Detection of Heterodera schachtii infestation in sugar beet by means of laser-induced and pulse amplitude modulated chlorophyll fluorescence

Nematology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Kiewnick ◽  
Walter Kühbauch ◽  
Astrid Schmitz ◽  
Iryna Tartachnyk ◽  
Richard Sikora
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Linear Discrimination ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll

AbstractTwo glasshouse experiments with sugar beet cvs Penta and Macarena inoculated, respectively, with 0 or 1500 and 0, 500, 1000 or 1500 juveniles of Heterodera schachtii, were conducted to estimate the capability of laser-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (LIF) and pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) chlorophyll fluorescence techniques to detect H. schachtii infestation and to differentiate between infestation levels. Fluorescence and gas exchange parameters, nitrogen and chlorophyll content of sugar beet leaves were measured weekly after nematode inoculation. Sugar beet plants responded to H. schachtii infestation initially with a decrease in photosynthesis rate and later with a reduction in nitrogen uptake and chlorophyll concentration. At the early stages of nematode infestation, before visual symptoms were evident, infested sugar beet plants displayed increased fluorescence (F680, F740). Later stages of infection were accompanied by an increase in the F686/F740 ratio, ground fluorescence (Fo) and a decrease in photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) induced by degradation of leaf chlorophyll. Sugar beet plants infested with 500, 1000 or 1500 juveniles per 100 cm3 of soil did not differ either in their nitrogen and chlorophyll content or in photosynthesis and transpiration rate. The linear discrimination analysis based on the combination of PAM and LIF parameters resulted in 100% correct classification of control plants and high classification rates (60-100%) of the infested treatments on all the sampling dates. Whether the fluorescence technique will differentiate nematode densities under field conditions needs further study.

scholarly journals Growth and Photosynthetic Response of Two Persimmon Rootstocks (Diospyros kaki and D. virginiana) under Different Salinity Levels

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meral INCESU ◽  
Berken CIMEN ◽  
Turgut YESILOGLU ◽  
Bilge YILMAZ
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Diospyros Kaki ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Exchange Parameters

Salinity continues to be a major factor in reduced crop productivity and profit in many arid and semiarid regions. Seedlings of Diospyros kaki Thunb. and D. virginiana L. are commonly used as rootstock in persimmon cultivation. In this study we have evaluated the effects of different salinity levels on photosynthetic capacity and plant development of D. kaki and D. virginiana. Salinity was provided by adding 50 mM, 75 mM and 100 mM NaCl to nutrient solution. In order to determine the effects of different salinity levels on plant growth, leaf number, plant height, shoot and root dry mass were recorded. Besides leaf Na, Cl, K and Ca concentrations were determined. Also leaf chlorophyll concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv’/Fm’) and leaf gas exchange parameters including leaf net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gS), leaf transpiration rate (E), and CO2 substomatal concentration (Ci) were investigated. Significant decrease of leaf number, shoot length and plant dry mass by increasing salinity levels was observed in both rootstocks. D. virginiana was less affected in terms of plant growth under salinity stress. Leaf chlorophyll concentration reduction was higher in the leaves of D. kaki in comparison to D. virginiana in 100 mM NaCl treatment. By increasing salinity levels PN, gS and E markedly decreased in both rootstocks and D. kaki was more affected from salinity in terms of leaf gas exchange parameters. In addition there was no significant difference but slight decreases were recorded in leaf chlorophyll fluorescences of both rootstocks.

scholarly journals Adaptation, Biometric Traits and Performances of Guayule Lines Grown in Two Mediterranean Environments

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 651
Author(s):  
Leonardo Sulas ◽  
Giuseppe Campesi ◽  
Simone Canu ◽  
Antonio M. Carroni ◽  
Antonio Dore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Plant Survival ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Mediterranean Environments ◽  
Affected Plant ◽  
Perennial Shrub

