Intersexual behaviour and effect of male and female intruders in the Tenerife skink (Chalcides viridanus). Is there any mate guarding?

Behaviour ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Paula Sánchez-Hernández ◽  
M. Mercedes Suárez-Rancel ◽  
Miguel Molina-Borja
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Mate Guarding ◽  
Pair Member ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
The Third

Abstract Individuals avoid potential competitors accessing mates during reproductive periods staying close to the mate and chasing same-sex intruders. We studied intersexual relationships and the effect of intruders of each sex in male-female pairs of Chalcides viridanus. We analysed: (1) behaviour patterns of each pair member and the time they spent together during three successive days in March, April and May; and (2) interactions of intruder-resident of the same sex, during each of the three months. Sexual and monthly differences appeared in intersexual behaviour as the breeding season progressed. In each month, time together was significantly larger on the third trial day than in the two previous days but did not significantly change between months. Sexes did not significantly differ in intruder-resident behaviours, but male aggressive interactions were significantly larger in May. Intruder females performed higher frequencies of non-agonistic behaviours than residents. We discuss all these results considering the predictions of mate guarding hypothesis.

Smoking status and attractiveness among identical twins discordant for smoking

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Skinner ◽  
Andy ◽  
Ian Penton-Voak ◽  
Marcus Robert Munafo
Keyword(s):  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Identical Twins ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Facial Aging ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Separate Sample ◽  
Behaviour Change Interventions

Background and aims: Smoking is associated with negative health of skin and increased signs of facial aging. We aimed to address two questions about smoking and appearance: 1) how does smoking affect the attractiveness of faces, and 2) does facial appearance alone provide an indication of smoking status?Methods: Faces of identical twins discordant for smoking were averaged to make male and female smoking and non-smoking prototypes faces. In Task 1, we presented same sex smoking and non-smoking prototypes side-by-side and participants (n=590) indicated which face was more attractive. Participants were blind to prototype smoking status. In Task 2 a separate sample (n=580) indicated which prototype was the smoker.Results: In Task 1 both male and female participants judged non-smoking prototypes more attractive, irrespective of the sex of the prototype face. In Task 2, both male and female participants selected the smoking prototype as the smoker more often, again irrespective of the sex of the prototype face.Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence that smoking may negatively impact facial appearance, and that facial appearance alone may be sufficient to indicate smoking status. We discuss the possible use of these findings in smoking behaviour change interventions.

scholarly journals Dominance relationships and coalitionary aggression against conspecifics in female carrion crows

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt Holtmann ◽  
Julia Buskas ◽  
Matthew Steele ◽  
Kristaps Solokovskis ◽  
Jochen B. W. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
The Third ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Dominant Individual ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Cooperation is a prevailing feature of many animal systems. Coalitionary aggression, where a group of individuals engages in coordinated behaviour to the detriment of conspecific targets, is a form of cooperation involving complex social interactions. To date, evidence has been dominated by studies in humans and other primates with a clear bias towards studies of male-male coalitions. We here characterize coalitionary aggression behaviour in a group of female carrion crows consisting of recruitment, coordinated chase, and attack. The individual of highest social rank liaised with the second most dominant individual to engage in coordinated chase and attack of a lower ranked crow on several occasions. Despite active intervention by the third most highly ranked individual opposing the offenders, the attack finally resulted in the death of the victim. All individuals were unrelated, of the same sex, and naïve to the behaviour excluding kinship, reproduction, and social learning as possible drivers. Instead, the coalition may reflect a strategy of the dominant individual to secure long-term social benefits. Overall, the study provides evidence that members of the crow family engage in coordinated alliances directed against conspecifics as a possible means to manipulate their social environment.

Quantitative Bestimmung der hydrierten Pterine und des Xanthommatins in den Augen von Ceratitis capitata WIED (Dipt. Trypetidae)

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irmgard Ziegler ◽  
M. Feron
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Third ◽  
Quantitative Bestimmung ◽  
Drastic Increase

In the eyes of male and female flies a quantitative determination of the tetrahydropterin, the corresponding dihydro-compound (Sepiapterin) and of xanthommatin from 0—5 days after hatching was made. The increase of xanthommatin almost stops 24 hours after hatching; about 13 μg are present after that time. The tetrahydropterin, after a drastic increase during the first 24 hours, remains at a level of about 1,1 — 1,2 µg. In contrast the dihydrocompound which is nearly absent at the time of hatching is deposited on the eye-granules between the third and fifth day. At that time, especially in the male the dihydropterin/tetrahydropterin ratio is increased. Starvation during the first 24 hours has essentially no effect on the amount of xanthommation whereas the amount of pterins is markedly reduced.

