Carbon dioxide triggers recovery from dauer juvenile stage in entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis spp.)

Nematology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jessen ◽  
Reiner Luttmann ◽  
Ralf-Udo Ehlers ◽  
Olaf Strauch ◽  
Urs Wyss
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Spontaneous Recovery ◽  
Photorhabdus Luminescens ◽  
Variable Threshold ◽  
Threshold Response ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Delayed Recovery ◽  
Food Signal ◽  
Bioreactor Process

AbstractHeterorhabditis spp. (Rhabditida: Nematoda) live in a close symbiosis with the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. For biocontrol purposes the nematodes are produced in liquid culture pre-incubated with P. luminescens. The bacteria produce a food signal, inducing dauer juveniles (DJ) to initiate development. In rhabditid nematodes the exit from this developmentally arrested third stage DJ is called recovery. Attempts to produce Heterorhabditis spp. in liquid culture have often failed due to low and delayed recovery of the inoculated DJ. The influence of carbon dioxide as a recovery co-factor was investigated. Increasing concentrations of CO2 enhanced DJ recovery in the presence of the bacterial food signal. The effect could not be related to a decline of the pH caused by increasing CO2 concentrations. On the contrary, at lower pH the DJ recovery decreased. In one experiment a considerable spontaneous recovery was observed in the absence of a food signal. This phenomenon and a variable threshold response of the DJ to CO2 lead to the assumption that they are differently pre-disposed to respond to recovery inducing signals. Providing the results can be confirmed in laboratory scale bioreactors, the control of carbon dioxide during nematode liquid culture can help to improve the bioreactor process technology.Heterorhabditis spp. (Rhabditida: Nematoda) leben in enger Symbiose mit dem Bakterium Photorhabdus luminescens. Für die biologische Bekämpfung werden die Nematoden in Flüssigkulturen vermehrt, die vorher mit P. luminescens inkubiert wurden. Die Bakterien produzieren ein Nahrungssignal, das die Dauerlarven (DJ) veranlasst, ihre Entwicklung wieder aufzunehmen. Bei rhabditiden Nematoden wird das Verlassen des entwicklungsphysiologisch gehemmten Dauerlarvenstadiums als “recovery” bezeichnet. Versuche, Heterorhabditis spp. in Flüssigkultur zu produzieren sind oft aufgrund einer niedrigen oder verspäteten “recovery” gescheitert. Der Einfluß von Kohlendioxid als Einflussfaktor auf die “recovery” wurde untersucht. Zunehmende CO2 Konzentrationen förderten die “recovery” bei Anwesenheit des Nahrungssignals. Einem mit zunehmender CO2-Konzentration fallenden pH-Wert konnte die Wirkung nicht zugeschrieben werden. Im Gegenteil, bei niedrigen pH-Werten nahm die “recovery” ab. In einem Experiment wurde eine spontane “recovery” beobachtet, ohne dass ein Nahrungssignal vorhanden war. Dieses Phänomen und die variable Antwort der Dauerlarven auf gleiche CO2-Konzentrationen lassen den Schluss zu, dass die Dauerlarven unterschiedlich prädisponiert sind in ihrer Reaktion auf die “recovery” induzierenden Signale. Vorausgesetzt die Ergebnisse können in LaborBioreaktoren bestätigt werden, ist die Regelung des Kohlendioxidgehalts während der Nematoden-Flüssigkultur eine Hilfe die Prozesstechnik zu optimieren.

scholarly journals Survival of Common Bacteria in Liquid Culture under Carbon Dioxide at High Temperatures

Nature ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 247 (5435) ◽  
pp. 67-67
Author(s):  
K. A. SOUZA ◽  
L. P. ZILL
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Liquid Culture

scholarly journals INDEPENDENT PRODUCTION OF CO2 SENSITIVITY BY NUCLEAR GENE DLY AND A TRANSMISSIBLE AGENT FROM DELAYED-RECOVERY DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-510
Author(s):  
M A Clark ◽  
W B McCrady ◽  
C L Fielding
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Mutant Gene ◽  
Co2 Sensitivity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Male Line ◽  
Delayed Recovery ◽  
Sigma Virus

ABSTRACT Flies of stocks designated delayed-recovery by MCCRADY and SULERUD (1964) remain temporarily paralyzed after exposure to carbon dioxide. This condition is similar to CO2 sensitivity, which occurs in flies infected with the maternally transmitted sigma virus, but is due, at least in part, to the third chromosome mutant gene DlY. Because earlier work indicated that extracts of delayed-recovery flies could occasionally transmit CO2, sensitivity when injected into resistant recipients, we have tested the possibility that some delayed-recovery stocks contain a sigma-like transmissible virus, in addition to the Dly gene. We found that TDR-orange, a stock derived from the original delayed-recovery line, and temperature-cured populations of the same stock, both contain some agent that is transmissible by injection. TDR-BC3f, a stock derived by backcrossing through the male line to eliminate maternally transmitted factors, does not appear to contain such an infectious agent, but remains sensitive to CO2. These observations lead us to the conclusion that the originally described delayed-recovery stocks harbor an infectious extrachromosomal agent, in addition to possessing the Dly gene, and each is capable of producing a sensitivity to carbon dioxide.