The perennial shrub guayule (Parthenium argentatum A. Gray) has gained interest as a potential source of natural and hypoallergenic rubber in Southern Europe. Although, native to northern Mexico, it is suited to semi-arid and Mediterranean environments. A research study was conducted in Sardinia (Italy) to evaluate adaptation and biometric traits of introduced guayule lines and to determine the contents and yields of rubber and resin obtainable from its aboveground biomass. Seedlings of the accessions AZ-1, AZ-2, P803, and 11591 were field transplanted in 2015 at two locations of southern, and northern Sardinia, respectively, differing for annual precipitation. Plant survival rate, height and width, trunk diameter, leaf chlorophyll concentration and photosystem photochemical efficiency were monitored. Shoots were harvested at 30 months after transplanting and were partitioned into twigs and remaining stems and its rubber and resin contents were determined. Location markedly affected plant survival rates and biometric traits. Dry matter yield of aboveground components as well as contents of rubber and resin and plant rubber and resin yields differed significantly among accessions under comparison. We found that AZ1 and 11591 were the most successful accessions at southern Sardinia site, whereas 11591 was the only accession exhibiting a satisfactory plant survival rate in the northern location.

Effect of Seed Hardening and Pelleting on Growth, Yield, Physiology and Resultant Seed Quality of Cowpea under Natural Saline Conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sathiyanarayanan ◽  
S. Maamallan ◽  
M. Prakash ◽  
S. Rameshkumar
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Exchange Parameters

Background: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is one of the most important legume crops cultivated throughout the world. Cowpea is used as food, feed, forage, fodder, green manuring and vegetable. It’s seed is a nutritious component in the human diet, as well as for livestock. Seed hardening and pelleting are seed enhancement techniques used to improve seed germination and seedling vigour and growth by altering the physiological state of the seed. This alteration may improve the vigor or the physiology of the seed by enhancing uniformity of germination. Seed enhancement techniques like hardening and priming include use of chemicals that trigger systemic acquired resistance or improve stress tolerance whereas the pelleting treatments improve seed handling and planting. They also enhance nutrient availability or provide inoculates by delivering materials needed during sowing, germination and seedling establishment. Hence in order to study the combined effect of seed hardening and pelleting on growth, yield and resultant seed quality of cowpea under natural saline conditions, the present study was taken up. Methods: The present field and laboratory investigations were carried out to study the effect of seed hardening, seed pelleting and their combined effect on growth, physiology, yield and resultant seed quality of cowpea under natural saline conditions. The fresh seeds of cowpea seeds cv. CO (CP) 7 were hardened with KCl @ 1%, CaCl2 @ 1% and both KCl and CaCl2 @ 1% and then the hardened seeds were further pelleted with pungam leaf powder @ 100, 150 and 200 g kg-1 of seed. Then the treated seeds were evaluated for their seed productivity and resultant seed qualities using untreated seeds as control. Observations on growth, leaf chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters, yield and resultant seed quality parameters were recorded. Result: The experimental results revealed that among the treatments, seeds hardened with KCl @ 1 % + CaCl2 @ 1 % and pelleted with pungam leaf powder @ 200 g per kg recorded higher growth, yield parameters, leaf chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters and resultant seed quality when compared to control and other treatments.

Responses of Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Stomatal Conductance, and Net Photosynthesis Rates of Four Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) Genotypes to Drought

2013 ◽  
Vol 844 ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Aidil Azhar ◽  
Jate Sathornkich ◽  
Ratchanee Rattanawong ◽  
Poonpipope Kasemsap
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll Fluorescence

This experiment aimed to evaluate the leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange response to drought conditions of young rubber plants with different scions. Buds from four genotypes of a progeny derived from crossed clones of RRIM600 x RRII105 from Nongkhai Rubber Research Center, T187, T186, T149 and T172, were grafted to RRIM 600 rootstocks. Eight-month old plants with two flushes were used in this study. Two levels of water treatment were used, drought condition (W1) and well-watered as control (W0). Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal conductance (gs) and net photosynthesis rate (Pn) were investigated in three phases: before drought, during drought and after re-watering. Leaf gas exchange parameters were measured using Li-6400 (LiCor Inc.). Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence was measured using FluorPen FP 100 (Photon Systems Instruments). Before drought, genotype T186 had the greatest net photosynthesis rates followed by T172, T187 and T149; there was no difference in maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and performance index on absorption basis (PIABS). Drought conditions caused reduction in stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis rates, and leaf chlorophyll fluorescence in all genotypes. In re-watering conditions, genotype T186 and T172 experienced quick recovery while the others showed partial recovery but the values of all parameters did not reach previous levels before treatment.

