condition.

scholarly journals Heritability and mode of gene action determination for grain filling rate and relative water content in hexaploid wheat

Genetika ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Golparvar
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Filling Rate ◽  
Grain Filling Rate ◽  
Relative Water

Mode of gene action, heritability and determination of the effective breeding strategy for improvement of physiological and traits specifically in drought stress conditions is very important. Therefore, this study was conducted by using two drought susceptible and tolerant wheat cultivars. Cultivars Sakha8 (tolerant) and Pishtaz (susceptible) as parents along with F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations were sown in a randomized complete block design with three replications in drought stress conditions. Results of analysis of variance indicated significant difference between generations as well as degree of dominance revealed over-dominance for the both traits. Fitting simple additive-dominance model designated that this model was not able to account for changes of traits relative water content and mean of grain filling rate. It was revealed that m-d-h-i-j model for relative water content and m-d-h-i model for mean of grain filling rate are the best models. Estimation of heritability and mode of gene action indicated that selection for improvement of traits studied in stress condition and specifically in early generations have medium genetic gain. In conclusion, grain filling rate is better than relative water content as indirect selection criteria to improve plant grain yield in drought stress condition.

scholarly journals Expression of DinJ-YafQ System of Lactobacillus casei Group Strains in Response to Food Processing Stresses

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 438
Author(s):  
Alessia Levante ◽  
Claudia Folli ◽  
Barbara Montanini ◽  
Alberto Ferrari ◽  
Erasmo Neviani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Food Environments ◽  
Bacterial Genomes ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Related Stress

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widely distributed in bacterial genomes and are involved in the adaptive response of microorganisms to stress conditions. Few studies have addressed TA systems in Lactobacillus and their role in the adaptation to food environments and processes. In this work, for six strains belonging to L. casei group isolated from dairy products, the expression of DinJ-YafQ TA system was investigated after exposure to various food-related stresses (nutrient starvation, low pH, high salt concentration, oxidative stress, and high temperature), as well as to the presence of antibiotics. In particular, culturability and DinJ-YafQ expression were evaluated for all strains and conditions by plate counts and RT qPCR. Among all the food-related stress conditions, only thermal stress was capable to significantly affect culturability. Furthermore, exposure to ampicillin significantly decreased the culturability of two L. rhamnosus strains. The regulation of DinJ-YafQ TA system resulted strain-specific; however, high temperature was the most significant stress condition able to modulate DinJ-YafQ expression. The increasing knowledge about TA systems activity and regulation might offer new perspectives to understand the mechanisms that L. casei group strains exploit to adapt to different niches or production processes.

scholarly journals Skin potential response for stress recognition in simulated urban driving

ACTA IMEKO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Pamela Zontone ◽  
Antonio Affanni ◽  
Alessandro Piras ◽  
Roberto Rinaldo
Keyword(s):  
Stress Condition ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Binary Classification ◽  
Motion Artifact ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Potential Response ◽  
Motion Platform ◽  
Skin Potential ◽  
Skin Potential Response

In this paper, we address the problem of possible stress conditions arising in car drivers, thus affecting their driving performance. We apply various Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to analyse the stress of subjects while driving in an urban area in two different situations: one with cars, pedestrians and traffic along the course, and the other characterized by the complete absence of any of these possible stress-inducing factors. To evaluate the presence of a stress condition we use two Skin Potential Response (SPR) signals, recorded from each hand of the test subjects, and process them through a Motion Artifact (MA) removal algorithm which reduces the artifacts that might be introduced by the hand movements. We then compute some statistical features starting from the cleaned SPR signal. A binary classification ML algorithm is then fed with these features, giving as an output a label that indicates if a time interval belongs to a stress condition or not. Tests are carried out in a laboratory at the University of Udine, where a car driving simulator with a motorized motion platform has been prearranged. We show that the use of one single SPR signal, along with the application of ML algorithms, enables the detection of possible stress conditions while the subjects are driving, in the traffic and no traffic situations. As expected, we observe that the test individuals are less stressed in the situation without traffic, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed slightly invasive system for detection of stress in drivers.

scholarly journals A Bayesian Network Structure Learning Approach to Identify Genes Associated with Stress in Spleens of Chickens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Videla Rodriguez ◽  
John B.O. Mitchell ◽  
V. Anne Smith
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Networks ◽  
Bayesian Network ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Simulated Annealing Algorithm ◽  
Structure Learning ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Bioinformatics Analyses ◽  
Combining Data

Abstract Differences in the expression patterns of genes have been used to measure the effects of non-stress or stress conditions in poultry species. However, the list of genes identified can be extensive and they might be related to several biological systems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify a small set of genes closely associated with stress in a poultry animal model, the chicken (Gallus gallus), by reusing and combining data previously published together with bioinformatic analysis and Bayesian networks in a multi-step approach. Two datasets were collected from publicly available repositories and pre-processed. Bioinformatics analyses were performed to identify genes common to both datasets that showed differential expression patterns between non-stress and stress conditions. Bayesian networks were learnt using a Simulated Annealing algorithm implemented in the software Banjo. The structure of the Bayesian network consisted of 16 out of 19 genes in addition to the stress condition. CARD19 displayed a direct relationship with the stress condition, and three other genes, CYGB, BRAT1, and EPN3 were also relevant for the stress condition. The biological functionality of these genes are related to damage, apoptosis, and oxygen provision, and they could potentially be further explored as biomarkers of stress.

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