scholarly journals Performance improvement of aquaponics systems when using microbiological strains in them

2022 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 01018
Author(s):  
Olga Krotova ◽  
Sergey Chelbin ◽  
Maria Krotova ◽  
Olga Sangadzhieva ◽  
Kermen Khalgaeva
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Aquatic Animals ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Living Organisms

The essence of the method of operation of the aquaponic system is to use the vital waste of aquatic animals as food for plants. At the first stage, the fish produces waste products. Then, in the second stage, microbes and worms convert the waste into fertilizers for plants. During the process, at the third stage, plants consume the necessary products of excretion of living organisms. Aquaponics is an artificial ecosystem in which three types of living organisms are key: aquatic animals (usually fish or shrimp), plants and bacteria. This technology works on the principle of an ecosystem of fish and plants: fish provides food to plants, and plants purify water and are environmentally friendly. The essence of this method is to use the vital waste of aquatic animals (fish, shrimp) as a nutrient medium for plants. These are chemicals such as nitrogenous, potassium, phosphorus compounds, carbon dioxide. Thanks to aquaponic farms, the costs of water and other natural resources, soil pollution and the use of insecticides are already being reduced in different places of our planet. Such systems are a sustainable ecosystem capable of producing organic matter that does not contain toxic substances often present in vegetables grown by traditional methods.

Effect of agitation speed on the density of bacteria Photorhabdus luminescens and the population dynamics of nematodes Heterorhabditis megidis in liquid culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Tumialis ◽  
A. Mazurkiewicz ◽  
I. Skrzecz
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Agitation Speed ◽  
Infective Juvenile ◽  
Photorhabdus Luminescens ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Liquid Cultures ◽  
Heterorhabditis Megidis ◽  
Dynamics Of Population ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Liquid culture is the most scalable technology for the industrial production of entomopathogenic nematodes. Variability of the recovery after inoculation into cultures of Photorhabdus luminescens remains a persistent problem in the mass production of Heterorhabditis sp. In order to enhance infective juvenile (IJ) recovery and improve nematode population management, we analysed the correlation between the nematode Heterorhabditis megidis (strain KV – 136) development in liquid cultures, the density of bacteria of P. luminescens and the culture agitation speed. Analyses focused on the impact of different agitation speeds (160 rpm and 200 rpm) on the dynamics of population growth of H. megidis in liquid cultures at constant biotic and abiotic parameters (initial dose of nematodes introduced to the culture 2300 IJs/ml, temperature 25°C, the number of bacterial colonies 0.3 × 107/ml). The performed experiments showed that the agitation speed of 200 rpm favourably affected the density of bacteria of P. luminescens (24.14 × 107/ml). High density of bacteria at this agitation speed resulted in an earlier (on the fifth day of the culture) maximum increase in the number of hermaphroditic individuals (1239.6 H/ml) than in the culture at an agitation speed of 160 rpm.

scholarly journals Late Miocene threshold response of marine algae to carbon dioxide limitation

Nature ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 500 (7464) ◽  
pp. 558-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara T. Bolton ◽  
Heather M. Stoll
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
Marine Algae ◽  
Threshold Response

scholarly journals DELAYED RECOVERY FROM CARBON DIOXIDE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-526
Author(s):  
William B McCrady ◽  
Ralph L Sulerud
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Delayed Recovery

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxybutyrate with Cellulose Nanocrystals Using Cupriavidus necator

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2604
Author(s):  
Giyoung Shin ◽  
Da-Woon Jeong ◽  
Hyeri Kim ◽  
Seul-A Park ◽  
Semin Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Cupriavidus Necator ◽  
Decomposition Products ◽  
Specific Strength ◽  
High Specific Strength

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a natural polyester synthesized by several microorganisms. Moreover, it has excellent biodegradability and is an eco-friendly material because it converts water and carbon dioxide as final decomposition products. However, the applications of PHB are limited because of its stiffness and brittleness. Because cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have excellent intrinsic mechanical properties such as high specific strength and modulus, they may compensate for the insufficient physical properties of PHB by producing their nanocomposites. In this study, natural polyesters were extracted from Cupriavidus necator fermentation with CNCs, which were well-dispersed in nitrogen-limited liquid culture media. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy results revealed that the additional O–H peak originating from cellulose at 3500–3200 cm−1 was observed for PHB along with the C=O and –COO bands at 1720 cm−1. This suggests that PHB–CNC nanocomposites could be readily obtained using C. necator fermented in well-dispersed CNC-supplemented culture media.

The development of Haemonchus contortus in vitro

Parasitology ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Mapes
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Gastric Mucin ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Ringer’S Solution ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Half Strength

The development of the exsheathed third-stage larva of Haemonchus contortus to the fourth stage in vitro has been investigated in half-strength Ringer's solution and in solutions with ionic concentrations similar to those found in the abomasum during normal secretion of acid and during heavy infestations of Haemonchus. The concentration of carbon dioxide required for the optimum development of the larva has been shown to be dependent on the pH of the medium. At a low pH the optimum pC02 is low and the larva is less sensitive to a range of carbon dioxide concentrations than at a pH near neutrality. Gastric mucin and histamine have been shown to have an inhibiting and a potentiating effect, respectively, on development, in media at pH 6.

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