Influence of N supply on development and dry matter accumulation of an old and a new maize hybrid

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. McCullough ◽  
M. Mihajlovic ◽  
A. Aguilera ◽  
M. Tollenaar ◽  
Ph. Girardin
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll Fluorescence

The response of an old and a new maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid to N supply was evaluated under controlled-environment conditions. An old hybrid (Pride 5) and a new hybrid (Pioneer 3902) were grown at three N levels (15, 2.5, and 0.5 mM N), and development and dry matter accumulation were measured at the 4-, 8-, and 12-leaf stage. Leaf chlorophyll was monitored from the 8- to 12-leaf stage, and leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and leaf chlorophyll fluorescence were measured at the 12-leaf stage. Rate of dry matter accumulation decreased with declining N supply. In contrast, decreasing N supply progressively increased the duration of the 4- to 8-leaf phase and the 8- to 12-leaf phase. As a consequence, total dry matter at the 12-leaf stage did not differ among N levels. The rate of leaf appearance of the old hybrid (Pride 5) was proportionately more reduced under low N than that of the new hybrid (Pioneer 3902). Similarly, the reduction in crop growth rate during the 8- to 12-leaf stage at the lowest N level was 46% for Pride 5 and 24% for Pioneer 3902. Leaf chlorophyll content was higher for Pride 5 than for Pioneer 3902 at high N levels, but leaf chlorophyll content declined significantly more rapidly in Pride 5 than in Pioneer 3902 when N stress increased. Leaf carbon assimilation rates were 4–27% higher for the new hybrid, with the largest differences occurring at low N levels. Collectively, results of this study show that the old hybrid (Pride 5) was more sensitive to N stress during early development than the new hybrid (Pioneer 3902). Key words:Zea mays L., nitrogen stress tolerance, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence

scholarly journals The Influence of Nitrogen Fertilization on Waterlogging Stresses in Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus robur L.

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Glynn Percival ◽  
Ian Keary
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
English Oak

The aims of this study were to determine the influence of nitrogen (N) fertilizers on tree tolerance under prolonged waterlogging conditions and investigate the effect of N fertilization on aiding tree recovery from waterlogging damage using containerized English oak (waterlogging-intermediate) and European beech (waterlogging-sensitive) as test species. English oak proved to be more waterlogging-tolerant than European beech. Tree vitality as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic rates, leaf chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, leaf and root protein concentration, and foliar N content was consistently higher in trees in which N fertilizers were added to the waterlogged solutions compared with trees waterlogged with tapwater only for 18 days. Measurement of light absorbance, light trapping, electron transport, and dissipation fluxes per leaf cross-section of photosystem II after the 18-day waterlogging period indicated a beneficial influence of N fertilization on leaf photosynthetic processes at the cessation of the waterlogging period. Addition of N induced greater resource allocation in favor of roots over shoots in both tree species. At the cessation of the 18-day waterlogging period and after a 10-day regeneration period, growth (leaf area, shoot, root, total plant dry weight) was constantly higher in N waterlogged trees compared with non-N waterlogged ones. In a separate study, recovery rates of trees as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic rates, leaf chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance over a 6-week period after the cessation of 18 days waterlogging were 30% to 50% higher in N-fertilized trees compared with non-N-fertilized trees irrespective of species. In all cases, nonfertilized trees had the least capacity for recovery. In addition, leaf area, shoot, root, and total plant dry weight were higher in N-fertilized trees compared with nonfertilized ones. Results of this investigation indicate 1) applications of N fertilizers enhance the tolerance of trees under prolonged waterlogged conditions; and 2) applications of N fertilizers after waterlogging stress would be of benefit to improve tree recovery rates and growth. From a practical point of view, N fertilization 14.5 g (0.51 oz) or greater N per liter (0.26 gal) of water is tentatively suggested based on preliminary results of this study.

scholarly journals Sucrose-Induced Tolerance to and Recovery from Deicing Salt Damage in Containerized Ilex aquifolium L. and Quercus robur L.