Adults' Perceptions of Children's Independence and other Sex-Role Characteristics as a Function of Child's Gender Label

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy J. Bell ◽  
Kay Hibbs ◽  
Thomas Milholland
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female College ◽  
Opposite Sex

Male and female college students were presented with a photograph labeled as a 5-yr.-old boy or girl and heard statements attributed to the child. They then rated the child on sex-role traits and responded to open-ended questions about the child. The primary findings involved sex of child by sex of adult interactions on ratings of independence and leadership: in both cases, same-sex children were rated higher than opposite-sex children. There was also some evidence that women having high contact with children rated the child more extremely on opposite-sex traits than did those with little contact.

scholarly journals Aggressive interactions rapidly increase androgen synthesis in the brain during the non-breeding season

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 381-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devaleena S. Pradhan ◽  
Amy E.M. Newman ◽  
Douglas W. Wacker ◽  
John C. Wingfield ◽  
Barney A. Schlinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Androgen Synthesis ◽  
The Brain

Dental Interns’ Perceptions of Their Training Experiences at Different Training Centers: A Look at Work Environment and Supervision

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Alenezi
Keyword(s):  
Work Environment ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Field Experience ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Third ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Strongly Agree ◽  
High Level

Abstract Background: the aim of this study was to explore dental interns perceptions on their learning environment and supervision. Methods: This survey was in form of questioner in which interns are required to fill and submit at the end of each training rotation. The questionnaire includes 20 items and was divided into three main parts: the first part of the questionnaire evaluated the interns perception toward the learning outcomes obtained from the field experience and their development. The second part of the study assessed the interns' perceptions toward their supervisors. The third part of the questionnaire investigated the interns' perceptions toward training centers facilities. Results: A total number of 234 questioners were filled and submitted by interns in which 134 from male intern (57.3%) and 100 from female interns (42.7%). In general, the interns from both genders appeared very satisfied with their training experience. With all the questionnaire 20 items, more than 75% of the obtained answers was either agree or strongly agree with similar obtained from both male and female interns. Conclusions: High level of satisfaction can be obtained when the the field experience outcomes is clearly explained to the dental interns. In addition, the availability of supervisors with full awareness of learning outcomes will improve the learning experience of dental interns.

scholarly journals Evolutionary insight from a humble fly: sperm competition and the yellow dungfly

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1813) ◽  
pp. 20200062
Author(s):  
Leigh W. Simmons ◽  
Geoff A. Parker ◽  
David J. Hosken
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Sperm Competition ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Mate Guarding ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sexual Selection Theory ◽  
The 1960S

Studies of the yellow dungfly in the 1960s provided one of the first quantitative demonstrations of the costs and benefits associated with male and female reproductive behaviour. These studies advanced appreciation of sexual selection as a significant evolutionary mechanism and contributed to the 1970s paradigm shift toward individual selectionist thinking. Three behaviours in particular led to the realization that sexual selection can continue during and after mating: (i) female receptivity to remating, (ii) sperm displacement and (iii) post-copulatory mate guarding. These behaviours either generate, or are adaptations to sperm competition, cryptic female choice and sexual conflict. Here we review this body of work, and its contribution to the development of post-copulatory sexual selection theory. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fifty years of sperm competition’.

Common Terns Raise Young from Successive Broods

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Hays
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Sterna Hirundo ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Common Terns ◽  
Second Clutch

Abstract In this paper I report the first instance of a pair of Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) raising young in successive clutches during one breeding season and discuss this phenomenon in relation to male and female incubation and feeding rates and to predation. Five other pairs are noted in which the female and sometimes the male incubated a second clutch while still feeding one young from their first nest.

scholarly journals Profile of Colorectal Tumor in Gastroentero-Hepatology Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Husin Thamrin ◽  
Khafidhotul Ilmiah ◽  
Ni Wajan Tirthaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Colorectal Tumor ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Third ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethical Clearance

Colorectal cancer has became burden in the world.The latest study shows that colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in men and second most common cancer in women globally. There are difference characteristic of epidemiology in every countries. Moreover, there is no study that represents epidemiology of colorectal cancer in Indonesia yet, especially in East Java. The aim of this study was to describe colorectal tumor profile by age and gender in Gastroentero-Hepatology Center, Dr Soetomo Hospital. This study has received a certificate of Ethical Clearance No.273/Panke.KKE/IV/2015, a descriptive retrospective study. We collected data using medical records, and patients who have been colonoscopy examination and suspected colorectal tumor were included. There were 201 patients, divided to 100 males and 101 females. The peak of incidence was on 51-60 years old group, but on the 31-40 years old incidence of colorectal tumor was increased. The youngest patient was 17 years old. And tumors are more likely develop in distal area, especially in rectum. This study shows a different characteristic profile of colorectal tumor, where tumor is developed at young people and there is no significant difference between male and female for the incidence.

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