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 277-285
Author(s):  
Sulaiman Al-Habsi ◽  
Glynn Percival
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Ilex Aquifolium ◽  
Deicing Salt ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Chlorophyll A And B ◽  
Leaf Necrosis ◽  
Induced Tolerance

Two outdoor experiments were conducted using containerized trees of the species holly (Ilex aquifolium L.) and English oak (Quercus robur L.) to determine the effectiveness and feasibility of sucrose to improve tolerance to and recovery from deicing salt (sodium chloride [NaCl]) damage. In experiment one, sucrose plus a water-only control was applied as a root drench to containerized stock. Seventy-two hours later, NaCl was applied to both tree species as a root drench. At day 15 after NaCl application, effects on leaf chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid (lutein, β-carotene, neoxanthin, α-carotene), xanthophyll (zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, violaxanthin) concentration, leaf necrosis, and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were measured. In experiment 2, NaCl was applied as a root drench. At day 14 after NaCl application, plants were root drenched with sucrose plus a water-only control and recovery rates monitored by recording leaf necrosis, leaf chlorophyll concentration, and chlorophyll fluorescence over the proceeding 8 weeks. At week 8 after sucrose application, effects on tree growth were recorded. Sucrose was found to confer to both tree species a useful degree to tolerance to NaCl and improve recovery from salt-induced damage with promotion of photoxidative antioxidant pigments (carotenoids, xanthophylls) and chlorophylls strongly indicated as significantly contributing to the induction of NaCl tolerance.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT AND NEEDLE COLOR OF Abies religiosa KUNTH, SCHLTDL. et CHAM

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Aglaen L. Carbajal-Navarro ◽  
Fernando Pineda-García ◽  
Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero ◽  
Arnulfo Blanco-García ◽  
Mariela Gómez-Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Environmental Response ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Visual Stress ◽  
Abies Religiosa ◽  
Relationship Of

Evaluation of the physiological performance of plants as an environmental response is crucial to understand the ecological succession in plant communities and to implement strategies that increase plant survival and growth for restoration efforts and commercial plantations; however, evaluating plant physiology often requires complex and expensive technical equipment not normally accessible to all researchers and non-specialized people. In the present study, we explored the relationship of the visual condition of the needles with an indicator of their photosynthetic capacity related to chlorophyll content in Abies religiosa. A visual stress index was developed to evaluatethe response to environmental stress in seedlings of A. religiosa during a reforestation effort, and the correlation between leaf chlorophyll content and different categories of the stress index. The replicability of the index was also tested to determine its applicability by non-specialized people. A high correlation was detected between the index and chlorophyll concentration (r2 = 0.76; P < 0.0001). Additionally, there was a significant agreement on the index among several observers (W = 0.95; P < 0.0001). Overall, the stress index is related the physiological condition of the plants and can be adopted by people, after training, to make evaluations of the physiological status of A. religiosa seedlings.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Effects of Metamitron on Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Fruit Set in Apple and Peach

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. McArtney ◽  
John D. Obermiller ◽  
Consuelo Arellano
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Ionic Surfactant ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Commercial Thinning ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Relative Electron Transport Rate ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Relative Electron

The effects of foliar applications of the photosystem II (PSII) inhibitor metamitron on chlorophyll fluorescence and fruit set were compared in peach and apple trees. Metamitron increased dark-adapted chlorophyll fluorescence, measured as a reduction in Fv/Fm values, in both peaches and apples. Maximum suppression of the normalized ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) in peaches occurred 1 to 2 days after application and Fv/Fm values recovered by 7 days after treatment. The effects of metamitron on chlorophyll fluorescence were more persistent in apples compared with peaches. Fv/Fm values in apple declined within 2 days of treatment and did not start recovering until 5 days after treatment or longer. Concentrations of metamitron greater than 200 mg·L−1 were phytotoxic to peach leaves, reducing the leaf chlorophyll concentration as determined by SPAD measurements. At 300 mg·L−1, metamitron reduced fruit set in apple but not in peach. Inclusion of a non-ionic surfactant (Silwett L-77) with metamitron greatly increased its negative effect on Fv/Fm, quantum photosynthetic yield of PSII (ΦPSII), and relative electron transport rate (ETR). These results suggest that metamitron may be a useful thinner in apple but not in peach. Additional information is needed to understand how combining metamitron with existing thinning chemicals might enhance their activity. In particular, caution may be necessary if metamitron is applied as a tank mixture with commercial thinning products that have been formulated with a wetting agent.

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